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J 


THE 

NUMISMATIC    GHEONICLE 

AND 

JOURNAL  OF 
THE  ROYAL  NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY 


(THE) 

NUMISMATIC  CHRONICLE 

ASD 

JOUBNAL 

OP  THE 

ROYAL    NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY 

EDITED  BY 

G.  P.  HILL,  M.A., 

KEEPER  OF  COINS,    BRITISH   MUSEUM, 

OLIVER  CODRINGTON,  M.D.,  F.S.A.,  M.R.A.S., 

AND 

G.  C.   BROOKE,   B.A. 

FOUKTH  SERIES— VOL.   XIV. 


Factum  abiit— monuments  manent.— Ov.  Fast. 

LONDON : 
BERNARD    QUARITCH,  11,  GRAPTON  ST.,  W. 

PABIS : 

MM.    ROLLIN    ET  FEUARDENT,   RUE    DE   LOUVOIS,  No.  4. 

1914. 


•          "fe 


LONDON  : 

PRINTED  BY  WILLIAM  CLOWES  AND  SONS,   LIMITED, 
DUKE  STREET,   STAMFOHD  STREET,  S.E.,  AND  GREAT  WINDMILL  STREET,  \\. 


CONTENTS. 


ANCIENT  NUMISMATICS. 

PAGE 

A  Cilician  Find.    (Plates  I.-IV.)    By  E.  T.  Newell  .        .         1 

On  the  Coinage   of  Commodus  during  the  Keign  of  Marcus. 

(Plate  V.)     By  Rev.  C.  H.  Dodd 34 

A  Find  of  Third-century  Roman  Coins  at  Puncknoll,  Co.  Dorset. 

By  Henry  Symonds,  F.S.A 92 

Greek  Coins  acquired  by  the  British  Museum  in  1913.     (Plates 

VII.,  VIII.)     By  G.  F.  Hill,  M.A 97 

The  Coinage  of  the  Civil  Wars  of  68-69  A.D.    (Plates  IX.,  X.) 

By  H.  Mattingly,  M.A .110 

Index  of  Ethnics  appearing  on  Greek  Coins.     By  E.   S.  G. 

Robinson 236 

A  Hoard  of  Coins  of  Temnos.     By  J.  Grafton  Milne,  M.A.         .    260 

On  the  Series  of  Quadrantes  usually  assigned  to  the  Reign  of 

Augustus.  By  H.  Mattingly,  M.A 261 

The  Silver  Coinage  of  Smyrna.  (Plates  XVI.-XVIII.)  By  J. 

Grafton  Milne,  M.A 273 

The   Coinage   of  Pisidian  Antioch.     (Plate  XIX.)     By  G.  F. 

Hill,  M.A 299 

Portraits   d'Imperatrices   de  1'Epoque  Constantinienne.     (Plate 

XX.)     By  Jules  Maurice 314 

The  Dadia  Hoard  of  Coins  of  Knidos.     By  J.  Grafton  Milne,  M.A.    379 


11  CONTENTS. 

MEDIAEVAL   AND  MODERN  NUMISMATICS. 

PAGE 

The  Steppingley  Find  of  English  Coins.     (Plate  VI.)     By  L.  A. 

Lawrence,  F.S.A.,  and  G.  C.  Brooke,  B.A.  ...       60 

Offa's  Imitation  of  an  Arab  Dinar.  By  J.  Allan,  M.A.  .  .  77 
A  Seventeenth-century  Coining-press.  By  G.  F.  Hill  .  .  90 
Edward  VI  and  Durham  House.  By  H.  Symonds,  F.S.A.  .  138 

Nicholas   Briot  and  the   Civil  War.     (Plates    XII.-XV.)    By 

Miss  Helen  Farquhar 169 

A  Find  of  Long-Cross  Pennies  at  Slype  (West  Flanders).     By 

G.  C.  Brooke,  B.A. 256 

The  Gold  Coinage  of  Charles  I.    By  H.  Symonds,  F.S.A.  .        .    264 

The  Coinage  of  the  Eeign  of  Edward  IV.  (Plates  XXI.-XXIV.) 

ByFredk.  A.  Walters,  F.S.A .330 

Carsphairn  Find.     By  G.  C.  Brooke,  B.A 382 


ORIENTAL  NUMISMATICS. 

Coins  of  Some  Kings  of  Hormuz.     (Plate  XI.)     By   H.  W. 

Codrington          .  156 


OBITUARY. 
Barclay  Vincent  Head 168,  249 


NOTICES  OF  RECENT  PUBLICATIONS. 

Handy  Guide  to  Jewish  CoinSi     By  Rev.  E.  Rogers   ...  95 

British  Museum  :  Catalogue  of  the  Coins  of  the  Gupta  Dynasties, 

&c.    By  J.Allan 266 

Aspects  of  Death  in  Art  and  Epigram.     By  F.  Parkes  Weber     .  269 

Copper  Coins  of  India.     Part  I.    By  W.  H.  Valentine        .        .  270 


CONTENTS.  lii 

PAGE 

Catalogue   of  the  Coins  in  the  Panjab  Museum,  Lahore.     By 

R.  B.  Whitehead 383 

Oriental  Numismatics.     By  John  Robinson         ....  387 

Catalogue  of  the  Coins  in  the  Colombo  Museum.     Part  I.     By 

H.  W.  Codrington 388 


LIST  OF  PLATES  CONTAINED   IN  VOL.  XIV. 

FLATUS 

I.-IV.  A  Cilician  Find. 

V.  Coinage  of  Commodus  under  Marcus. 

VI.  Henry  III ;  Varieties  of  Long  Cross  Coinage. 

VII.,  VIII.  British  Museum,  Greek  Acquisitions,  1913. 

IX.,  X.  Coinage  of  the  Civil  Wars  of  68-69  A.D. 

XL  Coins  of  Kings  of  Hormuz. 

XII.-XV.  Nicholas  Briot  and  the  Civil  War  (Coins  of  Charles  I). 

XVI  -XVIII.  Silver  Coinage  of  Smyrna. 

XIX.  Coinage  of  Pisidian  Antioch. 

XX.  Portraits  d'lmperatrices. 

XXI.-XXIV.  Coinage  of  Reign  of  Edward  IV. 


I. 

A  CILICIAN  FIND. 

(See  Plates  I.-IV.) 

THE  great  value  of  "  finds  "  in  solving  problems  both  of 
numismatics  and  of  history,  in  determining  doubtful 
mints  and  dates,  and  in  placing  before  our  eyes  the 
actual  currency  of  a  given  time  and  place,  is  to-day  too 
much  of  an  established  fact  to  need  further  comment. 
While  in  England  and  on  the  Continent  comparatively 
few  of  such  hoards  are  allowed  to  escape  the  interests  of 
science,  in  Eastern  lands — I  am  speaking  particularly  of 
those  under  Turkish  rule — this  fortunate  state  of  affairs 
does  not  exist.  Here  only  a  rare  chance  ever  preserves 
a  find  intact.  If  the  hoard  is  not  immediately  divided 
between  the  actual  finders  it  almost  invariably  falls  into 
the  hands  of  dealers,  and  is  soon  hopelessly  dispersed  in 
every  direction.  We  are  thus  deprived,  once  for  all,  of 
any  important  data  which  a  careful  study  might  have 
given  us. 

The  following  little  find  has  fortunately  escaped  the 
usual  fate — thanks  to  the  late  Prof.  Haynes,  onetime 
superintendent  of  the  excavations  carried  on  by  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  at  Nippur.  Though  not  a 
numismatist  himself,  Prof.  Haynes  evidently  recognized 
the  value  of  this  branch  of  archaeology,  and  appreciated 
the  importance  of  securing  a  find  and  keeping  it 

NUM.    CHRON.,   VOL.  XIV.,    SERIES   IV.  B 


2  E.    T.    NEWELL. 

together  for  future  reference  and  study.  Of  the  ante- 
cedents of  this  little  hoard  nothing  is  known  beyond 
the  fact  that  it  came  to  light  among  the  personal  effects 
of  the  late  professor,  and  was  thence  brought  to  the 
present  writer's  notice.  As  all  Prof.  Haynes'  notes 
and  records  had  previously  been  lost  or  destroyed,  we 
are  deprived  of  any  specific  information  they  may  have 
contained  concerning  the  "  provenance  "  and  subsequent 
history  of  the  hoard.  For  these  and  for  all  further  in- 
formation we  shall  have  to  rely  upon  the  hoard  itself. 

In  the  following  catalogue  the  coins  are  arranged 
geographically,  starting  with  Syracuse  in  the  west, 
thence  proceeding  eastwards  to  Athens  and  Byzantion, 
thence  to  the  various  cities  of  Asia  Minor,  Cyprus,  and 
Phoenicia,  finally  ending  with  the  sigloi  of  the  Persian 
kings.  In  every  case  where  there  is  any  decided 
difference  of  opinion,  among  the  latest  authorities,  as 
to  the  dates  to  which  certain  coins  are  to  be  assigned, 
all  the  variations  are  given.  The  works  which  con- 
stitute at  the  present  time  the  last  word  on  the  pre- 
Alexandrine  issues  of  Asia  Minor  are  E.  Babelon,  Traite 
des  Monnaies  Grecques  et  Romaines;  Barclay  V.  Head, 
Historia  Numorum,  2nd  edition ;  and  the  catalogues  of 
Greek  coins  in  the  British  Museum,  especially  Gr.  F. 
Hill,  Lycaonia,  Isauria,  and  Cilicia ;  Phoenicia;  and 
Cyprus.  These,  at  any  rate,  will  be  the  authorities 
followed  in  the  present  case. 

As  a  general  rule  the  weight  of  a  coin  is  of  com- 
paratively little  value  for  scientific  purposes  unless  the 
actual  condition  of  the  coin  is  known  as  well.  There- 
fore, in  our  catalogue,  the  following  scale  of  "con- 
ditions "  has  been  used :  F.D.C.  =  "  Fleur  de  coin," 
or  uncirculated ;  Fine  =  very  slightly  worn ;  V.G.  = 


A    CILICIAN   FIND.  3 

very  good  ;  Good  =  medium  condition  ;  Worn  =  smooth 
through  long  circulation. 

SYRACUSE. 
Circ.  425  B.C. 

Obv.  —  ZYPAKOIION.  Head  of  nymph  to  1.,  wearing  ear- 
ring and  plain  necklace  ;  hair  rolled  ;  around,  four 
dolphins  ;  beneath  neck,  EY. 

Rev.  —  Quadriga  to  1.  ;  horses  galloping  in  step  ;  charioteer 
crowned  by  flying  Nike  ;  in  exergue,  dolphin  to 
right  pursuing  fish.  (Attic  tetradrachru.) 

1.  Obv.—  Three  test-cuts.      Eev—  One  cut.       V.G.  17-35. 

[PI.  I.  1.] 

The  occurrence  in  a  Cilician  hoard  of  an  example 
from  the  Syracusan  mint,  dating  from  the  best  period 
of  its  numismatic  art,  is  particularly  interesting.  For 
in  it  we  have  the  actual  proof  that  during  the  fourth 
century  B.C.  Syracusan  coins  made  their  way  by  trade 
as  far  east  as  Cilicia.  Hitherto  we  have  only  inferred 
this  from  the  apparent  fondness  Cilician  die-engravers 
seem  to  have  had  of  imitating  the  types,  if  not  always 
the  artistic  merit,  of  some  of  the  finest  coins  of  Sicily 
and  Magna  Graecia.1 

ATHENS. 
Before  407  B.C. 

Obv.  —  Head  of  Athene  of  archaic  style,  her  helmet  adorned 
in  front  with  three  olive  leaves,  and  at  the  back 
with  floral  scroll  ;  her  hair  in  bands  across  her 
temples,  and  indicated  by  dots  under  neck-piece  of 
helmet. 


1  Pharnabazos  and  Datames  on  their  coins  copied  the  facing  head 
of  Arethusa  by  Kimon  ;  Tarsos  the  Herakles  and  lion  group  of  certain 
Syracusan  gold  pieces  ;  Mallos  a  similar  group  on  coins  of  Heraklea  in 
Lucania  ;  &c. 


E.    T.    NEWELL. 


Rev.  —  A  ©  E.  Incuse  square  ;  within  which  owl  r.,  head 
facing,  wings  closed  ;  behind,  olive  spray  and 
small  crescent.  (Attic  tetradrachm.) 

2-6.  (Only   one    of    these   wasj 
weighed)   .         .         .     ) 

7.  Obv.—  One  cut.     Bev.—  One  cut  . 

8.  Obv.—      „  Bev.—  Three  cuts 
Q-l\.  Obv.  —  One  cut.     Bev.—  Four  cuts 


Bev.—    „         „     ) 
(Piece  missing)) 

12.  Obv.—  Two  cuts.     Bev.—  No  cuts         . 

13.  Obv.—  No  cuts.     Bev.—  One  cut  .         . 
14-21.  Obv.—  No  cuts.     Bev.—  Two  cuts    . 


F.D.C.  17-10. 

Worn.    16-99. 

16-99. 

V.G.  17-10 
Worn.  16-72. 

14-60. 


22-24.  Obv.— No  cuts.     Bev.— Three  cuts 


25-26.  Obv.—      „ 

27.  Obv. — No  cuts. 

28.  Obv.—      „ 

29.  Fragment  . 

30.  Obv.— No  cuts. 

31.  06?;.—      „        I 
32. 


Bev. — Four  cuts 

Bev. — Four  cuts 
Bev. — Seven  „ 

P.     Bev. — Five  cuts, 
i.     Bev. — Two  cuts 


Bev. — Five   cuts.  1 
(Punchmark  partly  obliterated)) 

33.  Obv. — Punch  indistinct 
Bev. — Punch  indistinct 


V.G. 
Worn. 


16-86. 
17-07. 


V.G. 


16-88. 
17-10. 
17-12. 
16-83. 
16-88. 
17-07. 
17-18. 

F.D.C.  17-15. 
[PI.  I.  2.] 

Worn.    16-99. 

17-05. 

V.G.       17-09. 

Worn.    17-07. 

17-08. 

V.G.       17-00. 

16-65. 

.    3-23. 

V.G.        16-66. 

[PI.  I.  3.J 
Worn.    17-05. 

[PI.  I.  4.] 

V.G.       17-07. 
17-06. 


A   CILICIAN   FIND. 


34.  Obv.— No    cuts. 

Rev. — Three  cuts.     Punch,  Fig.  1.  1 

35.  Obv. —  Circular  depression 
Rev. — Two  cuts 


:} 


Worn.    17-08. 

[PI.  I.  5.] 
V.G.      26-93. 

[PI.  I.  6.] 


EASTERN  (?)  IMITATIONS. 


36.  Obv.—  Cut.     Rev.  —  Two  cuts        .         .     Worn.    17-08. 

37.  Obv.  —  Stab.     Same  die  as  above  .         .)        „        17-10. 
Rev.—  Two  cuts  $           [PI.  I.  7.] 

38.  Obv.—  Punch,  Fig.  1.2         .         .         .\        „        17-00. 
Rev.  —  Two  cuts,  punch,  Fig.  1.  5         .$           [PI.  I.  8.] 

• 

A 

ft 

$ 

@ 

^5 

2 

3     * 

^ 

5 

6 

7X 

£ 

o 

]0\ 

,£ 

ju> 

«® 

V 

J 

K 

16 

X, 

tg\j 

?> 

5 

B3 

tt 

V 

ft 

20 

21 

^2 

23 

24 

B 

ty 

R 

f*l 

X 

I 

26 

27 

28 

23 

3O 

£ 

¥ 

« 

# 

X 

® 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

J_ 

0 

& 

K 

37 

3S 

FIG.  l. 

4/Ver  397  B.C.  (Athenian  Mint). 
Same  types  as  the  preceding  but  of  later  style. 

39.  Obv.— Cut  and  punchmark,  Fig.  1.  4    .     F.D.C.  16-12. 

[PI.  I.  9.] 

It  is  but  natural  that  we  should  find  these  far- 
travelling  Athenian  "  owls  "  in  a  fourth-century  hoard 
from  the  coasts  of  Asia  Minor.  For  nearly  two  cen- 
turies, until  displaced  by  Alexander's  tetradrachms, 
they  formed  the  principal  medium  of  exchange  between 
East  and  West. 


6  E.    T.    NEWELL. 

Of  the  regular  Athenian  issues  of  these  famous 
"  owls "  the  hoard  contains  many  distinct  varieties, 
ranging  from  the  fine  archaic  to  late  transitional  style. 
The  most  interesting,  though,  are  Nos.  36-38,  which 
are  foreign  imitations.  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  style  of 
these  imitations  is  not  bad,  just  enough  "off"  to  reveal 
their  true  character.  In  weight  they  compare  very 
favourably  with  the  genuine  Athenian  issues,  and  so, 
evidently,  were  not  intended  for  fraudulent  purposes, 
but  simply  to  supply  the  trade  demand  for  this  variety 
of  coin  when,  towards  the  end  of  the  Peloponesian  war, 
and  for  some  time  afterwards,  the  mint  at  Athens 
seems  to  have  ceased  coining  tetradrachms  in  any 
large  quantities. 

The  majority  of  our  pieces  have  seen  considerable 
circulation,  and  nearly  all  have  been  badly  defaced  by 
repeated  blows  of  a  chise].  Special  interest  in  these 
coins  lies  in  the  punchmarks  some  of  them  bear. 
No.  30  seems  to  have  a  form  of  the  Cypriote  sign  for 
"  Ko  " ;  No.  31  what  may  either  be  the  Phoenician  "  B>  "  2 
or  the  Cypriote  "U."  No.  38  bears  on  its  obverse  a 
sign  that  may  either  be  taken  for  the  Cypriote  "Ti" 
or  the  Lycian  "Kh";  while  on  its  reverse  it  has  the 
Phoenician  "  D."  These  counter-stamps  have  the  appear- 
ance of  private  marks  rather  than  of  official  stamps, 
and  were  probably  used  by  the  merchants  and  bankers 
of  Cyprus  and  the  opposite  coasts,  in  much  the  same 
way  as  the  Chinese  used  their  "  chopmarks "  which 

2  It  is  possible  that  the  punches  on  Nos.  30  and  31  may  represent 
respectively  the  Greek  letters  Fl  and  Z.  On  the  strength  of  the 
indubitably  non-Greek  letters  found  on  No.  38,  and  from  the  fact 
that  the  style  and  technique  of  l~l  and  W  are  identical  with  that  of 
/j\  it  would  seem  preferable  to  look  upon  the  two  former  also  as 
non-Greek  letters. 


A    CILICIAN   FIND.  7 

occur  so  frequently  on  the  silver  dollars  of  various 
nationalities  circulating  in  the  Far  East.  The  two 
forms  of  the  "crux  ansata,"  on  Nos.  34  and  39,  also 
remind  us  of  the  coinages  of  Cilicia  and  Cyprus  on 
which  this  symbol  so  often  appears. 

BYZANTION. 
416-357  B.C.  (Head). 

Obv. — "flY.     Bull  standing  to  1.  on  dolphin. 

Rev. — Incuse   square,  quartered,   of    "  mill-sail "    pattern. 
(Persic  drachm.) 

40.  Obv.—  No  cuts.     Rev.— No  cuts     .         .     F.D.C.    5-34. 

[PI.  I.  10.] 

41.  Obv.—       „  Rev.—     „  .         .     V.G.       5-40. 

42.  Obv. — One  cut.     Rev. —     „  „  5*37. 

43.  Obv. —       ,,        Two  stabs.  Rev. — No  cuts.    „          5-35. 

44.  Obv. — No  cuts.     Rev. — One  cut     .         .        „          5-37. 

KALCHEDON. 

412-394  B.C.  (Babelon). 

Obv. — KAAX.     Bull  standing  to  1.  on  ear  of  wheat. 

Rev. — Incuse    square,    quartered,    of    "  mill-sail "    pattern. 
(Persic  drachm.) 

45.  Obv.— No  cuts.    Rev.— One  cut.    V.G.  5-37.    [PI.  1. 11.] 

It  is  interesting  that  the  coinages  of  Byzantion  and 
Kalchedon,  two  politically  and  numismatically  allied 
cities,  should  both  be  represented  in  our  find.  As  M. 
Babelon  has  shown  that  this  particular  variety  of  the 
Kalchedonian  coinage — without  magistrate's  symbol, 
monogram,  or  letter — should  be  attributed  to  the 
period  412-394  B.C.,  it  follows  that  the  corresponding 
and  contemporary  coinage  of  Byzantion  must  also  be 
limited  to  this  period.  In  other  words,  our  Byzantine 


8  E.    T.    NEWELL. 

coins  were   not  struck  much,  if  any,  later  than  about 
394  B.C. 

SINOPE. 

453-375  B.C.  (Head}. 
Circa  400  B.C.  (Babelon). 

Obv.  —  Head  of  the  nymph  Sinope  to  1.,  hair  in  sphendone. 
Rev.  —  ZINQ.     Sea-eagle  to  1.  on  dolphin.    (Persic  drachm.) 

46.  (^.-(Early  style).     One  cut     .         .     >  Worn_  6<()g 
ttev.  —  E.     One  cut       .         .          •          •      j 

47.  Obv.—  Nl     Two  cuts    .         .         .         .     \  ^  ~  „      QA 

-U5 


Rev.—  HH     (?)    cuts    .  .     5      -- 

Obv.—  (Poor  style)       ....)„      4-87. 
Hev.—\N\-  .     5    [PI.  I.  12.] 


No.  48,  to  judge  from  its  poor  style  and  abnormal 
weight,  is  probably  a  contemporary  forgery.  Never- 
theless there  are  no  signs  of  its  being  a  plated  coin. 

These  types  were  inaugurated  on  the  introduction 
of  a  democratic  government  in  Sinope  (453  B.C.),  and 
lasted  until  the  capture  of  the  city  by  Datames  in 
375  B.C.  These  particular  varieties,  according  to  M. 
Babelon,  belong  to  the  first  part  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury B.C. 

MILETOS. 
Before  387  B.C. 

Obv.  —  Forepart  of  lion  to  r.,  looking  back. 

Mev.  —  Floral  star  in  incuse  square.     (Milesian  diobol.) 

49.  Earlier  style.     See  Babelon,  Traite,  <&c.,[  -r^        T  n_ 

PI.  cxliv.  2        .         .         .         .( 

50.  Similar.     Pierced  and  with  cut  on  rev.      .         „      1-11. 

51.  Later  style.    See  Babelon,  ibid.,  PI.  cxliv.')  ,  n_ 

3-4     .....  r  " 

52.  Similar.     Pierced  1-00. 


A    CILICIAN   FIND.  9 

The  coins  of  this  type  were  probably  discontinued 
about  387  B.C.,  when  Hekatomnos,  the  Carian  dynast, 
struck  Attic  drachms  of  the  same  types,  but  with  his 
abbreviated  name  over  the  lion's  head. 

SAMOS. 
390-365  B.C. 
Obv. — Lion's  scalp,  facing. 

Rev. — Forepart  of  bull  to  r. ;  behind,  olive  branch  ;  below, 
ZA  and  monogram,  Fig.  1.  5;  above,  magis- 
trate's name,  HTHZIANAZ.  (Rhodian  tetra- 
drachm.) 

53.  Rev.— Five  cuts.     F.D.C.  15-31. 

[PI.  I.  13.] 

The  fine  style  and  pronounced  incuse  square  of  the 
reverse  point  unmistakably  to  the  first  decade  of  the 
period. 

ASPENDOS. 

After  400  B.C.  (Head). 

After  394  B.C.  (Babelon). 

Obv. — Two  wrestlers  of  vigorous  build  ;  the  one  on  the  1. 

seizing    his    opponent   by   1.    leg   to   throw-  him. 

Early  style. 
Rev. —  EZTFEAIIYZ.     Slinger  to  r.  in  incuse  square.     Tris- 

kelis  in  front.     (Persic  stater.) 

54.  Obv.— One  cut.     Rev.— One  cut .         .     F.D.C.  10-92. 

[PI.  II.  1.] 
Obv. — Similar  type ;  but  the  two  wrestlers  are  seizing  each 

other  by  the  arms.     Fine  style. 
Rev. — Slinger  as  above.     (Persic  stater.) 

55.  Obv. — Crack.    Rev. — Four  cuts.   Punch-}   ™-          10-86 

mark,  j 

56.  Obv.—  Weakly  struck.     Rev. — One  cut.]  V.G.      10-91. 

Punchmark  :  Lion's  head — twice  I     [PI.  II.  2 
repeated    ....         .1      (Rev.).'} 

57.  Obv.—  Weakly  struck.     Rev.— One  cut.     F.D.C.  10-93. 

[PI.  II.  3  (Rev.).] 


10  E.    T.    NEWELL. 

The  early  (No.  54)  and  the  fine  (Nos.  55-57)  style 
displayed  by  these  coins,  and  the  absence  of  all 
magistrate's  symbols  or  letters,  would  place  them  in 
the  early  days  of  this  particular  coinage — that  is, 
circa  394-380  B.C. 

SIDE. 

400-300  B.C.  (Head). 
394-350  B.C.  (Babelon). 

Obv. — Athene,  helmeted,  standing  to  1. ;  r.  hand  holds 
owl,  1.  rests  on  shield;  behind,  spear;  in  front, 
pomegranate. 

Rev. — Aramaic  inscription.  Apollo  standing  to  1.,  holds 
laurel  branch  in  r.  hand  and  bow  in  1.  In  front, 
altar ;  behind,  raven.  Square  countermark,  in 
which  can  be  seen  wolf  running  to  right ;  above 
and  below,  indistinct  letters.  (Persic  stater.) 

58.  Obv.—  One  cut.     Rev. — Four  cuts        .     V.G.    10-59. 

[PL  II.  4.] 

This,  too,  must  have  been  struck  not  long  after 
394  B.C.,  as  the  style  clearly  indicates. 

TLOS. 

400-364  B.C.  (Head). 
After  362  B.C.  (Babelon). 

Obv. — Head  of  Athene  to  r.,  wearing  Attic  helmet. 

Rev. — WE — and  sign,  Fig.  1.  7.  Two  lions  facing  each 
other  ;  between,  sign  Fig.  1.  6.  (Lycian  stater.) 

59.  Obv.— Weakly  struck.    One  cut    .         .j  F.D.C.     8-31. 
Rev. — Two  cuts.     Broken  die        .         .$        [PI.  II.  5.] 

M.  Babelon  supposes  this  coin  to  have  been  struck 
at  Tlos  under  the  domination  of  the  satraps  of  Caria — 
that  is,  after  362  B.C.  ;  Dr.  Head,  on  the  other  hand, 
allows  it  a  wider  margin  of  time,  in  attributing  it  to  the 


A   CILICIAN   FIND.  11 

period  400-364  B.C.  As  we  shall  see  later,  the  occurrence 
of  the  piece  in  the  present  hoard  places  its  date  of  issue 
in  the  first  twenty  years  of  the  fourth  century  B.C. 
The  rather  pronounced  incuse  form  of  the  reverse  die 
confirms  this.  Furthermore,  the  style  of  the  head  and 
the  circular  shape  of  the  incuse  reverse  die  are  very 
similar  to  the  coins  of  certain  Lycian  dynasts  who 
nourished  about  400  B.C.3  The  slightly  later  style  of 
the  coin  of  Tlos  would  place  its  issue  between  390  and 
380  B.C. 

As  with  the  other  known  specimens  of  this  coin,  the 
obverse  die  is  very  weakly  struck,  but  enough  remains 
to  show  that  the  type  is  certainly  a  head  of  Athene 
in  Attic  helmet — as  Dr.  Head  hesitatingly  suggests. 
M.  Babelon  sees  in  it  a  lion's  scalp  (mufle  de  lion  de 
face),  but  adds  "mal  venue  a  la  frappe"  in  the 
description  of  the  Lycian  coinage  in  his  Traite. 

The  Lycian  inscription  on  our  coin  seems  slightly 
different  from  that  found  on  the  other  known  staters  of 
this  type — it  seems  to  be  the  inscription  of  the  obol  pub- 
lished by  M.  Babelon  (Traite,  &c.,  2me  Partie,  No.  448). 

KELENDERIS. 
Circa  450  B.C. 

Obv. — Naked  youth  seated  sideways  on  horse  galloping  to  1. 

Rev. — Forepart  of  goat  preparing  to  kneel  to  1. 

(Persic  stater.) 

60.  Obv. — Two  cuts  and  two  punchmarks  ;\ 

the    upper   one   represents  an     ^y"orn    10-57 

ibis,  the  lower  one  the  Egyptian  -       rp, '  jj   g  -j 

sign"NEFER." 

Rev. — Two  cuts    . 


3  Babelon,    Traite,    <&c.,    Vol.    II.,   PI.    C,    Nos.    18-20;    01,    Nos. 
13-20,  &c. 


12  E.    T.    NEWELL. 

400-350  B.C. 

Obv. — Naked  youth  seated    sideways   on   horse   galloping 
to  r. 

Rev. — KEAEN    Goat  preparing  to  kneel  to  r.,  head  reverted. 

(Persic  stater.) 

61.  Obv.— Somewhat  weakly  struck    .         .  j  F.D.C.  10-79. 
Rev.— Two  cuts    .  .$       [PL  II.  7.] 

No.  60  appears  to  be  an  unpublished  variety  of  the 
Kelenderite  coinage.  In  style  it  is  a  contemporary 
of  B.M.C. :  Gilicia,  PI.  ix.  1,  and  forms  the  transition 
between  the  earlier  types  (PI.  viii.  13-15)  with  the 
incuse  reverse,  and  the  later  types  (PI.  ix.  1-6)  with  the 
kneeling  goat  looking  back.  This  representation  of  a 
goat's  forepart  is  an  entirely  new  motive  among 
Kelenderite  numismatic  types.  The  coin  is  also  note- 
worthy for  the  two  remarkable  countermarks  on  its 
obverse.  The  Egyptian  sign  "  nefer,"  meaning  "  good," 
together  with  the  ibis,  would  seem  to  indicate  that  this 
particular  coin  had  circulated  in  Egypt,  or,  at  least,  had 
passed  through  the  hands  of  Egyptian  merchants  or 
bankers. 

No.  61,  with  its  fine  style  and  total  absence  of 
magistrate's  symbols  or  letters,  must  be  assigned  to  the 
first  decade  of  the  fourth  century. 

SOLI. 

Before  386  B.C.  (Hill). 
400-350  B.C.  (Bdbelon). 

Obv. — Head    of    Athene    r.,    in   griffin-ornamented   Attic 
helmet.     Fine  style. 

Rev. — Bunch  of  grapes  with  leaf  and  tendril ;  and  A-  B,  in 
diamond  shape  incuse;  around,  ZO  AE  HN. 

(Persic  stater.) 

62.  Rev.— Four  cuts.     F.D.C.  10'62. 


A    CILICIAN   FIND.  13 

Obv. — Similar  head  of  Athene  of  fine  style. 

Bev. — ZOAIKON  Bunch  of  grapes  with  tendril  in  incuse 
of  circular  shape  ;  above  grapes,  A  I.  Fine  style 
and  high  relief.  (Persic  stater.) 

63.  Obv.— Crack.     Bev.— Two  cuts    .         .     F.D.C.  10-65. 

[PI.  II.  8.] 

Obv. — Similar  head  of  Athene,  low  relief,  weaker  style. 

Rev. — Bunch  of  grapes  with  leaf  and  tendril  placed 
diagonally  in  incuse  square.  Low  relief. 

(Persic  stater.) 

64.  No  cuts.  F.D.C.  10-15. 

[PI.  II.  9.] 

65.  Rev.— Z  -  O.     Three  cuts.     F.D.C.  10-22. 

[PI.  II.  10.] 
Obv. — Similar  head  and  similar  style. 

Bev. — Bunch  of  grapes  with  leaf  and  tendril  in  circle  of 
pearls,  ZOAI  below. 

66.  Bev.— Three  cuts.     F.D.C.  10-33. 

[PI.  II.  11.] 

67.  Bev.— One  cut.          F.D.C.  10-15. 

[PI.  II.  12.] 

68.  Bev.—  Three  cuts.     F.D.C.  10-10. 

No.  63  appears  to  be  an  unpublished  variety  of  this 
type.  Mr.  Hill  places  the  lower  limit  of  this  series  of 
Solian  autonomous  coins  at  386  B.C.  When  we  come  to 
study  the  hoard,  with  a  view  to  determining  its  date  of 
burial,  we  shall  see  that  Mr.  Hill  is  undoubtedly  right 
in  fixing  on  this  date  rather  than  continuing  the  series 
down  to  350  B.C.  as  M.  Babel  on  does. 

MALLOS. 

425-385  B.C.  (JKW). 

After  387  B.C.  (Babelon). 

Obv. — Winged  figure  running  (in  kneeling  posture)  to  r. ; 
holding  in  both  hands  circular  disk,  on  which  star 
of  eight  rays. 


14  E.   T.    NEWELL. 

Bev. — M  A  P.     Swan    to    1. ;    in   front,    dolphin;    behind, 
"  crux  ansata."     (Persic  stater.) 

69.  Obv.— Cracks.     Rev.— Two  cuts      .         .     V.G-.  10-20. 

[PI.  II.  13.] 
Obv. — Similar  figure  to  r. ;  in  front,  "  crux  ansata." 

Rev. —  M  A  P.     Swan   to   r. ;    in   front,    altar   and  ear  of 
corn.     (Persic  stater.) 

70.  Obv.— Cut.     Bev.— Six  cufo  .  Worn.  10-60. 


ISSOS  (?). 

j 

Sixth  Century  B.C. 

.  0 

Obv. — Forepart  of  lion  to  1.,  jaws  open. 

Rev. — Incuse  square  divided  by  diagonal  bar  into  twc 
triangles.  (Persic  stater.) 

71.  V.G.  10-94. 

[PI.  II.  14.] 

The  attribution  of  this  coin  to  Issos  is  still  con- 
jectural, but  is  supported  by  the  presence  of  the  piece 
in  this  particular  hoard. 

ISSOS. 
Before  386  B.C.  (Babelon). 

Obv. — Above,  on  1.,  AHATOPIOY  (sic!)  in  small  letters;  in 
field,  IZZI  —  KON.  Apollo,  naked  to  waist  but  for 
himation  over  1.  shoulder,  standing  facing,  head 
to  1. ;  r.  arm  outstretched  holding  patera ;  1.  rests 
on  laurel  branch. 

Rev. — Herakles,  naked,  standing  facing,  head  turned  to 
r. ;  r.  hand  rests  on  club ;  1.  holds  lion's  skin, 
bow,  and  arrow.  To  1.,  above  shoulder,  wreath ; 
to  right,  sign,  Fig.  1.  8.  (Persic  stater.) 

72.  Obv.— One  cut.     Rev.— One  cut  .         .     F.D.C.  10-59. 

[PI.  III.  1.] 

On  this  fine  stater  we  are  at   last  able  to  read,  in 
n.inute  but  perfectly  legible  letters,  the  name  AHATOPIOY 


A   OILICIAN   FIND.  15 

above  Apollo's  right  shoulder.  M.  Babelon  has  already 
noticed  the  legend;  but  owing  to  the  condition  of  the 
piece  he  publishes,4  he  describes  it  as  Aramaic — in  his 
own  words,  "Les  vestiges  d'une  legende  Arameenne 
(peut-etre  le  nom  de  Tiribazos)."  As  both  coins  seem 
to  be  from  the  same  obverse  die,  AHATOPIOY  must  also 
be  the  inscription  found  *i  the  Copenhagen  specimen. 

What  is  ^Airaropiov  to  be  considered  as — a  magistrate's 
TIP*-  o,  a  divine  epithet,  or  perhaps  an  artist's  signature? 
three  solutions  have  their  difficulties,  as  we  shall 
To  begin  with,  the  form  'Airaropio^  is  new.  As 
AiraTovptoQ  it  has  been  preserved  for  us  by  various 
authors  and  inscriptions  as  a  personal  name  in  Athens, 
Delos,  Byzantium,  Alabanda,  &c.5  It  also  appears  as  a 
magistrate's  name  on  certain  coins  of  Smyrna  and 
Kyme.6  'Airaropiov  may  be  merely  an  orthographical 
error  of  the  die-sinker  or  a  dialectical  variation  of  the 
usual  'ATTdTovpiov,  or  simply  due  to  the  confusion 
prevalent  about  this  period  in  the  writing  of  the  pure 
and  impure  vowel-sounds.  The  simplest  explanation  of 
this  name  would  be  to  consider  it  as  that  of  some  magis- 
trate in  charge  of  this  coinage.  With  rare  exceptions  7 
Cilician  magistrates  did  not  sign  their  names  in  full 
on  their  coins  till  well  after  the  middle  of  the  second 
century  B.C.,  and  in  the  few  cases  where  they  did,  never 
in  the  genitive  case.  Our  coin  is  of  a  period  when 
seldom  anything  more  than  a  symbol  or,  at  most,  one 


4  Now  in  Copenhagen.     See  Babelon,  Traits,  &c.,  2me  Partie,  Vol.  II. 
No.  1373. 

5  W.  Pape,  Worterbuch  der  Griechischen  Eigennamen,  1863/70. 

6  Mionnet,  iii.  192  ;  S.  vi.  11. 

7  Babelon,  Traite,  <&c.,  2me  Partie,  Soli;    Nos.  1437,  1443,  both  after 
350  B.C. 


16  E.   T.    NEWELL. 

or  two  letters  are  found.  Outside  of  Cilicia,  at  Ephesos, 
at  Samos,  at  Chios,  at  Knidos,  at  Klazomenae,  and  other 
cities  of  Asia  Minor,  magistrates  signed  in  full  from  the 
commencement  of  the  fourth  century  B.C.,  but  always 
in  the  nominative  case. 

Can  we  explain  it  as  an  artist's  signature  ?  It  is  in 
a  conspicuous  place,  and  the  custom  of  signing  dies  was 
not  prevalent  in  Cilicia.  On  the  other  hand,  the  extreme 
minuteness  of  the  letters,  the  accompanying  fine  style 
of  the  coin  itself,  and  lastly,  the  genitive  case,  might  all 
argue  in  favour  of  this  last  hypothesis.  The  great 
Syracusan  artists  Eumenes  and  Euainetos  were  accus- 
tomed to  sign  their  names  in  the  genitive  case.  As 
the  Cilician  die- engravers  more  than  once  turned  to  the 
masterpieces  of  Sicily  for  their  inspiration,  it  might 
have  happened  that  in  one  instance,  in  an  excess  of 
pride  and  emulation,  the  Cilician  artist  signed  his  name 
to  his  production,  in  imitation  of  his  Western  masters. 

By  far  the  most  plausible  explanation  of  the  word 
'Airaropiog  is  that  probably  it  was  intended  as  an  epithet 
of  the  god  it  accompanies.  We  know  that  'A-n-aTovpia 
was  an  epithet  of  Aphrodite  and  Athene,  '  A-n-aTovpiog  of 
Zeus  and  Dionysos.8  As  far  as  I  know,  however,  we 
have  no  instance  of  its  having  been  used  as  an  epithet 
of  Apollo.  But  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  he 
might  not  have  been  given  this  name  at  Issos,  if  he 
were  associated  in  that  city  with  an  Apaturia  festival. 
Our  coin  would  then  be  a  most  interesting  (as  it  is  the 
only)  proof  that  such  a  festival  had  been  held  at  Issos, 
and  that  the  god  Apollo  was  there  associated  with  it. 

8  Pauly-Wissowa,  s.v.  Apatourios. 


A   CILICIAN   FIND.  17 

SATRAPAL  ISSUES  OF  TIRIBAZOS. 

386-380  B.C. 

SOLI. 

Obi-. — ZO  on  1. ;  Aramaic  inscription  (in*~in)  on  r.  Baal 
standing  to  1.,  r.  arm  extended  beneath  flying 
eagle,  1.  arm  resting  on  sceptre. 

Rev. — Ahura-mazda  to  front,  head  r.,  nude  body  terminated 
by  winged  disk  of  Persian  form ;  in  r.,  wreath  ; 
in  1.,  lotos.  (Persic  stater.) 

73.  F.D.C.  10-95. 

[PI.  III.  2.] 

74.  Obv.— One  cut.     Rev.— Three  cuts        .       Fine.  10-59. 

Obv. — Head  of  bearded  Herakles  r.,  lion's  skin  fastened 
around  neck. 

Rev. — Head  of  satrap  (Tiribazos?)  r.,  bearded  and  wearing 
Persian  tiara.  In  front,  ZOAEflN.  (Persic 
stater.) 

75.  Fine  style,  high  relief  ....     F.D.C.  10'20. 

[PI.  III.  3.] 

76.  Around  head,   ZOMKON.      Low  relief.}   -r,  ^  n     a  on 

-.->        f*.  .  >  .T..U.O.    y  ou. 

Rev. — Cut     .         .         .         .$ 

77.  Similar.     Rev.—   „      .  Fine.       9-80. 

„          Rev.—  Two  cuts  „       10-19. 

Obv.— Cut  .  .     F.D.C.  10-19. 

[PI.  III.  4.] 

MALLOS. 

Obv. — Head  of  nymph  r.,  hair  done  up  in  sphendone;  ear- 
ring and  pearl  necklace. 

Rev. — Head  of  satrap  (Tiribazos  ?)  r.,  bearded  and  wearing 
Persian  tiara.  In  front  MA  A.  (Persic  stater.) 

80.  Coin  nearly  divided  by  deep  cut.     Fine)  F.D.C.    9-99. 

style      .         .  .j     [PI.  HI.  5.] 

81.  Rev.— Cut.     Fine  style.  Fine.     10'54. 

[PI.  III.  6.] 

82.  Obv.—  Two  cuts.     Rev.— Three  cuts      .  V.G.      10-68. 

83.  Rev.—  Two  cuts        .      „         10'39. 

[PI.  III.  7.] 

NUM.  CHKON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SEEIES  IV.  C 


18  E.    T.    NEWELL. 

These  coins  are  interesting,  as  they  represent  the 
coinage  issued  by  Tiribazos  the  Satrap  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  the  expedition  he  was  preparing  in  Southern 
Cilicia  against  Evagoras  I,  the  revolted  king  of  Cyprus. 

ISLAND  OF  CYPRUS. 
KINGS  OF  SALAMIS. 

EVAGORAS  I. 
411-374  B.C. 

Obv. — Cypriote  inscription,  p<o-yo- Fa-v-E  (Euayo/ow).  He- 
rakles  beardless,  seated  to  r.  on  lion's  skin 
stretched  over  rock;  r.  hand  holds  club,  1.  band 
holds  bull's  horn. 

Rev. —  Fo-X.-r]-crL-^a  (/BamXrjo).  Goat  reclining  to  r.  on  dotted 
base.  (Persic  stater.) 

84.  Eev.— Two  cuts          .  F.D.C.  11-02. 

[PL  III.  8.] 

Obv. — Bearded  head  of  Herakles  to  r.  covered  with  lion's 
skin. 

Fo-Xrj-o-L-fta 

Rev. —  Fa,.     Goat  reclining  to  r.   on  dotted  base  ; 

crc  E  V       above,  grain  of  wheat.     (Persic  stater.) 

85.  Rev.— Two  cuts  .         .  F.D.C.  10-50. 

[PL  III.  9.] 

The  first  of  these  staters  is  particularly  interesting, 
as  it  seems  to  be  unpublished.  Tetrobols  bearing  the 
same  types  are  well  known,  but  this  is  the  first  time 
that  a  corresponding  stater  has  made  its  appearance.  It 
evidently  was  the  first  issue  of  Evagoras'  reign,  and  was 
shortly  superseded  by  the  more  usual  coins  in  gold  and 
silver,  bearing  on  their  obverses  the  bearded  Herakles 
head  of  No.  85.  Neither  of  the  two  coins  catalogued 
here  has  seen  any  circulation  whatsoever. 


A    CILICIAN   FIND.  19 

KINGS  OP  KITION. 

BAALRAM. 
Circa  400-392  B.C. 

Obv. — Herakles,  the  lion's  skin  hanging  from  his  shoulders, 
advancing  to  r. ;  in  r.  hand  he  brandishes  club,  in 
extended  1.  he  holds  bow.  Before  him  "  crux 
ansata  "  (?). 

Rev. — Phoenician  inscription  (D~fcy2^>).  Lion  springing  upon 
falling  stag,  all  in  dotted  square.  (Persic  stater.) 

86.  Bev.— Three  cuts.     V.  Fine.     11-23. 

[PI.  III.  10.] 

MELEKIATHON. 
392-361  B.C. 

Obv. — Same  type  as  above. 

Rev. — Same  type  as  above.     (Persic  tetrobol.) 

87.  Obv.—  Weakly  struck.     Rev.— Two  cuts.     Fine.  3-53. 

[PI.  III.  11.] 

PHOENICIA. 

ARADOS. 

Early  Fourth  Century  (Hill). 

Obv. — Head  r.  of  male  deity,  laureate ;  eye  in  full,  border 
represented  by  line  instead  of  by  dots. 

Rev. — Phoenician  inscription  (tf  O).  Galley  r. ;  below,  three 
wavy  lines ;  the  whole  in  incuse  square  bounded 
below  by  crescent- shaped  depression  (Hill,  Phoe- 
nicia, Series  B).  (Persic  stater.) 

88.  Rev.— Cut  .         .     Fine.  10-38. 

[PI.  IV.  1.] 

Early  Fourth  Century  to  c.  350  B.C.  (Hill). 

Obv. — Similar  head  to  previous  stater. 

Rev. — x  £  Galley  to  r.,  as  above.  Style  later ;  probably 
same  issue  as  the  following,  but  in  this  case  the 
numerals  are  off  the  flan.  (Persic  stater.) 

89.  Obv.— Two  cuts.  Slightly  worn.  10-38. 

c  2 


20  E.    T.    NEWELL. 

Obv. — Similar  head  to  previous  staters. 

Rev. —  -x  -£.     Galley  as  above  (Hill,  ibid.,  Series  D). 

(Persic  stater.) 

90.  Eev.~ Punchmark,  Fig.  1.  9.     Fine.  10-78. 

[PI.  IV.  2.] 

In  these  three  staters  our  hoard  corroborates  Mr.  Hill's 
conclusions  that  their  issue  must  have  been  slightly 
earlier  than  350-332  B.C.,  the  period  to  which  M.  Babelon 
would  assign  them. 

TYRE. 
420-400  B.C.  (Babelon). 

Obv. — Melqarth  riding  r.  on  hippocamp  with  curled  wing ; 
with  r.  he  holds  reins,  with  1.  strung  bow ;  below, 
two  lines  of  waves  and  dolphin  r. 

Rev. — £.  Owl  standing  r.,  head  facing ;  over  1.  shoulder 
crook  and  flail.  (Phoenician  stater.) 

91.  Obv.— Cut.     Rev.— Two  cuts      .         .         Good.  13-21. 

[PI.  IV.  3.] 

Circa  400-312  B.C.  (Hill). 

Obv. — Melqarth  as  before. 

Rev. — Owl  as  before.     Flat  fabric.     (Phoenician  stater.) 

92.  Obv.— Crack.     Rev.— Cut  .         .         .         Fine.   13'56. 

[PI.  IV.  4.] 

The  dies  of  both  the  foregoing  coins  are  placed  at 
right  angles  to  each  other.  M.  Babelon's  dating  for 
No.  91  seems  to  me  more  in  accordance  with  the  evi- 
dences of  our  find  than  Mr.  Hill's.  For  No.  92  Mr. 
Hill  leaves  a  possible  margin  of  68  years,  but  the  occur- 
rence of  a  specimen  of  this  type  in  our  hoard  places  its 
issue  in  the  first  quarter  of  the  fourth  century  B.C.,  for, 
as  I  hope  to  show  later,  the  hoard  was  buried  about 
380  B.C. 


A    GILICIAN   FIND.  21 

SATEAPAL  (?)  ISSUE  IN  PHOENICIA. 
UNCERTAIN  MINT. 

Obv. — Bearded  and  wreathed  male  head  to  r.,  eye  seen 
from  the  front.  No  border. 

Rev. — Ahura-Mazda  to  r. ;  wears  turreted  crown  and 
mantle  which  falls  below  waist ;  body  terminates 
in  sun  disk  from  which  four  wings  extend.  No 
border.  (Phoenician  stater.) 

93.  Obv.— One  cut Fine.  12-12. 

[PI.  IV.  5.] 

This  seemingly  hitherto  unpublished  stater  is  some- 
what of  an  enigma.  In  fabric  it  reminds  us,  perhaps, 
most  strongly  of  the  staters  of  Arados,  being  lumpy 
with  rounded  edges.  Also  the  hair  of  the  head  is  repre- 
sented by  dots  as  at  Arados,  but  the  beard  by  straight 
lines.  Whose  may  this  head  be,  with  its  highly  indi- 
vidualized features ;  is  it  god  or  satrap  ?  The  former 
is  certainly  the  most  likely,  as  it  lacks  the  satrapal 
bonnet.  Like  the  Melqarth  of  the  Aradian  staters  it 
is  wreathed,  it  is  dignified  in  bearing  and  in  its  flowing 
beard — for  the  time  being  we  may  therefore  consider  it 
as  a  representation  of  that  god.  The  reverse  type  is 
certainly  Persian,  and  immediately  reminds  us  of  the 
Ahura-Mazda  figures  on  certain  coins  struck  by  Tiribazos 
in  Issos,  Mallos,  and  Tarsos.  The  style  and  workman- 
ship, however,  are  decidedly  not  Cilician,  but  purely 
Eastern  and  savouring  strongly  of  Phoenicia.  The 
weight,  too,  may  be  taken  as  that  of  a  light  Phoenician 
stater  (the  heavy  gash  may  account  for  this  lightness). 
Where  and  by  whom  was  it  struck?  Unfortunately, 
no  legend  helps  us  to  answer  this  question.  As  the 
Phoenician  weight  standard  seems  never  to  have  been 
used  in  Cilicia  or  on  the  Island  of  Cyprus,  Phoenicia 


22  E.    T.    NEWELL. 

alone  remains.  Arados  is  suggested  by  the  style  and 
fabric,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  Phoenician  standard 
is  not  found  in  the  coinage  of  this  city. 

By  its  types  our  coin  is  satrapal  in  character.  I 
would  see  in  it,  therefore,  the  sole  survivor  of  an  issue 
struck  in  some  city  of  the  Phoenician  coast  by  some 
satrap  (or  Persian  king)  preparing  an  expedition  either 
against  Cyprus  or  against  Egypt.  The  actual  date  of 
issue  is  placed  by  the  style  of  the  coin  itself  about  the 
commencement  of  the  fourth  century  B.C.  Perhaps 
we  might  refer  it  to  Sidon  (where  also  the  Phoenician 
standard  of  weight  was  employed)  at  the  time — 396  B.C. 
— when  by  special  order  of  the  Great  King  the  vassal 
king  of  this  city  fitted  out  an  expedition  of  eighty 
warships  to  assist  Conon  against  the  Spartans.9  With 
even  greater  probability  we  might  refer  the  coin  to 
the  years  389-387  B.C.,  when  Artaxerxes  made  his  great 
attempt  to  recover  Egypt  for  the  Persian  Empire. 
Phoenicia  was  undoubtedly  used  by  him  as  his  base 
of  operations.  Here  were  collected  the  supplies  of  men 
and  food  for  the  army  in  the  field,  and  here,  as  so  often 
happened  in  Cilicia  under  similar  circumstances,  a  special 
coinage  might  well  have  been  issued  by  the  Great  King 
or  his  generals  for  the  payment  of  the  troops. 

SIGLOI  OF  THE  PERSIAN  KINGS. 
SERIES  I. — ATTRIBUTED  TO  XERXES,  486-465  B.C. 

Obv. — King  of  Persia  bearded,  crowned,  kneeling  r.  on  one 
knee  ;  at  his  back,  quiver ;  in  r.  long  spear,  and 
in  his  outstretched  1.  a  bow. 


9  G.  F.  Hill,  Cat.   of  the  Greek  Coins  of  Phoenicia,  xciv,  §  38,  and 
note  3. 


A   CILICIAN   FIND.  23 

Rev.     Irregular  oblong  incuse.     (Persian  siglos.) 

94.  Obv.—  Stab.     Rev.—  Stab  ;  three  punch-)  Worn.  5-50. 

marks,  Fig.  1.  10-12          .         .]   [PI.  IV.  6.] 

95.  Rev. — Five  cuts  ;  punchmark)  -^  _  ,  ^ 
obliterated         .         .          .         .} 

96.  Sep.— Stab                                         „  5-51. 

97.  On  edge,  Fig.  1. 16,  three  times  repeated.)  -  -~ 

Rev.— Punchmark,  Fig.  1.13-15]       " 


SERIES  II. — ATTRIBUTED  TO  ARTAXERXES  I,  465-425  B.C. 

98.  Obv.— Cut.      Rev.— Cut          .         .         .  Worn.  5-50. 

99.  Obv. — Stab.     Rev. — Three  cuts  ;  punch-)  ..  ,fi 

mark,  Fig.  1.  17        .         .         .5 

100.  Obv.  -Stab.     Rev.— Punchmark,  Fig.  l.\  ,  AQ 

19 5  " 

101.  Obv.— Cut.      Rev.— Two  cuts        .         .  „       5'54. 

102.  Rev. — Indistinct     punch-)  „       5'50. 
mark j  [PI.  IV.  7.] 


SERIES  III. — ATTRIBUTED  TO  ARTAXERXES  II,  405-359  B.C. 

103.  Good.    5-53. 

[PI.  IV.  8.] 

104.  Rev. — Crescent-shaped  punch  .     Worn.  5'50. 

105.  Obv. — o,  ^^.     Rev. — Cut  ;    punchmark,)  5>4g 

Fig.  1.  20  ...         .) 

106.  Obv.  ^.     Rev.  Two  cuts.         .         .  „      5-55. 

107.  Obv.— Punch :  ^.     Rev— Two  cuts       .          „       5'46. 

108.  Rev.—  Three  cuts ;  punch,  o     Worn.  5 -41. 

109.  „       5-49. 

110.  Rev.— Two  cuts  .         .         .     Fine.     5'44. 

[PI.  IV.  9.1 


24  E.    T.    NEWELL. 

SERIES  IY. — UNATTRIBUTABLE  BECAUSE  OF  POOR 
WORKMANSHIP. 

111.  Obv.—  Fig.  1.  21,  twice  repeated    .         -j  Worn   4-91 
Eev.— Fig.  1.  22 J 

112.  Obv. — Fig.  1.  38,  and  stab    .         .         •)        »       5'46- 
Rev.— Three  cuts  and  Fig.  1. 23,  24,  25,  >    [PI  IV.  10 

and)        .         .  (Rev.).'] 

113.  Eev.— Stab    .         .     Worn.  5-50. 

[PL  IV.  11.] 

114.  Obv.— Crescent  punch  .  .)  Worn    5.4o 
Rev. — Obliterated  punchmark       .         .$ 

115.  Rev.— Two  cuts  and  Fig.  1.  26      .  „  5-42. 

116.  Rev. — Three  crescent  punchmarks  ,,  5-05. 

117.  Rev.— Two  cuts  „  5-40. 

118.  Rev.— Six  cuts  and  Fig.  1.  27       .  „  5*44. 

119.  Pierced.     Obv. — Circular  punch .         .)  _  ,  _ 
Rev.— Cut 5        " 

120.  Obv.  Crescent  punch  and  Fig.  1.  28       .)  ^.^ 
Rev. — Fig.  1.  29,  twice  repeated  .         .) 

121.  Obv.— Stab.     Rev.— Three  cuts     .         .         „       5'51. 

SERIES  V. — UNATTRIBUTABLE  BECAUSE  OP  WEAR. 

122.  Rev. — Nine  cuts      .     Worn.  5-48. 

123.  Obv.— Fig.  1.  30.     Rev.— Three  cuts     .          „       5 '54. 

124.  Obv.— Stab.  Rev.— Two  cuts       .          „       5'51. 

125.  Obv—  Fig.  1.  31 ) 

Rev. — Two  cuts  and  obliterated  punch  5        " 

126  Rev.— Four  cuts  and  Fig.  1.  19         „       5'40. 

127.  Obv. — Several  indistinct  punchmarks    .)  _  -9 
Rev.— Six  cuts 5        " 

128.  Obv. — Stab  and  Fig.  1.  32,  and  ^         .)  g.39 
Rev. — Five  cuts ;  obliterated  punches  .3 

129.  Obv.— Fig.  1.  19,  28      .         .         .         .)  6.5g 
Rev. — Two  cuts  and  Fig.  1.  33     .         .5 

130.  Obv.— Stab.     Rev.—  Three  cuts     .         .          „       5'34. 

131.  Fragment.     Obv.— Fig.  1.4           .         .\  9.ftn 
Rev.— Fig.  1.34 >        " 


.     Itev. — Stab,  and  Fig.    1.)  Tir          K  ,., 
,    .  \   Worn.  5-43. 

and  4  . j 


A    CILICIAN   FIND.  25 

SERIES  VI. — ATTRIBUTED  TO  ARTAXERXES  III,  ARSES, 
OR  DARIUS. 

Obv. — The  king  of  Persia  bearded,  kneeling  r.  on  one  knee  ; 
in  outstretched  1.  he  holds  bow,  in  r.,  drawn  back, 
a  dagger. 

Eei: — Irregular  oblong  incuse.     (Persian  siglos.) 

132.  Obv.— Three  cuts,  and  Fig.  1.  35,  32,  36.     Worn.  5-67. 

133.  Eev. — Two  cuts  and  two  ).         „        5-61. 

134.  Eev.— Six  cuts  „        5-60. 

135.  Eev.— Two  cuts  .  5-52. 

[PI.  IV.  12.] 

136.  Obv.— Stab. 

37 

137.  Obv.— Fig.  1.  38.     Eev.— Cut,  and  Fig.)        „        5-37. 

1.  4,  39,  and  goat  recumbent  Lj  [PI.  IV.  13.] 

138.  Obv.— Fig.  1.  40.     Eev.— Three  cuts     .     Worn.  5-49. 

139.  Obv.— Stab.     Eev.— Gut       .  5-49. 

140.  Eev.— Two  cuts       .         .         „       5-27. 

141.  Obv.— Stab.     Eev.— Stab  and  Fig.  1.  38         „        5'54. 

The  attribution  (as  proposed  by  M.  Babelon)  to 
individual  rulers  of  the  darics  and  sigloi  of  the  Achae- 
menid  sovereigns  has  not,  as  yet,  been  definitely 
accepted.  It  is  only  the  close  observation  and  study 
of  finds  of  these  coins  that  will  prove  the  theory  one 
way  or  the  other.  I  have,  therefore,  taken  particular 
pains  to  arrange  the  forty-eight  sigloi  of  our  hoard 
on  the  lines  laid  out  by  M.  Babelon  in  his  Traite, 
vol.  i.  pp.  257-264  ;  vol.  ii.  pp.  37-72.  On  the  whole, 
this  has  been  of  considerable  difficulty  as  these  sigloi 
have  not  only  suffered  severely  by  long  circulation  but, 
in  addition,  have  been  badly  disfigured  by  stabs,  punch- 
marks,  and  chisel  cuts.  They  fall  into  the  following 


26  E.    T.    NEWELL. 

six  groups:  I.,  II.,  and  III.  attributed  by  M.  Babelon 
to  Xerxes  (486-465  B.C.),  Artaxerxes  I  (465-425  B.C.), 
and  Artaxerxes  II  (405-359  B.C.)  respectively ;  IV. 
contains  those — designated  by  M.  Babelon  as  "  types 
banaux  " — which  are  impossible  to  assign  to  individual 
kings  on  account  of  inferior  workmanship ;  V.  contains 
those  which  the  vicissitudes  of  circulation  have  made 
indecipherable;  VI.  those  on  which  the  king  is  repre- 
sented holding  a  dagger  or  short  sword  in  his  right 
hand.  Groups  IV.  and  V.  may  be  left  out  of  considera- 
tion. Groups  I.  to  III.  support  M.  Babelon's  theory  in 
so  far  as  they  have  been  assigned  to  sovereigns  who 
reigned  before  the  probable  burial  of  our  hoard,  and 
because  the  coins  of  group  III.  (Artaxerxes  II)  are,  on 
the  whole,  less  worn  by  circulation  than  I.  (Xerxes)  and 
II.  (Artaxerxes  I).  But  with  group  VI.  we  meet  a 
serious  difficulty.  This  type,  particularized  by  the  dagger 
in  the  king's  hand,  M.  Babelon  has  distributed  among 
the  three  kings,  Artaxerxes  III  (359-338  B.C.),  Arses 
(338-337  B.C.),  and  Darius  III  (337-330  B.C.),  accord- 
ing as  the  features  of  the  king  vary  on  the  coins.  With 
our  coins  long  circulation  and  poor  striking  combine  to 
preclude  the  possibility  of  distinguishing  these  varia- 
tions, and  so  they  have  been  collected  in  a  single  group. 
This  also  makes  it  more  convenient  in  discussing  the 
group  as  a  whole.  Now  we  have  seen  that  the  very 
latest  coins  of  our  hoard,  that  can  be  dated  with  any 
degree  of  certainty,  are  those  struck  by  Tiribazos,  circa 
386-384  and  381  B.C.  Besides,  there  are  six  or  more 
groups  of  autonomous  coins  which  cover  the  period  400- 
350  B.C.,  but  in  every  case  I  have  endeavoured  to  show 
that  the  coins  in  this  find  are  of  comparatively  early 
style,  and  so  could  not  have  been  struck  after  380  B.C. 


A   CIL1CIAN   FIND.  27 

at  the  latest.  This  point  will  be  taken  up  later.  It 
would,  therefore,  controvert  all  the  strong  evidences  of 
a  burial  about  380  B.C.,  which  the  remainder  of  our 
coins  present,  if  we  should  accept  the  attributions  of 
group  VI.  as  suggested  by  M.  Babelon.  In  dating 
these  sigloi,  as  he  does,  between  359  and  330  B.C.  we 
should  have  a  series  of  coins  struck  anywhere  from 
thirty  to  forty  years  after  the  latest  in  the  find — a 
numismatic  anomaly  impossible  to  explain.  We  must 
also  note  that  these  sigloi  are  worn  by  circulation, 
about  in  a  similar  degree  to  those  of  group  III., 
and  so  must  antedate  by  some  ten  years  the  hoard's 
burial. 

All  our  sigloi  had  evidently  been  in  circulation  for 
many  years  along  the  coasts  of  Lycia,  Cilicia,  Cyprus — 
some  had  even  been  out  to  India  and  back — before  their 
final  owner  saw  fit  to  bury  his  little  hoard.  Among  the 
punchmarks  with  which  their  surfaces  are  pitted  we 
find  the  tetraskelis  (Lycia  or  India),  the  "  crux  ansata  " 
(Cilicia  and  Cyprus),  Fig.  1.  33,  the  so-called  "  taurine 
symbol"  (India),10  Fig.  1.  19,  so  often  found  on  Sas- 
sanian  bronze  coins,  and  on  one  (No.  137)  a  goat  of  the 
type  peculiar  to  Kelenderis.  No.  94  had  certainly 
been  in  India,  for  on  it  we  see  the  Elephant  punch- 
mark  so  common  to  the  flat,  punchmarked  puranas  of 
Indian  numismatics,  we  have  also  the  letter  forms  Fig.  1. 
11  and  10,  very  similar  to  "  gha "  and  "  ta "  of  the 
Kharosthi  alphabet.  Furthermore,  we  have  what  appear 
to  be  letters  of  the  Brahma  alphabet :  Fig.  I.  32  or 
16  (97),  40  (138),  24  (112),  31  (125),  S7  (136).  The 

10  For  the  Indian  provenance  of  the  majority  of  these  punchmarks 
see  E.  Rapson,  "  Countermarks  on  Early  Persian  and  Indian  Coins," 
J.R.A.S.  for  October,  1895. 


28  E.    T.    NEWELL. 

Fig.  1.  18  (99)  may  be  either  a  Brahma  or  a  Kharosthi 
character.  Several  other  more  or  less  obscure  characters 
seem  to  be  variants  of  these  alphabets. 

These  punchmarks  were  undoubtedly  private  signs  of 
various  merchants  and  bankers ;  the  stabs  on  these 
sigloi  were  also  probably  private  safeguards  against  the 
possible  presence  of  a  copper  core  ;  the  cuts,  on  the  other 
hand,  I  would  suggest,  were  carried  out  by  some  one  in 
authority.  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  whereas  the  punch- 
marks and  stabs  occur  indiscriminately  on  obverse  or 
reverse,  the  mutilating  cuts  are  found  almost  invariably 
on  the  reverse  only.  Of  the  forty-seven  sigloi  of  the 
hoard  there  are  only  three  exceptions  to  this  rule.  In 
two  cases  the  coins  are  so  badly  worn  and  blurred  by 
previous  punches  that,  in  the  hurry  of  defacing  them, 
it  might  have  been  almost  impossible  to  distinguish  the 
obverse  from  the  reverse.  In  the  third  case  the  cut  is  very 
slight  and  has  the  appearance  of  accident  rather  than 
of  design.  Moreover,  this  rule  applies  only  to  the  sigloi ; 
the  remainder  of  our  coins  have  the  cuts  indiscrimin- 
ately on  obverse  or  reverse.  Is  this  a  coincidence? 
Otherwise  the  mutilation  of  the  coins  must  have  been 
carried  out  under  Persian  authority,  and  it  was  found 
inexpedient  as  well  as  sacrilegious  to  disfigure  the 
image  of  the  great  king.  That  this  prejudice  is  real, 
witness  the  fact,  in  our  own  twentieth-century  times, 
when,  it  is  stated,  the  Kussian  authorities  saw  fit  to 
withdraw  the  new  stamps  celebrating  the  four  hundredth 
anniversary  of  the  Eomanoff  family  because  the  post- 
marks obliterated  the  royal  portraits  which  these  stamps 
bore.  The  further  discussion  as  to  the  significance  of 
these  chisel  cuts  will  be  taken  up  in  the  resume*. 


A    CILICIAN   FIND.  29 

KESUME. 

On  looking  over  our  little  hoard  one  is  immediately 
impressed  by  the  wide  limits  it  embraces ;  for  in  it  are 
found  represented  the  coinages  of  Syracuse,  of  Athens, 
and  of  various  cities  and  islands  along  the  coasts  of  Asia 
Minor  and  Phoenicia.  A  closer  inspection  will  reveal 
that,  after  all,  only  three  varieties  predominate : 
Athenian  "  owls,"  Persian  "  archers,"  and  the  issues  of 
certain  cities  and  Persian  satraps  in  Cilicia.  It  is  these 
latter  that  give  our  hoard  its  chief  characteristic.  For 
as  the  Athenian  tetradrachms  were  everywhere  current 
along  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  the  Persian 
sigloi  throughout  Asia  Minor  and  Syria,  it  is  the  Cilician 
coins — other  data  being  wanting — that  definitely  place 
the  locality  where  the  hoard  was  once  deposited.  For 
these  are  purely  local  issues,  the  coinages  of  small 
autonomous  cities,  or  of  Persian  satraps  temporarily 
collecting  troops  and  stores  in  their  vicinity  for  distant 
expeditions.  From  the  nature  of  things,  their  circula- 
tion could  never  have  been  very  extensive  nor  their 
quantity  large,  and  so,  by  their  predominance  over  the 
coins  of  other  Asiatic  cities  in  our  Find,  they  must 
determine  the  district  where  their  former  owner  buried 
his  little  treasure.  Incidentally  it  is  certain  that  Prof. 
Haynes  spent  three  years  at  the  Central  Asia  College 
at  Aintab,  Turkey-in-Asia,  and  that  during  this  time 
he  often  had  occasion  to  visit  Adana  and  other  modern 
Cilician  towns.  It  is  most  likely  that  in  the  course  of 
one  of  these  trips  he  secured  the  Find  in  question. 

In  discussing  the  actual  coins  I  have  tried  to  empha- 
size the  fact  that  our  hoard,  in  its  contents,  seems  to 
revolve  about  the  year  380  B.C.  Some  of  its  coin-groups 


30  E.    T.    NEWELL. 

definitely  come  to  an  end  by  380  B.C.  ;  the  coins  which 
belong  to  groups  usually  roughly  assigned  to  the  first 
half  of  the  fourth  century  B.C.  are  in  every  case  of 
early  style  and  so  must  be  attributed  to  the  first  two 
decades  of  this  century ;  in  the  very  few  cases,  e.g. 
Tlos,  where  certain  of  our  coins  are  sometimes  dated  later 
than  about  380  B.C.,  there  seems  to  be  considerable  un- 
certainty among  numismatists,  some  authorities  placing 
them  before,  some  after,  this  date.  The  latest  coins  of 
undisputed  date  are  those  struck  by  the  satrap  Tiribazos 
at  Mallos  and  at  Soli  between  the  years  386  and  380  B.C. 
This  was  the  period  during  which  the  famous  satrap 
was  mobilizing  the  Persian  forces  in  Cilicia  against 
Evagoras  I,  King  of  Salamis.11  In  380  B.C.  Tiribazos 
died  and  Pharnabazos  was  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  great  forces  now  being  collected  in  Cilicia 
and  Phoenicia  against  the  recalcitrant  King  of  Egypt.12 
During  the  course  of  the  year  379-378  B.C.  he  took  up 
his  post  and  spent  several  years  in  recruiting  the  army. 
It  is  probable  that  very  shortly  after  his  arrival  he 
inaugurated  the  abundant  series  of  Cilician  coins  which 
bears  his  name.13  In  378  B.C.  Datames  was  appointed 
as  his  colleague  and  struck  coins  of  identical  types,  but 
signed  with  his  name.  Now,  as  stated  above,  the  latest 
coins  in  our  hoard  are  those  of  Tiribazos.  These, 
together  with  the  contemporaneous  autonomous  issues 
of  Soli  and  Mallos,  are  all  in  very  fine  or  mint  condition. 
On  the  other  hand,  our  hoard  contained  not  a  single 
specimen  of  either  Pharnabazos'  or  Datames'  very 


11  Died.  Sic.,  xv.  2  ft.  12  Ibid.,  xv.  29,  41-43. 

13  The  types  are:  Obv.  Head  of  Arethusa  (?)  facing.  Rev.  Bearded 
and  helmeted  head  of  Ares  (?).  Behind,  name  of  Pharnabazos  in 
Aramaic. 


A   CILICIAN    FIND.  31 

common  coins.  What  more  probable,  therefore,  than  to 
suppose  the  hoard  was  buried  during  the  troublous  times 
between  the  Cypriote  expedition  of  Tiribazos  and  the 
arrival  of  Pharnabazos  ? 

Owing  to  the  unfortunate  loss  of  Prof.  Haynes'  notes 
it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  we  possess  the  find  intact 
or  not.     If  our  hoard  was  buried  much  after  §|  |  B.C.  it 
is  certain  that  it  would  have  contained  at  least  a  few 
examples  of  Pharnabazos'  and  Datames'  comparatively 
common  coinages.     Prof.  Haynes  was  more  or  less  inno- 
cent of  any  very  deep  knowledge  of  numismatics.     It  is 
very  doubtful,  therefore,  if  he  would  have  been  able  to 
select  from  a  find  only  the  scarcer  varieties  of  Cilician 
coins — in  other  words,  such  as  we  have  before  us.     It  is 
much  more  probable  that   he  would   have  avoided  the 
common  and  very  poorly  preserved  Persian  sigloi  and 
Athenian  tetradrachms  and  have  taken  instead  the  pro- 
bably far  better  preserved  staters  of  Pharnabazos.     On 
the  other  hand,  the  hoard  does  not  have  the  appearance 
of  the  relics  of  a  "  picked  over "  lot ;   such  rarities  as 
Nos.  1,  59,  61,  69,  71,  72,  73,  84,  85,  93,  &c.,  would  not 
then  have  fallen  into  Prof.  Haynes'  hands.     The  most 
convincing  argument  in  favour  of  our  supposition  that 
we  have  the  find  intact  before  us,  is  that  every  variety 
of  coin  we  should  expect  to  be  circulating  in  Cilicia  at 
just  this  period,  386  to  380  B.C.,  is  represented.     There 
are  no  noticeable  gaps  to  make  one  suspect   that   the 
hoard  has  not  come  down  to  us  as  it  was  buried.     I 
think  we  are  therefore  justified  in  basing  our  conclusions 
concerning  the   probable   date  of  burial   on   the  total 
absence  of  Pharnabazos'  coinage. 

Of  the  141  coins  which  compose  the  hoard  114  are 
disfigured  by  what  is  generally  known  as  "  test  cuts  " — 


32  E.    T.    NEWELL. 

deep  incisions  probably  made  with  some  chisel-like 
instrument.  For  some  unknown  reason  this  practice 
seems  to  have  been  particularly  common  in  Cilicia. 
The  generally  accepted  explanation  of  these  cuts  is  that 
they  were  tests  for  copper  cores — the  usual  expedient 
of  ancient  counterfeiters  in  making  their  debased  and 
spurious  coins.  In  the  majority  of  cases  this  is  probably 
correct,  but  for  our  coins  this  explanation  will  hardly 
suffice.  Instead  of  one  cut  (which  would  have  been 
ample  to  detect  the  presence  of 'a  copper  core)  often  as 
many  as  five  or  six,  sometimes  even  more,  disfigure  the 
coin  in  a  most  effective  fashion.  The  thoroughness  of 
these  mutilations  seems  premeditated,  and  suggests  the 
explanation  that,  in  the  present  case,  these  multiple 
cuts  were  intended  to  make  the  coins  unfit  for  further 
circulation — in  other  words,  to  demonetize  them  once 
for  all.  Pharnabazos,  on  his  arrival  in  Cilicia  to  take 
over  the  supreme  command  of  the  Persian  forces  against 
Cyprus,  would  naturally  follow  what  was  fast  becoming 
a  customary  habit  of  Persian  satraps  under  similar 
circumstances,  namely,  to  issue  a  coinage  bearing  his 
own  name  and  types  for  the  pay  of  the  soldiery.  Bullion 
at  this  time  may  have  been  more  or  less  scarce  in  the 
satrapal  coffers,  certain  it  was  that  the  previous  cam- 
paigns in  Cyprus  had  been  long  and  arduous,  and,  in 
addition,  had  not  been  crowned  with  startling  success. 
As  a  result  of  this  probably  very  little  booty  had  been 
brought  back  to  replenish  the  war-chests  of  the  Persian 
generalissimo.  To  tide  over  the  period  until  fresh 
supplies  of  bullion  arrived  from  Susa  (where  the  royal 
treasures  of  the  Persians  were  stored),  Pharnabazos  may 
well  have  had  recourse  to  the  expedient  of  melting  down 
the  current  coin  to  furnish  immediate  material  for  his 


A   CILICIAN  FIND.  33 

own  issues.14  The  old  coinages  of  Tiribazos,  the  auto- 
nomous issues  of  Cilician  cities,  and  such  foreign  coins 
as  happened  to  have  arrived  in  Cilicia  by  trade,  were 
disfigured  and  then  sent  to  the  melting-pot.  Our  little 
hoard,  for  some  unknown  reason,  has  escaped  this  last 
fate,  but  the  truly  vicious  chisel  cuts  are  only  too  plain 
to  be  seen. 

After  all,  whatever  these  cuts  may  signify,  the  chief 
interest  of  our  hoard  lies  in  its  contents.  For  here  we 
have  a  brief  summary  of  such  moneys  as  were  at  one 
time  current  in  the  Satrapy  of  Cilicia,  among  the  soldiers 
of  the  Great  King  and  his  Greek  subjects,  in  the  stirring 
days  of  Tiribazos  the  Satrap. 

I  would  like  to  express  my  sincere  thanks  to  Mr. 
G.  F.  Hill  who  in  editing  this  paper  very  kindly  called 
my  attention  to  certain  articles  and  notes  which  have 
considerable  bearing  on  the  subject. 

E.  T.  NEWELL. 


14  A  piece  of  corroborative  evidence  that  Pharnabazos,  and  perhaps  his 
successor  Datames,  followed  this  policy  of  melting  down  the  old  coins 
for  their  own  issues,  lies  in  the  fact  that,  while  their  coins  are  to-day 
exceedingly  common,  those  of  Tiribazos  are  very  much  the  reverse.  This 
is  surprising  when  we  remember  that  Tiribazos  was  twice  in  Cilicia, 
and  for  six  years  was  busily  engaging  in  collecting  troops,  stores,  and 
ships  for  his  military  expeditions.  His  issues  ought,  therefore,  to  have 
been  most  abundant  in  order  to  enable  him  to  defray  the  enormous 
expenses  of  his  military  preparations. 


NUM.  CHRON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES   IV. 


II. 

ON    THE    COINAGE    OF    COMMODUS    DUKING 
THE  EEIGN   OF  MAJRCUS. 

(See  Plate  V.) 

THE  early  coinage  of  Commodus  presents  a  very  difficult 
chronological  problem.  It  is  only  when  we  come  to  his 
fourth  consulate,  which  coincides  with  the  third  year  of 
his  tribunician  power,  that  we  are  on  really  firm  ground. 
This  year  is  quite  certainly  dated  179  p.C.  Previous 
to  this  there  is  much  confusion.  I  propose  to  exhibit  as 
accurately  as  I  can  the  various  changes  of  title  which 
appear  on  the  coins,  and  to  make  some  attempt  at  a 
solution  of  the  questions  that  arise. 

The  earliest  appearance  of  Commodus  on  the  coinage  is 
upon  a  large  bronze  medallion  1  [PI.  V.  1],  where  his  head 
appears,  with  that  of  his  brother  Annius  Verus,  on  the 
obverse,  with  the  inscription  COMMODVS  CAES.  VERVS 
CAES.  The  reverse  is  one  which  reappears  in  the  coinage 
of  Commodus  in  later  years — a  group  of  figures  sym- 
bolical of  the  four  seasons,  with  the  inscription  FELICITAS 
TEMPORVM.  Commodus  is  recorded  by  Lampridius2 
to  have  received  the  title  "Caesar"  on  October  12,  166. 
His  brother  Verus  died  in  170.  The  medallion,  therefore, 
belongs  to  the  period  166-170,  and  we  may  reasonably 

1  Cohen,  III.  p.  169  (2nd  ed.),  Comm.  et  Annius  Verus,  1. 

2  H.  A.,  vii.  11,  §  13. 


COINAGE    OF   COMMODUS   DUE1NG   REIGN   OF   MARCUS.     35 

conjecture  that  it  was  struck  to  commemorate  the 
elevation  of  the  two  brothers  to  the  rank  of  Caesar. 

The  next  coin  in  the  series  is  the  medallion 3  which 
has  already  been  given  among  the  coinage  of  Marcus  for 
173,  having  on  the  reverse  a  youthful  bust  of  Commodus 
with  the  inscription  COMMODVS  CAESAR  GERM.  ANTONINI 
AVG.  GERM.  FIL.  This  medallion  was  probably  struck  to 
commemorate  the  bestowal  of  the  title  Germanicus  upon 
the  emperor  and  his  heir.  The  title  was  actually  given, 
according  to  Lampridius,4  on  October  15, 172,  but  Eckhel's 
report 5  of  a  Germanicus-coin  for  that  year  does  not 
seem  to  be  confirmed.  In  any  case  the  title  did  not 
become  habitual  for  some  years. 

The  first  coin  issued  in  the  sole  name  of  Commodus 
is  a  rather  small  medallion  [PI.  V.  2]  which  I  describe 
from  an  example  at  Berlin : 6 

JEm.  Obv.— COMMODVS   CAES.   AVG.   FIL.     Youthful  bust 
r.,  loricate,  paludate. 

Rev. — PONTIF.     Cultella,  bucranium,  apex,   and  sim- 
pulum. 

The  inscription  and  type  alike  indicate  that  the  medal 
was  struck  to  celebrate  Commodus'  admission  to  the 
pontificate.  Here  again  the  invaluable  Lampridius 
comes  to  our  aid.7  "  Adsumptus  in  omnia  collegia  sacerdo- 
talia  sacerdos  XIII.  M.  Invictas  Pisone  Juliano  coss,"  i.e. 
January  20,  175.  One  of  the  "  collegia  sacerdotalia  "  was 


3  Cohen,  III.  p.  133,  Harc-Aurele  et  Comm.,  2  :  see  Num.  Chron.,  4th 
Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  p.  190. 
«  H.  A.,  vii.  11,  §  14. 

5  Eckhel,  vii.  p.  59.    The  question  of  the  title  Germanicus  is  dis- 
cussed in  the  previous  article,  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  pp.  189 
sqq. 

6  Cohen,  III.  Comm.,  599.  "  H.  A.,  vii.  12,  §  1. 

D   2 


36  C.    H.    DODD. 

that  of  the  Pontifices.  This  medal,  therefore,  can  be 
fixed  to  the  early  part  of  175  p.C. 

The  next  fixed  point  in  the  coinage  is  the  beginning 
of  the  first  consulate  of  Commodus,  which  is  definitely 
dated  to  177  p.C.  Here  he  is  still  plain  "  Caesar 
Augusti  filius"  We  may  now  examine  the  intervening 
coins.  The  obverse  inscriptions  give  CAES.  AVG.  FIL. 
GERM,  and  CAES.  AVG.  FIL.  GERM.  SARM.  Now,  both  these 
fresh  titles  appear  on  the  coins  of  Marcus  during  the 
twenty-ninth  year  of  his  tribunician  power — December 
10,  174,  to  December  9,  175.  It  will  be  worth  while 
to  exhibit  again  the  proportional  numbers  of  coins  of 
Marcus  with  the  various  titles,  as  represented  by  the 
Berlin  collection  : 

TR.  P.  XXIX.  IMP.  VII.  COS.   III.   P.P.     .  .  .21) 

GERM.  TR.  P.  XXIX.   IMP.  VII.  COS.   III.   P.P.          .      ll!    oq 
GERM.  TR.  P.  XXIX.  IMP.  VIII.  COS.   III.   P.P.         .        ll 
GERM.  SARM.  TR.  P.  XXIX.  IMP.  VIII.  COS.  III.  P.P.      6J 

This  suggests  May  or  June  for  the  assumption  of 
the  title  GERM.,  and  September  or  October  for  GERM. 
SARM.  Eoughly,  then,  we  may  date  the  coins  of 
Commodus  with  GERM.  June  to  September,  175,  while 
for  those  with  GERM.  SARM.  we  have  no  means  of  dating 
from  the  titles  between  October,  175,  and  December,  176.8 
For  the  former  period  the  Berlin  collection  possesses  only 
three  coins,  for  the  later  twenty-five. 

Turning  to  the  reverse  types,  we  find  that  the 
commonest  among  those  of  the  former  period  is  that 
of  a  Congiariuin,  with  the  inscription  LIBERALITAS  AVG.9 
On  corresponding  coins  of  Marcus  we  have  a  figure  of 
Liberality,  with  the  inscription  LIBERALITAS  AVG.  VI. 

8  See  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  pp.  292  sqq. 

9  Cohen,  Comm.,  291-294. 


COINAGE   OF   COMMODUS   DURING   REIGN   OF   MARCUS.     37 

The  reference  is  no  doubt  the  same,  and  the  Congiarium 
is  to  be  identified  with  that  at  which  Commodus  presided 
adhuc  in  praetexta  just  before  his  departure  for  the 
limes, 10  i.e.  about  June,  175.  This  corresponds  with  the 
the  conjectural  dating  of  these  coins. 

The  other  important  type  of  this  group  is  as  follows : n 

N.   Obv—  COMMODO    CAES.   AVG.    FIL.   GERM.     Youthful 
head,  bare. 

Eev. — PRINC.  IVVENT.  Figure  in  tunic,  cloak,  and 
boots,  standing  1.,  holding  in  1.  hand  sceptre, 
in  r.  hand  bough ;  to  r.,  trophy. 

On  the  specimen  I  have  seen  in  the  British  Museum  [PI. 
V.  3]  the  figure  looks  like  a  fernale,-recalling  the  Virtus- 
type  which  later  becomes  common ;  and  as  the  inscription 
stands  for  PRINCIPI  (not  PRINCEPS),  it  does  not  neces- 
sarily identify  the  figure  ;  but  on  the  whole  it  is  probable 
that  it  is  intended  to  represent  the  young  Commodus 
himself,  and  this  is  apparent  on  other  coins  of  this  class 
in  other  metals.  The  bough  which  he  holds  is  the  laurel 
of  victory,  and  the  trophy  behind  him  has  the  same 
significance.  But  the  chief  chronological  interest  lies 
in  the  fact  that  the  coin  is  dedicated  COMMODO 
PRINCIPI  IVVENTVTIS.  Lam pridius lla  records  that  Com- 
modus was  "  cooptatus  inter  printipes  juventutis,  cum 
togam  sumpsit."  The  latter  event  we  know  took  place 
on  July  7,  175,12  so  that  this  coin  again  is  closely  dated, 
within  the  period  already  conjecturally  fixed  on  the 
basis  of  numerical  proportions. 

I  now  pass  to  the  later,  and  much  larger,  group  of 
coins  with  GERM.  SARM.  Here  we  have  in  the  first  place 
repetitions  of  the  types  we  have  already  observed,  and 

10  H.  A.,  vii.  2,  §  1.  ll  Cohen,  I.e.  605. 

"a  H.  A.,  vii.  2,  §  1.  12  H.  A.,  viii.  2,  §  2  ;  12,  §  3. 


38  C.    H.    DODD. 

variations  of  them.  The  Princeps  Juventutis  types  are 
very  prominent : 13 

N.   Obv.—COMMODO     CAES.     AVG.      FIL.    GERM.     SARM. 
Youthful  head,  bare. 

Eev.— PRINCIPI    IVVENTVTIS.     Altar,  inscribed  FORT- 
REDVCI. 

This  appears  to  connect  itself  with  the  FORT.  RED. 
coins  of  Marcus  given  by  Cohen14  for  the  year  176. 
Another  type  with  similar  reference  is  the  following  : 15 

M2.  Eev.— EQVESTER  ^ 
ORDO        / 

PRINCIPI     \  in  laurel  wreath. 
IVVENT      1 
S.C.         ) 

Other  types  proper  to  the  heir  to  the  throne  occur — 
Hilaritas16  and  Spes  Publica.17  The  following  also 
repeats  an  early  coin  of  Marcus  before  his  accession  : 18 

JE2.   Obv—  COMMODO    CAES.    AVG.     FIL.     GERM.     SARM. 
Youthful  bust  r.,  paludate. 

Rev. — PI  ETAS  AVG.     Cultella,  aspersorium,  ewer,  litum, 
simpulum. 

The  cult-implements  have  reference  to  the  sacerdotia 
held  by  the  prince. 

These  types  exhaust  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the 
coins  of  this  group.  There  is  nothing  in  them  to  indicate 
any  special  date.  The  following,  however,  connects  itself 
with  the  coinage  of  Marcus,  and  with  the  history  : 19 

3  Cohen,  I.e.  601-602. 

4  Cohen,  Marc.  Aurele,  210,  and  especially  939. 

5  Cohen,  Comm.,  104-105. 

8  Ibid.,  215-217;  cf.  M.  A.,  230-233. 

7  Ibid.,  708-712  ;  cf.  M.  A.,  600. 

8  Ibid.,  401-406;   cf.   M.   A.,   450.      See   Num.    Chron.,  4th   Ser., 
Vol.  XI.  PI.  I.  8.  19  Cohen,  Comm.,  76-78. 


COINAGE    OP   COMMODUS   DURING   REIGN   OF   MARCUS.     39 

JR.   Obv.—  COMMODO      CAES.     AVG.     FIL.     GERM.     SARM. 
Youthful  bust  r.,  paludate. 

Rev. —  DE  GERMANIS.  Trophy  ;  at  foot  of  which,  to 
1.,  female  figure,  seated  1.  on  shield  in 
attitude  of  grief  ;  to  r.,  male  figure,  apparently 
nude.,  seated  r.  on  shield,  with  hands  behind 
back. 

This  coin  belongs  to  the  issue  which  celebrated  the 
conclusion  of  the  Germano-Sarmatian  Wars.  Sarmatian 
coins  of  Commodus  are  apparently  not  known,  but  this 
type,  and  one  with  DE  GERM,  and  a  pile  of  arms,  clearly 
belong  to  the  series,  and  are  to  be  dated  to  176  p.O. 

One  more  type  of  this  group  may  be  mentioned. 
It  becomes  fairly  frequent  in  the  later  coinage  of 
Commodus :  ^ 

JE1. — Obv.— L.  AVREL.  COMMODO  CAES.  AVG.  FIL.  GERM. 
SARM.     Youthful  bust  r.,  paludate. 

2Jey. — IOVI  CONSERVATORI  S.C.  Jupiter,  nude,  stand- 
ing L,  holding  in  1.  hand  sceptre,  in  r.  hand 
fulmen ;  the  uplifted  hands  cause  the  robe 
to  spread  widely  behind  ;  to  1.  Commodus 
(on  small  scale),  togate,  standing  L,  holding 
in  r.  hand  Victory,  in  1.  hand  scroll  [PI.  V. 
4]- 

The  type  has  no  parallel  among  the  coins  of  Marcus  for 
this  period.  Its  significance  is  obvious. 

Finally,'  there  is  an  interesting  type  which  though  not 
identical  with  any  type  of  Marcus  himself  for  this  year, 
falls  into  place  in  the  history  of  the  period : a 

.V.   Obv.— COMMODO     CAES.     AVG.      FIL.     GERM.     SARM. 
Youthful  bust  r.,  paludate,  loricate. 

Eev. — ADVENTVS  CAES.     Commodus  on  horseback  r., 
raising  r.  hand. 

-°  Cohen,  II.  Comm.,  243-244.  21  Cohen,  I.e.  1-2. 


40  C.    H.    DODD. 

This  coin  preserves  a  record  of  the  return  of  the 
emperor  and  his  son  from  the  East  in  the  autumn  of  176. 
On  the  coins  of  Marcus,  the  same  type,  without  inscrip- 
tion, appears  on  coins  of  the  thirty-first  tribunician 
year  (i.e.  177),  and  the  same  event  is  commemorated  in 
the  type  of  a  galley  with  the  inscription  FELiCiTATi 
AVG.22  This  type  appears  in  177,  and  is  paralleled  by 
a  coin  of  Commodus'  first  consulate  ;  but  there  is  no 
need  to  date  the  present  coin  within  Marcus'  thirty-first 
year  of  tribunicia  potestas. 

The  coins  with  CAES.  AVG.  FIL. GERM.  SARM.,  therefore, 
are  in  no  case  earlier  than  July,  175,  and  in  all  cases 
which  can  be  definitely  dated  fall  within  176. 

We  now  come  to  the  coins  of  the  first  consulate, 
which  falls  in  177  p.C.  The  inscription  COS  appears 
on  all  coins  up  to  the  beginning  of  the  second  consulate 
in  January,  179,  and  for  the  present  I  will  treat  all  with 
this  inscription  as  forming  a  single  group.  Within  this 
group  appear  the  following  varieties  of  titular  inscrip- 
tion (I  append  the  number  of  each  variety  at  Berlin)  : 23 

(i)  ...  CAES.  AVG.  FIL.  GERM.  SARM.  COS.          .      4* 
(ii)   IMP.  CAES.  ...  GERM.  SARM.  TR.  P.  COS.       .      4 
(iii)   IMP.  CAES.  .  .  .  GERM.  SARM.  TR.  P.  II.  COS.      4   ) 
(iv)   ...  AVG.  GERM.  SARM.  TR.  P.   II.  COS.  P.P.    .      9    [=  14 
(v)   ...  AVG.  GERM.  SARM.  TR.  P.  II.  IMP.  II.  COS.  P.P.  1    j 
(vi)   ...  AVG.  GERM.  SARM.  TR.  P.  III.  IMP.  II.  COS.  PlP.  1*| 

.  AVG.  TR.  P.  III.  IMP.  II.  COS.  P.P.    .           .      16*[=21 
.  AVG.  COS.  P.P 4   J 

43 


22  Cohen,  M.  A.,  368,  188.      See  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII. 
pp.  308  sq. 

23  *  jn  each  of  these  cases  there  is  one  more  coin  which  is  hypo- 
thetically  attributed  to  the  group  in  question,  but  which  is  not  suffi- 
ciently legible  to  make  the  attribution  certain. 


COINAGE   OF   COMMODUS   DURING   REIGN   OF   MARCUS.     41 

The  order  of  the  seven  groups  is  clearly  chronological, 
and  represents  seven  stages  in  the  development  of  the 
titulature  between  January  1,  177,  and  December  9, 
178.  It  will  perhaps  be  best  to  consider  the  later 
stages  first,  as  here  it  is  easier  to  obtain  certain  dating. 
The  fourth  trib.  pot.  begins  with  the  second  consulate 
practically ;  there  are,  however,  a  few  coins  (see  Cohen, 
224)  with  TR.  P.  nil.  IMP.  II.  COS.;  whence  we  may 
conclude  that  by  this  time,  at  any  rate,  the  tribunician 
year  of  Commodus  began  normally,  i.e.  on  December  10, 
three  weeks  before  the  beginning  of  the  consular  year. 
If  we  now  regard  TR.  P.  III.  as  a  normal  tribunician  year, 
we  have  a  rough  division  of  the  total  number  of  coins 
into  two  equal  parts,  representing  two  years,  within  the 
first  of  which  fall  two  tribunician  periods.  Here  is  the 
crux.  We  have,  in  the  first  place,  to  verify  the  hypo- 
thesis, which  is  already  supported  by  the  proportions  of 
the  coins,  that  the  third  tribunician  period  was  a  normal 
year.  This  can  be  done  by  a  comparison  with  the 
coinage  of  the  thirty-second  tribunician  year  of  Marcus, 
extending  from  December  10,177,  to  December  9, 178  p.C. 
We  have  already  seen  that  during  this  year  Marcus 
drops  the  titles  GERM.  SARM. — and  very  early  in  the 
year,  for  Cohen  gives  very  few  coins  for  this  year  bearing 
these  titles,  and  the  Berlin  collection  has  no  such 
specimen.  Similarly,  among  the  coins  of  Commodus  for 
the  third  tribunician  period,  only  one  (or  possibly  two) 
of  the  specimens  at  Berlin  bears  the  titles  GERM.  SARM. 
On  the  remaining  sixteen  examples  with  TR.  P.  Ml.  it  is 
missing,  while  there  are  four  other  coins  without  any 
tribunician  number  and  also  without  GERM.  SARM., 
which  almost  certainly  belong  to  the  same  tribunician 
period ;  in  any  case,  the  huge  majority  of  coins  of  this 


42  C.    H.    DODD. 

tribunician  period  are  without  GERM.  SARM.  The  con- 
clusion is  that  the  third  tribunician  period  of  Commodus 
coincides  with  the  thirty-second  of  Marcus,  i.e.  with  the 
year  December  10,  177/8  p.C. 

Further,  among  the  coins  of  Commodus  with  TR.  P.  II. 
COS.  there  is  one  out  of  a  total  of  fourteen  which  bears 
also  the  inscription  IMP.  II.  Now  we  saw  that  the  coins 
of  the  thirty-first  tribunician  year  of  Marcus  testified  to 
a  renewal  of  the  imperatorial  salutation  within  the 
last  month  or  two  of  that  period,  i.e.  about  the  begin- 
ning of  November,  177.24  (The  proportions  are:  with 
IMP.  VIM— 37  ;  with  IMP.  Vim. — 6,  of  which  3  have  same 
type.)  The  ninth  salutatio  of  Marcus  must  surely 
correspond  to  the  second  of  Commodus.  It  follows  that 
in  November,  177,  Commodus  was  still  TRIB.  POT.  II. 
This  leaves  it  practically  certain  that  the  third  tribuni- 
cian period  of  Commodus  coincided  with  the  thirty-second 
of  his  father,  and  with  the  year  December  10,  177/8  p.C. 

Of  the  types  belonging  to  this  year,  the  great 
majority  are  mere  "  repeats."  One  only  is  an  entirely 
new  introduction,  a  figure  of  Liberty  with  her  Phrygian 
cap,  inscribed  LIBERTAS  AVG25  [PL  V.  5].  The  type  has 
no  analogue  in  the  contemporary  coinage  of  Marcus,  and 
it  would  be  difficult  to  discover  the  special  reason  for 
its  introduction,  unless  it  has  some  relation  to  the 
legal  reforms  with  which  Marcus  was  occupied  at  this 
time,  and  which  are  probably  commemorated  in  his 
Justitia  type  of  the  following  year.26  The  only  other 
fresh  type  of  this  year  is  a  sacrifice-scene  expanded  from 
a  type  of  the  second  tribunician  period  (see  below). 

24  See  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XII.  p.  306. 

25  Cohen,  Comm.,  330-333. 

2«  See  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  pp.  313-314. 


COINAGE    OF    COMMODUS   DURING   REIGN   OF   MARCUS.      43 

The  coins  inscribed  simply  COS.  with  AVG.  and  P.P. 
are  in  all  probability  to  be  dated  to  the  year  178,  since 
they  lack  the  titles  GERM.  SARM.,27  and  their  types  are 
identical  with  those  of  fully  dated  coins  of  this  year. 

Working  backwards  into  the  second  tribunician 
period,  we  come  first  to  the  latest  coins  of  that  period, 
those  with  the  title  IMP.  II.,  corresponding  with  the 
IMP.  VI 1 1 1.,  which  appears  on  the  coinage  of  Marcus 
towards  the  end  of  177.28  Five  types  occur  upon  the 
coins  of  Commodus  for  this  period,  of  which  three  are 
new  introductions.  The  first  is  as  follows  : w 

Jf.   Obv.—L.  AVREL.  COMMODVS  AVG.     Youthful  bust  r., 
laureate,  loricate,  paludate. 

Eev.— TR.  P.  II.  IMP.  II.  COS.  P.P.  Youthful  male  figure, 
wearing  chlamys  and  conical  cap,  standing  1., 
holding  in  1.  hand  reversed  spear,  and  in  r. 
hand  the  bridle  of  a  horse  stepping  1. 

The  figure  is  clearly  one  of  the  Dioscuri,  the  patrons  of 
the  ordo  equester,  of  which,  as  yrinceps  juventutis,  Com- 
modus had  been  the  titular  head,  and  does  not  appear  to 
have  any  special  reference  to  contemporary  events.  The 
second  new  type  may  have  such  a  reference  :  * 

J51.   Obv.—L.    AVREL.     COMMODVS     AVG.    GERM.    SARM. 
Youthful  bust,  laureate,  loricate,  paludate. 

Rev.— IVNONI  SISPITAE  TR.  P.  II.  IMP.  II.  COS.  P.P. 
Female  figure,  with  peculiar  horned  head- 
dress and  long  robe,  standing  r.,  holding  on 
1.  arm  hexagonal  shield,  and  with  r.  hand 
brandishing  javelin ;  to  r.,  snake  coiled,  head 
extended  1.  [PI.  V.  8]. 

This  type  is  a  revival  of  one  of  Pius,  who  called  it  Juno 


27  Cohen,  Comm.,  63-68.     23  See  Num.  Chron.,  I.e.,  p.  306. 
M  Cohen,  Comm.,  754-755.   3°  Fold.,  270-271. 


44  C.    H.    DODD. 

Sospita.  The  goddess  belonged  to  Lanuvium,31  and  so 
was  in  some  sort  a  patroness  of  Commodus,  who,  like  his 
grandfather,  was  a  native  of  that  town.  She  is  here 
represented  as  fighting  for  the  emperor  in  the  campaign 
which  won  the  second  salutatio  (cf.  Marcus'  fighting 
Minerva  and  Jupiter  Propugnator).  But  the  third  of 
these  new  types  is  the  most  important  historically  : 32 

^E1.   Obv.— L.    AVREL.    COMMODVS    AVG.    GERM.    SARM. 
Youthful  bust,  laureate,  loricate,  paludate. 

Rev.—VOTA  PVBLICA  TR.  P.  II.  IMP.  II.  COS.  P.P. 
Male  figure  (apparently  youthful  =  Corn- 
modus),  togate  with  cinctus  Gabinus,  standing 
1.,  holding  in  r.  hand  patera  over  flaming 
tripod. 

This  is  clearly  a  companion  to  the  similar  type  of 
Marcus,  which  appears  on  coins  of  177  with  IMP.  VI III. 
and  which  I  have  taken  to  refer  to  the  ceremonies 
performed  at  the  end  of  the  year  in  preparation  for  the 
emperors'  departure  for  the  front  in  178.33  On  coins  of 
Commodus  (though  not  of  Marcus)  for  the  latter  year, 
the  type  is  worked  up  into  an  elaborate  sacrifice-scene  for 
a  bronze  medallion  [PI.  V.  6] ;  the  figure  of  the  emperor 
sacrificing  stands  before  a  hexastyle  temple,  accompanied 
by  a  victimarius  with  a  bell,  a  camillus,  a  flute-player, 
and  figures  representing  attendant  priests  and  the  crowd 
of  citizens  and  soldiers.34 

We   now  come  to  the  kernel  of  the   difficulty — the 


31  See  article  on  "  Juno  Sospita  of  Lanuvium,"  by  Miss  E.  M.  Douglas, 
in  J.  E.  S.,  vol.  iii.  part  1. 

32  Cohen,  Comm.,  931.     I  have  not  seen  the  type  on  coins  of  this 
year.     I  describe  it  after  the  examples  in  the  British  Museum  and  the 
Berliner  Miinzkabinett,  dated  to  178. 

33  See  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  pp.  303-309. 

34  Cohen,  Comm.,  977. 


COINAGE   OF   COMMODUS   DURING   REIGN  OF    MARCUS.      45 

coins  with  four  different  stages  of  titulature,  all  of 
which  have  to  be  brought  in  between  January  and 
November  (or  thereabouts),  177.  I  will  first  endeavour 
to  establish  correspondences  between  coins  of  this  group 
and  coins  of  Marcus'  thirty-first  tribunician  year. 

We  are  not  helped  here  by  any  parallel  titulary 
changes,  for  Marcus'  titles  are  quite  constant  through- 
out the  year.  We  must,  therefore,  have  recourse  to 
the  types.  Take  first  the  following  coin ;  I  supplement 
the  inscription  of  a  worn  specimen  at  Berlin  from 
Cohen  :  35 

JE1.  Qbv.—\MP.  CAES.  L.  AVREL.  COMMODVS  GERM. 
SARM.  Youthful  bust  r.,  laureate,  loricate, 
and  paludate. 

.Rev.— LIBERAL  IT  AS  AVG.  (exergue),  TR.  P.  II.  COS. 
(margin),  S.  C.  Congiarium  scene :  two 
figures  seated  1.  on  curule  chairs  upon 
platform,  extending  r.  hand  ;  behind  them, 
also  on  platform,  figure  standing  1. ;  to  1. 
female  figure  in  diadem,  X<,TOJI>,  and  i/m-rioi/, 
standing  1.,  holding  in  1.  hand  cornucopiae, 
and  in  r.  hand  abacus;  to  1.  of  platform, 
man  mounting  steps  r.,  extending  sinus  of 
robe. 

This  is  the  ordinary  congiarium  type,  representing  the 
emperor  and  Commodus  with  the  praetorian  prefect 
and  Liberality.  An  identical  type  appears  on  the 
coins  of  Marcus  for  this  year,  with  the  inscription 
LI  BERALITAS  AVG.  VII.  The  seventh  Liberality  of  Marcus 
is  probably  to  be  identified  with  this  one  of  Commodus. 
The  inscription,  in  spite  of  the  two  figures,  must  be  read 
" Liberalitas  Augusti"  for  the  Commodus  coin  belongs 
to  the  third  stage  of  this  year's  titulature,  when  Com- 
modus had  the  title  Imperator,  and  had  entered  upon  his 

35  Cohen,  Comm.,  299. 


46  C.    H.    DODD. 

second  tribunician  period,  but  was  not  yet  Augustus. 
This  fact  forbids  the  identification  of  the  Congiarium 
here  represented  with  the  one  labelled  36  LIBERAL(ITAS) 
AVGVSTOR(VM).  without  any  number  (the  latter  bears 
no  tribunician  date).  Cohen  gives  another  coin  of  Corn- 
modus  (296)  with  LIBERALITAS  AVG.  II.,  and  a  somewhat 
abnormal  Congiarium  type  :  it  is  cited  from  Eollin's 
catalogue,  a  not  too  reliable  source  ;  and  the  tribunician 
date  is  obliterated.  He  further  gives  a  coin  similarly 
inscribed,  with  the  type  of  Liberality,  bearing  the  same 
titles  as  the  one  described  above.  Evidently  this  coin 
belongs  to  the  same  event,  and  apparently  it  corre- 
sponds with  the  coins  of  Marcus  bearing  the  same  type 
and  the  inscription  LIBERALITAS  AVG.  vii.37  About 
the  identification  of  the  Congiarium  Cohen  is  some- 
what confused  here,  and  indeed  appears  to  contradict 
himself.  Eckhel  (vol.  vii.  p.  106)  identifies  it  with 
the  one  given  on  the  occasion  of  the  marriage  of 
Commodus  with  Crispina,  mentioned  by  Capitolinus 38 
between  the  bestowal  of  the  tribunician  power  upon 
•  Commodus  and  the  outbreak  of  the  "  triennial "  war  with 
the  Marcomanni,  Hermunduri,  Sarmatae,  and  Quadi,  i.e. 
the  "  expeditio  Germanica  secunda  "  of  178-180.  The 
marriage  is  mentioned  by  Dio  (Ixxi.  33)  in  the  same 
place  in  the  order  of  events.  Eckhel  (p.  106)  gives  a 
coin  of  Commodus  and  Crispina : 

Obv.— IMP.    CAES.    L.    AVREL.   COMMODVS  GERM.  SARM. 
Gaput  laureatum. 

Rev. — CRISPINA  AVG. — Caput  Crispinae. 
But  the  great  medallion  commemorating  the  marriage 

3a  Cohen,  M.  A.,  427.  3r  Ibid.,  421-422. 

38  H.  A.,  iv.  27,  §  8. 


COINAGE   OF   COMMODUS   DURING   REIGN   OF   MARCUS.     47 

given  by  Eckhel  (p.  107)  and  by  Cohen  (Crisp,  et  Comm. 

3)  has  IMP.  COMMODVS  AVG.  GERM.  SARM.  [PI.  V.  7]; 
and  Cohen  knows  no  medal  of  Conimodus  and  Crispina 
in  which  the  AVG.  is  absent  from  Comrnodus'  style. 
Indeed,  the  coin  given  by  Eckhel  cannot  be  accepted, 
for  it  is  impossible  that  Crispina  should  be  Augusta  when 
her  husband  was  not  yet  Augustus.  The  coins,  therefore, 
do  not  confirm  Eckhel's  identification  of  the  Congiarium, 
though  they  do  not,  of  course,  by  any  means  exclude  it. 
At  the  same  time  the  fact  that  Crispina  only  occurs 
on  coins  with  AVG.  rather  suggests  that  the  marriage  of 
Conimodus  was  associated  with  his  elevation  to  the 
rank  of  Augustus.  The  marriage,  we  are  told,  was 
hurried  on  because  of  the  pressing  nature  of  the 
troubles  on  the  Danube.  The  same  motives  would 
lead  to  the  complete  restoration  of  the  collegiate 
character  of  the  Empire  by  the  investiture  of  Corn- 
modus  with  the  supreme  title.  It  may  be  worth  while, 
therefore,  to  consider  whether  any  other  identification 
is  possible.  Capitolinus  mentions  in  the  chapter  (27, 
§§  4-5)  already  cited  that  a  Congiarium  was  also 
distributed  on  the  occasion  of  Commodus'  investment 
with  the  tribunician  power.  His  language  is — "  Romam 
ut  venit,  triumpliavit.  Exinde  Lanuvium  profectus  est. 
Commodum  deinde  sibi  collegam  in  tribuniciam  potes- 
tatem  junxit ;  congiarium-  populo  dedit"  &c.  The  date 
of  the  triumph  was  December  23,  176.39  The  succeed- 
ing events  must  have  happened  early  in  177.  The 
LIBERALITAS  AVG.  VII.  of  Marcus  might  therefore  equally 
well  be  referred  to  this  occasion,  which  is  probably  to 
be  identified  with  the  distribution  of  200  drachmae 
to  each  citizen  mentioned  by  Dio  (Ixxi.  32 :  cf.  the 

39  H.  A.,  vii.  12,  §  5. 


48  C.    H.    DODD. 

order  of  events  in  the  two  authors).  But  there  is  a 
fresh  difficulty  if  one  further  goes  on  to  identify  the 
Congiarium  of  Commodus  TR  P.  II.  COS.  with  this  one,  for 
it  apparently  took  place  immediately  upon  his  investi- 
ture with  the  tribunician  power,  i.e.  one  would  suppose 
in  the  first  and  not  the  second  tribunician  period.  In 
any  case  it  appears  that  we  have  two  concjiaria  for  a 
period  during  which  only  one  is  represented  on  the 
coins,  unless,  indeed,  we  take  the  undated  LIBERAL. 
AVGVSTOR.  of  Marcus  (which  certainly  falls  within  this 
year  or  the  next)  to  represent  a  different  congiarium 
from  the  LIBERALITAS  vu.  of  Marcus  and  II.  of  Com- 
modus. With  this  I  will  leave  the  question  of  the 
Congiaria  for  the  present.  There  are  other  and  greater 
difficulties. 

But  to  return  to  the  types.  We  may  take  next  a 
group  associated  with  the  Germano-Sarmatian  triumph, 
which  are  more  or  less  common  to  Marcus  and  Com- 
modus. Take  first  the  following  reverses : 40 

1.  TR.  P.  II.  COS.   (margin),  DE   GERM,  or  DE   SARM.  (ex- 

ergue).    Pile  of  arms. 

2.  TR.  P.  II.  COS.  (margin),  DE  SARM.  (exergue).     Trophy  ; 

at  base  two  captives  (both  apparently  female)  seated 
on  ground  ;  one  to  r.  of  trophy  is  seated  r.  in  attitude 
of  grief,  and  the  one  to  1.  of  trophy  is  seated  1.  with 
hands  behind  back. 

These    are   found   with    the    obverse    inscription    IMP. 

CAES  L.AVREL.  COMMODVS  GERM.  SARM.      The  types   are 

also  found  as  follows,  with  obverse   inscription  IMP.  L. 

AVREL.   COMMODVS  AVG.  GERM.  SARM. 

1.  TR.  P.  II.  COS.  P.  P.  (margin),  DE  GERMANIS  (exergue). 
Pile  of  arms. 

40  Cohen,  Comm.,  79-92,  95-103. 


COINAGE    OF    COMMODUS   DURING    REIGN    OF   MARCUS.     49 

2.  TR.  P.  II.  COS.  P.  P.  (margin),  DE  GERM,  or  DE  SARM. 
(exergue).     Trophy  and  captives  as  above. 

These  types  are  identical  with  types  of  Marcus  for 
176-177,  and  are  also  represented  on  coins  of  Commodus 
for  the  period  October,  175,  to  December,  176  (with 

titles  CAES.  AVG.   FIL.  GERM.  SARM.  and  without  COS.)4011 

The  following  type  of  Jupiter  Victor,  again,  which  occurs 
with  the  obverse  inscription  IMP.  L.  AVREL.  COMMODVS 
AVG.  GERM.  SARM.,  is  identical  with  a  type  of  Marcus  for 
177 : 41 

Eev. — TR.  P.  II.  COS.  P.P.  Jupiter,  nude  to  waist,  with 
robe  hanging  behind  from  shoulders  and  falling 
over  knees,  seated  ].,  holding  sceptre  in  1.  hand 
and  Victory  in  r.  hand. 

The  same  inscription  accompanies  the  ordinary  type 
of  Victory  with  palm  and  wreath  which  appears  on  the 
coins  of  Commodus  as  on  those  of  Marcus  for  177. 

The  actual  triumph,  which  on  the  coins  of  Marcus  is 
represented  by  a  complete  triumph  scene,  and  also  by 
the  type  of  the  emperor  enthroned  holding  a  laurel 
bough  and  sceptre,  is  represented  among  issues  of 
Commodus  by  the  following  medallions  and  coins : 42 

MR\  Obv.— IMP.  CAES.  L.  AVREL.  COMMODVS  GERM. 
SARM.  Youthful  bust  r.,  laureate,  paludate, 
with  aegis  on  breast. 

Rev. — TR.  POT.  COS.  (exergue).  Quadriga,  decorated 
with  reliefs,  the  horses  stepping  1.  ;  within, 
Marcus  and  Commodus  standing  1.,  each  hold- 
ing branch  ;  the  car  is  preceded  by  a  soldier 
walking  1.,  looking  backwards,  holding  spear 
in  r.  hand  ;  above,  Victory  flying  L,  carrying 
trophy. 

40a  Cohen,  Comm.,  76-78,  93-94.  «'  Ibid.,  744. 

«  Ibid.,  738,  749-750. 

NUM.    CHRON.,   VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES  IV.  E 


50  C.    H.   DODD. 

^EI.  Obv.— IMP.    CAES.     L.     AVREL.     COMMODVS    GERM. 
SARM.     Youthful  head  r.,  laureate. 

Rev. — TR.  P.  II.  (upper  margin),  COS.  (exergue),  S.  C. 
Quadriga,  decorated  with  reliefs,  stepping  1. ; 
within,  Commodus  standing  1.,  holding  in  r. 
hand  sceptre,  surmounted  by  eagle ;  behind 
him  in  car  apparently  a  small  figure. 

The  group  of  coins  associated  with  the  triumph  of 
December  23,  176,  therefore,  covers  three  stages  in 
the  development  of  the  titulature — IMP.  CAES.  with 

TR.  POT.,  IMP.  CAES.  with  TR.  P.  II,, 'and  AVG.  with  TR.  P.  II. 

— all  corresponding  to  Marcus'  TR.  P.  XXXI. 


COIN  OP  COMMODUS  (Paris).*3 

It  remains  to  notice  the  coins  of  the  first  consulate 
which  have  neither  IMP.  norTR.  P.  The  most  noteworthy 
of  these  is  the  following  : 43 

^2_   06u.— COMMODO  CAES.  AVG.  FIL.  GERM.  SARM.  COS. 

Youthful  bust  r.,  paludate. 

Rev. — FELICITATI  CAES.  (on  upper  margin),  S.  C.  (ex- 
ergue). Galley  with  six  rowers  and  steersman 
moving  over  waves  1. ;  objects  on  prow  and 
stern  not  recognizable.  [Cohen  gives  standard 
and  banner  on  stern,  mast  with  sail  on  prow.] 

43  Cohen,  Comm.,  118.  Cohen  gives  the  false,  and  indeed  impossible, 
reading  GERM  TR.  P.  COS.  The  coin  in  the  Cabinet  de  France, 
which  is  reproduced  above,  shows  the  reading  GERM.  SARM.  COS. 
beyond  doubt,  although  the  first  letter  of  SARM.  is  obliterated  by 
wear,  and  the  R  seems  to  have  been  faultily  cut. 


COINAGE    OF   OOMMODUS   DURING   REIGN    OF   MARCUS.     51 

This  is  the  corresponding  type  to  Marcus'  FELICITATI 
AVG.,  and  celebrates  the  safe  voyage  of  the  emperor  and 
his  son  from  the  East  at  the  close  of  176.44  It  is  just 
what  one  would  have  expected,  that  this  type  belongs 
to  the  earliest  group  of  the  coins  of  the  first  consulate, 
though,  according  to  Cohen,  it  overflows  into  the  second 
group.  The  only  other  type .  on  these  earliest  coins 
worthy  of  note  is  the  following  : 45 

Obv.— COMMODO    CAES.    AVG.    FIL.    GERM.    SARM.    COS. 
Youthful  bust  r.,  loricate  and  paludate. 

Rev.— PR  I  NCI  PI     IVVENTVTIS.       Clasped     hands     holding 
standard  resting  on  prow  1. 

This  type  has  no  parallel  among  the  coins  of  Marcus 
for  this  year.  It  recalls  the  clasped  hands  with 
caduceus  and  ears  of  176,  and  the  clasped  hands  in- 
scribed CONCORD.  EXERC.  of  175.  Possibly  the  female 
figure  with  orb  and  standard  of  177  is  a  Concordia 
Exercituum,  though  it  is  more  like  Fides. 

This  type  as  well  as  others  of  the  early  group 
(Hilaritas,  &c.)  would  seem  to  connect  with  the  coinage 
of  previous  year,  and  this  is  quite  marked  in  the  case 
of  the  inscriptions.  Everything  is  identical  with  the 
coinage  of  175-6,  except  the  addition  COS.,  which  shows 
that  the  coins  certainly  belong  to  the  period  after 
January  1,  177.  Here  comes  the  fatal  conflict  with 
the  literary  authorities.  Nothing  is  clearer  than  that 
all  the  coins  we  have  examined  with  COS.  fall  into  place 
in  the  thirty -first  tribunician  year  of  Marcus,  and  if  we 
applied  our  usual  canon  based  on  the  proportion  of  coins 


4*  See  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  p.  302. 
45  Cohen,  Comm.,  603-604. 

E  2 


52  0.   H.  DODD. 

in  each  group,  we  should  draw  the  following  con- 
clusions : 

IMP.  and  TR.  POT.  appear  (together)  about  February,  177. 
TR.  POT.  II.  appears  about  April,  177. 

AVQ.  P.P.  appear  (together)  about  June,  177. 
IMP.  II.  appears  about  November,  177. 

Lampridius,  however,  states  quite  plainly — "<</// 
patre  appellatua  imperator  V.  Id.  Ex8uperu/<  l'"llione 
at  Apro  cots." — i.e.  November  27,  176  p.C.,  and  in 
another  passage  (2,  §  4)  he  gives  the  date  again,  and 
places  it  before  the  triumph.  This,  as  Eckhel  has 
shown,  can  only  mean  that  he  was  on  this  date  en- 
titled to  use  the  praenomen  imperatoria  as  his  father's 

roll,  ,,Lr||,.   jn   (],,.  r  ,       ',,„!„  ritnn.      Kurllicr,  ( 'upi- 

tolinus46  thus  dates  the  beginning  of  the  tribunician 
power :  "  Romam  ut  venit,  triumphavit.  Exinde  Lanuviutn 
profectus  eat.  Commodum  deinde  sibi  collegam  in  trilm- 
nitiam  potestatem  junxit"  This  would  make  the  begin- 
ning of  Oommodus'  first  TR.  POT.  fall  not  long  after 
December  23,  176 — say  late  in  January  or  early  in 
February,  177.  This  in  itself  corresponds  well  enough 

uitli  Hire,, ins;    I. ul    it    involves   lu«.   ns-iimpl  ions   nf  tlic 
trilnmiriiiii  puwrr  in  it  y«-nr. 
There  are  therefore  two  difficulties :  (a)  the  coins  do 

not    r,  ,-,,.  MII/.-  tli.-   \\«-||-:iM.-|i-.|   iiiNcslitnn-  of( 'oniniodus 

with  the  imperium  on  November  27,  176;  and  (6)  the 
coins,  supported  by  the  order  of  the  narrative  in  the 

B«<ma    AII-JK  ./",   I.IIUM-    tin-   LciMlillin;/   c!     I  In-     IUII',.    POT. 

early  in  177,  closely  followed  by  the  beginning  of 
TR.  POT.  ii.,  which  gives  place  to  TR.  POT.  in.  in  the 
normal  way,  at  the  end  of  the  year,  so  that  we  have  two 

//.  A.t  Iv.  27,  §f  4-5. 


COINAGE   OF  COMMODUS  DURING  REIGN  OF  MARCUS.     53 

tribunioian  periods  in  less  than  one  year.  Eokhel 
accepts  the  evidence  of  the  coins  as  it  stands,  supporting 
it  by  the  supposed  example  of  the  double  TR.  POT.  in 
192.  This  example,  however,  is  no  longer  valid,  for  the 
few  coins  with  TR.  P.  XVIII.  are  now  attributed  to  the 
period  December  10  to  December  .'U,  ID'J,  thi>  bo^imuMi; 
of  a  fresh  tribunioian  year.  Eokhel  was  led  astray,  as 
was  Cohen  also,  by  the  idea  that  the  tribunieiaii  year 
coincided  with  the  consular.  On  the  other  side,  we  have 
Klebs'  Prosopographia  (s.v. "  Commodus  "),  which  outs  the 
knot  by  rejecting  the  coins  as  inaccurate,  and  dating 
the  first  TR.  POT.  November  27  to  December  9,  170,  in 
defiance  not  only  of  the  coins  but  also  of  the  Life.  I 
do  not  quite  know  what  Klebs  means  by  the  "  inaccuracy  " 
of  the  coins.  Surely  the  coinage  is,  under  a  settled 
government,  the  most  authoritative  document  \u>  could 
wish  for.  It  is  primary,  other  sources  secondary. 
Mommsen  l7  attempts  a  solution  which  allows  due  weight 
to  both  sources  of  evidence.  He  supposes  that  Capi- 
tolinus  is  right  in  dating  the  beginning  of  the  im^<  rium 
only  on  November  27,  17(5,  and  that  of  the  tribunioian 
power  early  in  177.  Consequently  the  lirst  trihuniciaii 
period  would  be  regarded  as  extending  from  (say) 
January,  177,  to  December  9,  177.  But  soon  November 
27,  176,  came  to  be  recognized  (somewhat  as  in  the  case 
of  Vespasian)  as  the  <//<>•  imp,-fi/  in  the  full  sense,  and 
in  consequence  the  tirst  year  of  tribnnician  power  would 
end  on  December  9,  176,  and  the  remaining  portion  ol 
176/7  would  become  TR.  p.  n.  This  hypothesis  still 
leaves  open  the  question  why  the  title  IMP.  does  not 
appear  on  the  coins  until  177.  I  do  not  see  how  the 

«  Staatarecht  (Aufl.  8),  II.  p.  801«  (p.  757*  in  original  edition,  1875). 


54  C.    H.    DODD. 

question  is  to  be  answered.  It  would  appear  as  if  for 
some  reason  Marcus  did  not  regard  the  conferring  of  the 
title  of  imperator  as  a  complete  measure.  It  was  only  an 
instalment  of  the  powers  which  were  conferred  upon  the 
heir  to  the  throne,  and  awaited  consummation  by  the 
conferring  of  the  tribunician  power.  The  reason  it  was 
conferred  is  clear  from  the  context  in  the  Life  of 
Commodus  (2,  §  4) :  "  Cum  patre  imperator  est  appellatus 
V.  kal  Dec.  die  Pollione  et  Apro  coss.  et  triumphavit  cum 
patre ;  nam  et  hoc  patres  decreverant"  No  person  could 
triumph  who  was  not  in  possession  of  the  imperium. 
Commodus  had  up  to  date  held  no  office  involving  the 
imperium  (Prineeps  Juventutis  is  of  course  purely 
honorary).  On  his  return  from  the  victorious  cam- 
paigns on  the  Danube  the  Senate  voted  the  suspension 
in  his  favour  of  the  Leges  Annales  and  designated  him 
consul :  this  must  be  the  meaning  of  the  words  "  venia 
legis  annuariae  impetrata  consul  est  factus."  But  as  his 
tenure  of  the  imperium  did  not  begin  till  January 
12,  177,  a  special  vote  conferred  on  him  pro  forma  the 
imperium  proconsulare  (which  brought  with  it  the  title 
IMPERATOR  and  was  reckoned  as  a  salutatio),  to  enable 
him  to  take  part  in  the  triumph.  Marcus  would  seem 
not  to  have  fully  made  up  his  mind  to  make  the  empire 
again  collegiate  at  once,  and  hence  the  tribunician 
power  was  not  conferred.  But  even  so,  it  is  not  ex- 
plained why  the  title  IMP.  does  not  appear  on  the  triumph 
coins.  But  it  is  without  precedent  since  23  B.C.  for  an 
"  Imperator"  not  to  hold  the  tribunician  power.  On  the 
coins  of  Marcus  himself  the  IMP.  does  not  appear  until 
his  accession  to  the  sole  empire  in  his  fifteenth  trib.  pot. 
This  may  possibly  suggest  a  reason  why  Marcus  with 
his  regard  for  the  constitution  shrank  from  allowing  one 


COINAGE   OF   COMMODUS   DURING   REIGN   OF   MARCUS.      55 

who  was  not  a  colleague  in  the  empire  to  bear  in  an 
official  way  the  title  IMPERATOR. 

In  any  case  Mommsen's  theory  seems  to  be  the  only 
one  so  far  propounded  which  explains  the  coins  while 
allowing  due  weight  to  the  literary  authorities.  Klebs 
does  justice  to  neither.  We  might  suppose  the  case  to 
be  somewhat  as  follows :  In  November,  176,  Marcus  and 
Commodus  had  returned  from  the  front.  The  emperor 
wished  that  the  Princeps  Juventutis  should  share  in  the 
triumph,  and  for  that  purpose  caused  the  title  Imperator 
to  be  bestowed  upon  him  by  a  vote  of  the  Senate  on 
November  27.  This,  however,  was  not  regarded  as 
having  any  effect  upon  the  actual  position  of  the  prince  ; 
perhaps,  indeed,  it  was  merely  a  sort  of  anticipation  of 
the  imperium  which  would  naturally  be  his  from 
January  1  in  virtue  of  his  consulate,  as  seems  to  be 
implied  in  the  fact  that  the  designalio  to  the  consulate 
precedes  the  appellatio  imperatoris  in  the  narrative  of 
the  Life.  The  triumph  took  place  duly  on  December  23, 
and  it  is  not  surprising  that  the  coins  celebrating  it  did 
not  appear  until  after  Commodus  had  entered  upon  his 
consulate  in  January  1,  177.  We  may  assume  that  for 
this  event  the  father  and  son  remained  in  the  city 
(Eckhel  takes  one  of  the  coins  which  I  have  attributed  to 
the  triumph  as  a  representation  of  the  processio  consularis 
of  that  date).  Then  follows  the  retirement  to  Lanuvium, 
and  it  was  perhaps  there,  and  in  view  of  disquieting 
news  from  the  frontier,  that  the  emperor  matured  the 
design  of  raising  his  son  to  the  same  position  which  he 
had  himself  held  for  fifteen  years  under  Pius.  The  vote 
conferring  the  tribunician  power  and  the  various  pre- 
rogatives associated  with  it  was  then  passed,  and  the 
heir  to  the  throne  was  described,  as  Pius  had  been 


56  C.    H.    DODD. 

described  during  Hadrian's  lifetime,  as  IMP.  CAES.  .  .  . 
TRIE.  POT. 

But  this  is  not  the  end  of  the  changes  of  this  year. 
There  was  another  step,  which  apparently  has  escaped 
the  notice  of  the  biographers— the  consummation  of  the 
collegiate  character  of  the  empire  by  the  elevation  of 
the  Caesar  to  the  rank  of  Augustus.  After  Commodus 
had  come  to  be  recognized  as  the  junior  colleague  of  his 
father,  apparently  it  was  decided  that  the  recognition 
should  be  antedated  to  the  day  on  which  the  first  step 
had  been  taken — November  27,  176.  As  a  December  10 
now  intervened,  it  followed  that  the  present  year  was 
the  second  of  the  tribunician  power  of  Commodus,  and 
the  fiction  is  perpetuated  on  the  coins.  One  may 
compare  again  the  case  of  Vespasian,  who  threw  back 
his  dies  imperii  to  the  date  on  which  he  had  been 
saluted  imperator,  though  his  recognition  as  emperor 
and  his  acceptance  of  the  tribunician  power  fell  some 
time  later.  It  was  apparently  at  no  long  interval  after 
this  change  that  the  status  quo  before  the  death  of  Verus 
was  restored,  and  there  were  once  more  two  Augusti.  I 
have  already  suggested  the  strong  probability  that  this 
last  step  was  taken  on  the  occasion  of  Commodus' 
marriage  with  Crispina,  and  it  was  doubtless  hastened 
from  the  same  causes  as  the  latter  event.  The  growing 
seriousness  of  the  reports  from  the  front  would  seem  to 
have  forced  Marcus  against  his  will  to  rush  through  stages 
at  which  he  would  have  preferred  to  have  stopped  for 
awhile.  Having  made  sure  of  the  succession  of  Commodus 
by  admitting  him — sooner,  even  here,  than  he  had 
originally  intended — to  the  tribunician  power,  he  must 
surely  have  intended  that  for  a  considerable  period  he 
should  hold  the  position  which  he  had  himself  enjoyed 


COINAGE    OF   COMMODUS   DURING   REIGN   OF   MARCUS.     57 

under  Pius,  and  Pius  ^  under  Hadrian.  But  the 
weakness  of  his  own  health  and  the  pressing  nature 
of  affairs  on  the  Danube  led  him  to  give  up  that  idea, 
and  against  his  desire,  to  install  Commodus  as  a  full 
emperor,  in  order  that  there  might  be  perfect  con- 
tinuity in  the  government  in  case  of  his  own  sudden 
decease  with  the  war  unfinished.  The  event  proved 
the  wisdom  of  his  precautions,  while  the  reluctance 
shown  suffices  to  clear  him  of  the  aspersions  commonly 
cast  upon  him  for  thrusting  a  mere  boy  into  the  im- 
perial power. 

The  salutation  which  closes  the  year — the  second  for 
Commodus  corresponding  with  the  ninth  of  Marcus — has 
already  been  noticed,49  and  I  have  suggested  that  it  was 
for  a  victory  gained  by  Bassaeus  Rufus,  the  praefectus 
praetorio,  or  some  other  of  the  commanders  in  the 
provinces. 

The  question  that  remains  for  decision  is  that  of  the 
Liberalitas  (or  Liberalitates)  of  this  year.  The  coins  give 
TR.  P.  II  and  no  AVG.  If  it  was  the  congiarium  distributed 
when  Marcus  "  Commodus  sibi  collegam  in  trib.  pot.  junxit  " 
one  would  have  expected  TR.  P. ;  if  it  was  the  one  on  the 
occasion  of  his  marriage  one  would  have  expected  AVG. 
The  latter  is,  I  think,  the  more  serious  objection.  I 
incline,  therefore,  to  identify  Commodus'  second  Libera- 
litas, and  Marcus'  seventh,  with  the  congiarium  distributed 
on  the  occasion  of  Commodus'  receipt  of  the  tribunician 
power.  After  all  there  are  extremely  few  coins  with 
TR.  P. ;  the  interval  was  no  great  one,  and  if  there  were 


48  Pius  had  the  title  of  IMP.  T.  AEL.  CAESAR  ANTONINVS. 
TRIB.  POT.  while  Hadrian  still  lived,  and  at  first  was  called  IMP.  T. 
AEL.  CAESAR  ANTONINVS  AVG.  on  his  accession. 

49  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  p.  310. 


58 


C.    H.    DODD. 


any  coins  struck  during  it  with  the  Liberalitas,  they  may 
well  have  been  lost.  For  the  Congiarium  on  the  occasion 
of  Commodus'  marriage,  might  not  the  LIBERAL. 
AVGVSTOR.  coin  of  Marcus  serve?  It  has  no  TR.  P.,  but 
clearly  belongs  to  this  year  (for  before  this  year  there 
was  only  one  Augustus,  and  after  this  year  Marcus  was 
IMP.  VI ill).  The  emphasis  upon  the  fact  that  there  are 
two  Augusti  would  suit  the  supposition  that  the  occasion 
of  Commodus'  marriage  was  also  the  occasion  on  which 
for  the  first  time  since  the  death  of  Verus  the  empire 
had  two  equal  rulers. 

If  the  above  reasoning  be  accepted,  the  accompanying 


TITLES  OF  MABCUS. 


TITLES  OP  COMMODUS. 


166  . 
173  . 

174— Dec.  10th 

175— Jan.  20th 
circ.  June 

July  7th 
circ.  Oct. 


Dec.  10th 
176— Dec.  10th 
177— Jan.    1st 
circ.  Feb. 

circ.  Apr. 
circ.  June 
circ.  Nov. 

Dec.  10th 


Armeniacus  p.m.  tr.  pot. 

xx.  imp.  Hi.  cos.  Hi. 
[Germanicus]  tr.  p.  xxvii. 

imp.  vi.  cos.  Hi. 
Tr.  p.  xxviii.  imp.  vii.  cos. 

Hi. 

Germ.  tr.  p.   xxix.  imp. 
vii.  cos.  Hi. 


Germ.   tr.  p.  xxix.  imp. 

viii.  cos.  Hi. 
Germ.  Sarm.  tr.  p.  xxix. 

imp.  viii.  cos.  Hi. 
Germ.  Sarm.  tr.  p.  xxx. 

imp.  viii.  cos.  Hi. 
Germ.  Sarm.  tr.  p.  xxxi. 

imp.  viii.  cos.  Hi. 


Germ.  Sarm.  tr.  p.  xxxi. 

imp.  ix.  cos.  Hi. 
Germ.  Sarm.  tr.  p.  xxxi. 

imp.ix.  cos.  Hi. 


Caesar. 

Caesar   Germanicus  Aug. 
fil. 


Caesar  Aug.  fil.  pontifex. 
Caesar  Aug.  fil.  Germ. 

Caesar    Aug.   fil.    Germ. 
princ.  juv. 


Caesar    Aug.    fil.    Germ. 
Sarm. 


Caesar     Aug.    fil.    Germ. 

Sarm.  cos. 
Imp.    Goes.    .   .   .    Germ. 

Sarm.  tr.  pot.  cos. 
Imp.  Goes.  .  .  .  tr.  pot.  cos. 
Aug.  tr.p.  ii.  cos. 
Aug.  tr.  p.  ii.  imp.  ii.  cos. 

Aug.  tr.  p.  Hi.  imp.  ii.  cos. 


COINAGE    OF    COMMODUS    DURING    EEIGN    OF    MARCUS.     59 

parallelism  of  coins  of  Marcus  and  Commodus  may  be 
found  useful. 

From  the  commencement  of  his  third  tribunician  year 
the  coinage  of  Commodus  runs  quite  parallel  with  that 
of  his  father,  and  presents  no  further  difficulties. 

C.  HAROLD  DODD. 


III. 

THE  STEPPINGLEY  FIND  OF   ENGLISH 
COINS. 

(See  Plate  VI.) 

EARLY  in  September,  1912,  a  hoard  of  "Long-cross" 
pennies  was  discovered  in  the  Church  of  Steppingley 
St.  Lawrence,  Bedfordshire.  The  Kev.  C.  Swynnerton, 
who  was  at  that  time  rector  of  Steppingley,  has  kindly 
supplied  the  following  details  of  the  discovery.  The 
church  is  a  modern  building,  but  the  pavement  under 
which  the  coins  were  found  is  old.  This  ancient  floor, 
paved  with  coarse  red  tiles  9  inches  square,  was  left 
as  it  was  when  the  church  was  rebuilt  sixty  years  ago, 
and  the  present  floor  laid  4  feet  above  it.  The  coins 
were  found  1  foot  below  the  ancient  floor,  about  10 
inches  or  1  foot  from  the  north  wall  of  the  chancel,  and 
about  2  feet  or  so  within  it.  They  rested  in  the  natural 
hollow  of  a  rough  stone  measuring  about  2  ft.  X  1  ft.  8  in. 
X  10  in.  He  suggests  that  the  hoard  was  deposited  by 
Peter  di  Vitella,  who  was  rector  from  1247  to  1273,  or 
during  his  long  absence  in  Italy,  where  he  died  in  1273. 
The  hoard  consisted  of  498  pence  and  33  halfpence, 
of  which  there  were  456  pence  and  31  halfpence 
English,  15  pence  and  1  halfpenny  Scottish,  12  pence 
and  1  halfpenny  Irish,  2  pence  Continental,  and  13 
pence  which,  being  unintelligible,  we  are  unable  to 


THE    STEPPINGLEY    FIND    OF   ENGLISH    COINS.          61 

assign  to  any  locality,  although  they  were  of  the 
general  type  of  the  long-cross  coinage  of  England. 

The  English  part  of  the  hoard  contained  one  short- 
cross  penny  and  one  short-cross  halfpenny;  the 
remainder  consisted  of  455  pence  and  30  cut  half- 
pence of  the  long-cross  coinage  of  Henry  III.  The 
Scottish  coins  were  all  of  the  long  double-cross  issues 
of  Alexander  III.  The  Irish  were  long-cross  coins  of 
Henry  III,  and  the  two  Continental  bore  the  name  of 
Bernhard  of  Lippe.  The  short-cross  penny  was  of  the 
type  known  as  Class  V.  and  was  struck  by  Ledulf  in 
London,  and  the  halfpenny  was  of  the  same  type 
curiously  double  struck,  and  read  IOAN  ON  •  •  •  • 
obviously  of  Canterbury,  the  only  place  where  the 
name  IOAN  appears.  The  remainder  of  the  coins  do 
not  call  for  comment,  and  they  are  fully  set  out  in  the 
list.  It  is  satisfactory  to  know  that  the  only  two  short- 
cross  coins  were  of  Class  V.,  as,  with  the  exception  of 
the  great  Brussels  hoard  in  Mr.  Baldwin's  possession, 
this  is  the  first  deposit  in  which  short-cross  and  long- 
cross  coins  have  been  found  together.  In  the  Brussels 
hoard,  however,  we  understand  all  classes  of  short-cross 
coins  were  present,  whereas  here  we  have,  happily,  only 
examples  of  Class  V.  From  records  we  know  that  the 
short-cross  coins  were  withdrawn  on,  or  shortly  after,  the 
issue  of  the  new  long-cross  coinage. 

In  order  to  make  the  classification  used  in  the  find 
intelligible,  some  few  words  of  explanation  are  necessary, 
as  the  paper  dealing  fully  with  the  subject,  and  read 
before  the  British  Numismatic  Society  a  year  ago,  is 
not  yet  in  print.1 

1  This  paper  is  now  published  in  Brit.  Num.  Jmirn.,  vol.  ix. 


62  LAWRENCE    AND    BROOKE. 

The  arrangement  of  the  various  types  to  be  found  on 
the  long-cross  coinage  is  guided  almost  entirely  by 
variations  of  the  king's  bust  and  by  the  obverse  legend. 
The  moneyers'  names,  of  which  we  have  a  complete  list 
in  the  appendix  to  John  of  Oxenede's  chronicle,  fur- 
nishes us  with  full  information  in  reference  to  the 
provincial  mints  at  the  beginning  of  the  coinage  in 
1248.  From  a  knowledge  of  these  provincial  early 
types  we  are  able  to  decide  on  the  early  types  of  the 
mints  not  included  in  the  list,  viz.  Canterbury,  London, 
St.  Edmundsbury,  and  Durham.  The  last  mint  need 
not  be  taken  into  account,  as  there  were  no  early  coins 
issued  by  it  to  our  knowledge,  and  there  were  no 
Durham  coins  in  the  find.  Additional  help  is  to  be 
found  in  the  patent  rolls  which  give  us  the  dates  of 
appointment  of  nearly  all  the  moneyers  of  London  and 
Canterbury.  The  mint  of  St.  Edmundsbury  is  also 
one  of  extreme  usefulness,  as  has  been  shown  by  Mr. 
Earle  Fox,  since  this  mint  was  only  allowed  one  moneyer 
and  one  set  of  dies  at  a  time.  By  using  all  these  sources 
of  information  we  are  able  to  draw  up  a  scheme  of  classi- 
fication which  in  the  main  is  thoroughly  satisfactory, 
and  which  is  as  follows  (the  varieties  of  type  here 
described  are  figured  on  PI.  VI.) : — 

The  whole  long-cross  coinage  is  sharply  divided  by 
the  absence  of  the  king's  hand  holding  a  sceptre  in  the 
early  coins  and  its  presence  in  the  later  ones.  The 
coins  without  the  hand  and  sceptre  are  divided  into  four 
groups,  excluding  one  issue  without  mint-name,  obviously 
London,  reading  hSNRiavs  RQX  on  the  obverse  and 
ANGUS  TeRQl  on  the  reverse. 

I.  Coins  without  a  money er's  name,  reading  hQNRiavs 
RSX  ANS  on  the  obverse  and  the  continuation  of  the 


THE   STEPPINGLEY   FIND   OF    ENGLISH   COINS.          63 

obverse  legend  on  the  reverse,  thus  US  T6RCU  LON,  CAN, 
AQD  :  mint-mark,   star  and  crescent. 

II.  Coins  reading  on  the  obverse  hQNRiavs  RSX  T6RCLI, 
the  moneyer's  name  and  that  of  the  mint  forming  the 
reverse  legend :  mint-mark,  star. 

The  bust  on  both  these  groups  is  a  well-defined 
one,  with  a  pointed  beard  and  a  couple  of  curls  on 
either  side  of  the  head.  The  crown  consists  of  a 
flat  band,  with  a  central  ornament  and  two  large  end 
pellets. 

III.  Coins    reading    hSNRlOVS   RQX  in.     This   large 
group  is  further  subdivided  by  the  shape  of  the  bust 
into — 

(a)  A  head  like  those  in  group  II. 

(&)  A  smaller  and  rounder  head. 

(c)  A  bust  usually  showing  some  neck  and  with  a 
pellet  between  the  upper  and  lower  curls  on  each  side 
of  the  head.  A  colon  :  is  generally  found  in  type  (e) 
between  RQX  and  III,  whereas  one  pellet  only  is  the  rule 
in  the  earlier  types  (a)  and  (&).  Mint-mark,  star  on  all 
groups. 

Division  I.  is  entirely  confined  to  the  dominant 
mints,  London,  Canterbury,  and  St.  Edmundsbury. 
Division  II.  occurs  on  coins  from  these  mints  and  on 
many  provincial  coins.  Division  III.  is  represented  at 
all  the  mints  except  Durham. 

Coins  with  the  sceptre  are  capable  of  division  into 
four  main  groups. 

IV.  Coins    precisely  like  those  of  Division  III.  but 
with  a  sceptre  in  the  king's  hand  which  divides  the  word 
RQX  from  the  numeral  III;  in  other  words,  the  title  RQX 
is  just  outside  the  sceptre.     The  legend  begins  at  the 
top  of  the  coin  as  on  the  non-sceptre  pieces,  and  the 


64  LAWRENCE    AND   BROOKE. 

mint-mark,  star,  is  present.  The  king's  eyes  are  round. 
These  coins  are  very  rare. 

V.  A  large  group,  in  which  the  sceptre  divides  the 
obverse  legend  between  III  and  the  king's  name.  The 
legend  begins  on  the  left  side  of  the  head  and  the  mint- 
mark  is  removed. 

These  coins  are  further  subdivided — 

(a)  Bust    with  round   eyes,   usually    crescents   inter- 
spersed among  the  curls,  a  crown  of  which  the  central 
ornament  reaches  the  level  of  the  letters  of  the  legend 
above  it,  called  a  high  crown,  the  letter  A  formed  with 
a  curved  and  ornamental  initial  stroke,  and  the  R  with 
an  ornamental  tail.     The  $  as  noted. 

(b)  Like  (a),  but  with  Jft. 

(c)  As  the  last,  but  the  king's  eyes  are  oval. 

(d)  A   differently  formed   bust   made   from  different 
irons.     The  most  noticeable  feature  is  the  crown,  which 
has  a  well-defined  fleur-de-lis  as  a  central  ornament  and 
half  lis  as  end  ornaments  in  place  of  the  pellets  before 
referred  to.     (New  crown.) 

(e)  Coins  which  exhibit  most  of  the  peculiarities  of 
group  (d),  but  in  which  the  band  of  the  crown  is  double 
and    is   ornamented   with   a   row   of    pearls.     (Pearled 
crown.) 

(/)  Here  the  crown  is  again  altered  and  is  made  with 
a  plain  double  unornamented  band.  The  old-fashioned 
pellet  endings  used  in  (a),  (&),  and  (c)  are  reverted  to,  but 
the  central  ornament  shows  a  short  stumpy  fleur-de-lis, 
which  hardly  ever  reaches  the  level  of  the  bottom  of  the 
legend.  Eows  of  tiny  pellets  are  generally  seen  by  the 
line  of  the  cheek  and  under  the  chin  and  single  large 
pellets  between  the  curls.  Three  pellets  thus  |  are  often 
found  before  the  first  letter  h  of  the  king's  name ;  h  itself 


THE    STEPPINGLEY   FIND   OF    ENGLISH   COINS.          65 

has  usually  a  well-marked  tail.  The  R  differs  in  form 
from  the  earlier  one,  and  the  3C  is  what  Burns  in  his 
Scottish  Coinage  called  curule-shaped. 

(g)  In  this  type  the  doubling  of  the  band  of  the  crown 
finally  disappears,  otherwise  the  whole  type  is  very  like 
that  of  (/).  The  pellets  before  h,  are  not  unknown, 
though  seldom  to  be  found.  The  central  ornament  on 
the  crown  is  sometimes  a  well-formed  lis,  and  sometimes 
composed  of  three  pellets  gradually  disappearing  into 
the  band  of  the  crown  on  later  coins  of  this  group. 
Following  this,  Division  V.  contains  some  coins  which 
are  obviously  more  carelessly  worked  where  a  trefoil  of 
three  pellets  marks  the  central  crown  ornament,  and 
which  would  appear  to  be  a  later  form  of  coin. 

Divisions  VI.  and  VII.  hardly  concern  us,  as  they  are 
Edwardian  types  of  long-cross  coins  issued  subsequently 
to  any  coins  in  the  find  which  is  the  subject  of  this 
paper. 

These  coins  with  the  sceptre  are  practically  confined 
to  the  four  large  mints  which  carried  on  the  country's 
money-making.  There  are  now  known  a  few  very  rare 
coins  with  the  sceptre  bearing  provincial  names,  but 
they  present  difficulties  which  have  not  yet  been  over- 
come. Thus  most  of  them  would  not  seem  to  be  of  the 
same  work  as  the  ordinary  coins,  and  names  on  some 
are  misspelt.  Further,  there  is  no  mention  of  the 
moneyers'  names  in  the  rolls  as  there  is  of  the  large 
mints  of  London  and  Canterbury. 

This,  the  latest  find  of  long-cross  coins,  varies  in  some 
particulars  as  regards  its  contents  from  other  finds  that 
have  been  more  or  less  carefully  described.  Coins  from 
all  the  mints  except  those  of  Durham  and  Shrewsbury 
will  be  found  noted  in  the  list.  Why  representatives 

NUM.  CHRON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES   IV.  F 


66  LAWRENCE    AND    BROOKE. 

of  these  places  should  be  absent  no  adequate  reason 
occurs  to  us.  Perhaps  coins  of  Durham  and  Shrewsbury 
are  of  some  degree  of  rarity,  but  they  are  certainly  not 
less  common  than  coins  of  some  of  the  other  mints 
figuring  in  the  list.  The  small  number  of  coins  found 
may  be  the  chief  reason,  as  it  probably  is  for  the  absence 
in  the  list  of  many  moneyers'  names  under  the  provincial 
mints.  The  coins  of  Canterbury  give  us  the  names  of 
all  Canterbury  moneyers  previously  known.  There  are 
four  absentees  from  the  list  of  London,  viz.  Davi, 
Eobert,  Thomas  and  Phelip.  Of  these,  Davi  certainly 
should  have  been  in  evidence  as  the  coins  bearing  the 
name  are  quite  common,  and  he  was  at  work  during  the 
period  covered  by  the  find.  Phelip  should  as  certainly 
be  absent,  as  his  appointment  was  not  gazetted  until 
1278,  long  after  the  latest  coin  in  the  hoard. 

The  mint  of  St.  Edmundsbury,  the  key  to  the  whole 
situation,  supplies  us  with  13  coins,  of  which  10  bear  the 
name  of  John  and  3  the  name  of  Kandulf.  The  first 
John  held  office  at  any  rate  from  1248,  and  struck  coins 
reading  Rex  Terci,  also  coins  without  the  sceptre  reading 
REX  1 1 1,  then  coins  with  the  sceptre  and  star  mint- 
mark,  and  lastly,  early  varieties  of  the  ordinary  sceptre 
coins.  In  this  find  we  get  one  "  Eex  Terci "  coin  and  two 
early  sceptre  coins  bearing  his  name.  He  was  followed 
in  1252  by  Randulf,  of  whom  we  also  get  three  coins,  all 
early  sceptre  varieties.  Then  we  get  seven  late  sceptre 
coins  also  bearing  the  name  of  John.  These  must  be 
given  to  John  de  Bernadise,  the  date  of  whose  appoint- 
ment 1265  we  know.  The  earliest  long-cross  coin  in 
the  find,  one  reading  REX  ANG  of  London,  was  struck  in 
1248.  The  short-cross  penny  of  Ledulf  of  London  and 
the  halfpenny  of  Joan  of  Canterbury  will  throw  the 


THE   STEPPINGLEY   FIND   OF   ENGLISH   COINS.          67 

date  back  a  little,  we  do  not  know  exactly  how  much, 
but  both  coins  were  of  the  latest  variety  of  the  short- 
cross  coinage.  The  later  limit  of  the  find  is  more 
certain.  John  II  of  St.  Edmundsbury  was  appointed 
in  1265,  and  Richard  of  Canterbury  (an  archiepiscopal 
rnoneyer)  in  1268.  Coins  by  both  these  men  were  pre- 
sent in  the  hoard.  There  were  no  coins  of  Phelip  or 
late  ones  of  Kenaud,  whose  die  Phelip  took  at  London, 
nor  were  there  any  late  types  at  St.  Edmundsbury,  so 
that  so  far  as  the  English  coins  go,  shortly  after  1268 
is  as  near  as  we  can  approximate  to  the  date  of  burial  of 
the  hoard. 

The  slight  evidence  to  be  gleaned  from  the  Scottish 
coins  points  to  the  same  conclusions.  They  were  all 
absolutely  contemporary  with  English  coins  present  with 
them  in  the  hoard.  The  few  Irish  coins  again  are  worth- 
less in  proving  anything  as  regards  the  date  of  burial. 
We  are  thus  left  with  the  Continental  sterlings  bearing 

the  names  BSRNh/RDV,  III'  and  B'6RN DV  B',  the  former 

of  which  has  a  blundered  attempt  at  the  legend  RiCffiDON 
LVND  on  its  reverse,  while  that  of  the  second  coin  bears 
the  legend  he^|RiO|NLV|NDS.  These  are  attributed  by 
Chautard  (Monnaies  du  Type  Estcrlin)  to  Bernhard  III  of 
Lippe,  1229-1265,  so  that  here  again  the  Continental 
sterlings  are  within  the  period  fixed  by  the  English  coins 
and  are  of  no  use  for  dating  purposes.  We  must,  there- 
fore, consider  that  the  hoard  under  description  represented 
currency  issued  and  in  use  from  shortly  before  1247  to 
some  time,  possibly  a  year,  after  1268,  a  period  about 
twenty- one  or  twenty-two  years. 


F2 


68 


LAWRENCE    AND   BROOKE. 


TABLE  OP  LONDON,  CANTERBURY,  AND  BURY  COINS  m  THE 
STEPPINGLEY  FIND. 


I. 

in. 

v. 

V. 

a 

b 

c 

l) 

c 

d 

e 

f 

Sth 

LONDON—                             3 
NICOLE     . 
HENRI 

3     2 
4 

1 
6 

12 
3 

3 

11 

4 

1 

7 

8 

DAVI   .... 
RICARD      . 

9 

1 

1 

5 
3 

1 

1 
2 

5 
5 

WILLEM    . 

3 

1 

1 

lOhS  .... 

5 

WALTER   . 

THOMAS   . 

ROBERT   . 

123 

RENAUD    . 

PHELIP      . 

__ 

. 

CANTERBURY- 
NICOLE     . 

1 

6 

6 

6 

6 

2 

Mu 

e. 

1 

8 

WILLEM    . 
GILBERT  . 
ION  (or  lOhS)    . 
ROBERT    . 

2 

1 
1 

5 

1 

1 
1 
3 

13  1 
6 
12 
6 

1 

10 
4 
3 
24 
3 

WALTER   . 

13 

ALEIN 

2 

AMBROCI 

2 

RICARD      . 

BURY  ST.  EDMUNDS- 

ION     . 

1 

2 

f 

1 

RANDULF 

JL 

RENAUD  . 

STEPHANE       . 

r 

ION  (or  lOhS)    . 

IOCE 



THE  STEPPINGLEY  FIND  OP  ENGLISH  COINS.       69 

LIST  OF  COINS. 
PENNIES. 

SHORT-CROSS. 

Class  V. 

LONDON. 

1.  LSDVLF  ON  LVN3 

LONG-CROSS. 

BRISTOL. 

2.  aLI|SON|BRV|ST          .     III.  b  (double-struck). 

CARLISLE. 

3.  /OA|MO1N(X|>RL  .          .     III.  b. 

EXETER. 

4.  IOM|CNQaC6(|TRQ  .     III.  6. 

5,  6.  ION|OM9|ace(|-Ra          .     III.  6  (2). 

7.  Phl|LIP|OMa|a<H  .     III.  6. 

8.  Phl|LIP|ON|Qaa  .     III.  c. 

9.  RCB|eRT|osie(|aae(      .    III.  6. 

10.  wAT|eRO)NQa[aaT     .    in.  b  (?). 

GLOUCESTER. 

11.  ICN|ON|GLO|Vae(  .     III.  6. 

12.  LVa|ASO|NG|LOV         .     III.  6. 

13.  RI<X|/RD|OMG|LOV          .     III.  6. 

14-16.   ROG|6RO|NG|LOV         .     II.,III.6,III.c(Re(X:  III). 

HEREFORD. 
17.   Ria|/RD|ONh|6RQ          .     III.  b. 


70  LAWRENCE   AND   BROOKE. 

ILCHESTER. 

18.  hVG|acN|ive(|Lae(      .    in.  6. 

LINCOLN. 

19.  ION|ONL|INCX|OLN        .     III.  b. 

20.  ICN|CNL|INa| .     III.  6. 

21-23.   Ria|/RD|CNL|INC(          .     III.  a (2),  III.  6. 

NEWCASTLE. 
24-26.  heN|RIO|NNQ|W9a       .     III.  6,  III.  c  (2). 

NORTHAMPTON. 

27,  28.   LVa|ASO|NN|CRh          .     III.  a,  III.  6. 
29,  30.   Phl|LIP|OMN|ORh'         .     HI.  b,  III.  c. 

NORWICH. 

31.  hVG|QCN|NCR|WIZ        .     III.  a. 

32.  ION|ONN|OR|WIZ          .     III.  6. 

33.  Wll_|LSM|ONO|RWI      .     II.  (T6RC(). 
34-36.   WIL|L6M|CNNiCRW       .     III.  a  (2),  III.  c. 

OXFORD. 

37.  GQF|Rai|ONO|XCN         .     III.  a. 

38.  GEFJR«I|CNO|XON        .     III.  c. 

39.  WIL|L€M|CNO|XCN         .     III.  b. 

WALLINGFORD. 
40,  41.    RCB|6RT|CNW|ALI          .     III.  b  (2). 

WILTON. 
42.   ION|ON|WIL)TCN  .      III.  b. 


THE   STEPPINGLEY   FIND   OF   ENGLISH   COINS.          71 

WINCHESTER. 

43.  hVG|QON|WINjCXha       .     III.  c. 

44.  IVR|DXNjCNW|INa          .     III.  b. 

45.  Nia|OLQjCNW|INa         .     III.  b. 

46.  NiaOL9|ON|WIN  .     III.  c. 

[47-49.  WIL|l_eM|CNW|INa        .     III.  b,  III.  c  (2). 

YORK. 

50.  ieRQ|MlQ|OMSiVQR         .     III.  a. 

51.  ieRQ|MI9|CNe(jVeR          .     III.  b. 

52,  53.  ION|CNQ|VeR|Wia          .     III.  a  (2). 

54.  ICN|CNe(|VeRiWia  .     III.  6. 

55.  ReNiQRO|NSV|eRW        .     III.  a. 

56.  TCM|ASO|N9|V6R  .     III.  6. 

BURY  ST.  EDMUNDS. 

57.  ION|ONS'|e(DM|VND      .      II. 

58,  59.  ICNiCNS'iSCM|VlSD         .     V.  a  (2). 

60.   R/N|DVL|F:.OM|S'-QD     .      V.  b. 
61,  62.   R/N|DVL|FCN|S'e(D        .      V.  6,  V.  c. 

63-65.  ION|ONS|SlN|TaD         .     V.  g  (3). 

66.   IOh|SCN|SSI|TQD  .     Y.  g. 

67-69.  lOh  SCN|SeN|TQD         .     V.  g  (3). 

CANTERBURY. 

70-101.   Nia|OLQ|CNa|XNT          .     III.   a,  III.  6  (3),  III.  c 

(6),  V.  a  (6),  V.  6  (6), 
V.  c,  V./,  V.  0(8). 
102.   Nia|OLQ|ON|axN  .     III.  b. 

103.  NiaoreicNai/NT      .    m.  &. 

104,  105.   Nia|OLQ|ONa|XNT         .     III.  b,  Y.  c. 

106-136.  WIL|l_eM|CNa|yNT         .     III.  b  (2),  III.  c,  Y.  a  (5), 


137.  WII_|l_eM|ONa!/NT        .     Y.  c. 

138.  WIL|LQM1QON|KM       .     Y.    c    (with    reverse    of 

Y.  d). 


72 


LAWRENCE   AND   BROOKE. 


139.  GILB6R|TCN|/NT 
140-149.  GIL|B6R|TCN|aXN 


III.  c. 

V.   «,   V.   6,  V.   c    (4), 
V.  g  (4). 


150. 
151. 

GIL 

B6R| 
B6R 

CNC(| 
TON 

/NT           .     V.  c. 
COW          .     V.  c. 

152-163. 
164. 
165-169. 

ION 
ION| 
lOh 

ON|a/N|T6R             .     V.  b  (2),  V.  c  (9),  V.  g. 
ON|a/N|T6R              .     V.  b. 
SON|aXN|T6R            .     V.  c  (3),  V.  g  (2). 

170,171. 

172. 
173-187. 
188. 
189-200. 

RCBjeRT] 
ROB|€RT 
ROB|6RT 
ROBGRT 
ROBQR1 

oNai 

ONC 

|o\a 

|ON| 
1ONC 

XNT           .     Y.  c  (2). 
(  /NT        .V.  c. 
I/NT         .     V.  c  (2),  V.  g  (13). 
CX/N           .     V.  c. 
(/NT        .     V./,  V.  0(11). 

201,202. 
203. 

WAJTQR 
WA_|TGR 

ONQ  /NT         .     V.  g  (2). 
|ONa|/NT        .     V.  g. 

204. 
205,  206. 
207,  208. 
209-215. 
216. 

ALQ 
A_Q| 
AL0 
ALQ 
ALQ 

INJlONai 
NO|NCX|/* 

eiN|oNa 

IN'|CNa|/ 
INO|NOA 

.     V.0. 
IT             .     V.0(2). 
/NT         .     V.  g  (2). 
NT           .     V.  g  (7). 
/NT        .     V.  g. 

217,218. 

/MB|ROC(|liCN|a/N        .     V.gr(2). 

219,  220. 

RIO 

XRD|ONa> 

NT           .     V.0(2). 

LONDON. 

221,  222. 
223. 

^h 

SNRI 
?> 

avs 

RSX/NG       Ll9TeR|ai'.|LVN  (2). 

LiaiTeRiar.  LON 

224-227.   NiaiOLQ|ONL|VND 

228-230.  NiaOLS|ONL|VhO 
231-258.   NI«!OLa|CNL|VND 


259-261.  NiaOL«|ONLlVND 
262-290.   heNRIO|NLV]ND6( 


291.  h6N  RIO|N_V|ND 
292,293.  h6N|RIO|NLV|ND 
294-296.  h6N|RIO|NLV|NDe( 


II.  (3)  (one  reads  TSRC( 
for  TSROI),  III.  a. 

III.  a,  III.  c,  V.  6. 

III.  b  (6)  (one  reads 
hQVRiaVS),  III.  c  (9), 
V.  a  (2),  V.  b  (10), 
V.  c. 

III.  b,  III.  c  (2). 

III.  a  (4),  III.  6  (4), 
III.  c  (2),  V.  a,  V.  6 
(4),  V.  c  (6),  V.  0  (8). 

III.  b. 

III.  &,  III.  c. 

V.  a  (2),  V.  c. 


THE    STEPPINGLEY   FIND   OF   ENGLISH   COINS. 


73 


297-306.   Ria/RDOML|VND 


307-311.   Riai/RDjONL|VND 

312-315.  WIL|LQM|CNL|VND 
316-321. 


322,323.  IOh'jSONjl_VN|DeN 
324,  325.   IOh'|SCN|LVNiDeN 
326.   IOh'jSON|LVN|DQN 

327-329.  WA_TQR|CNL|VND 

330.  WA_T6(R|ONL|VND 

331.  WA_|T6R|ONL|VND 

332-453.   R6N  AVD|CNL|VND 
454.  R6N|AVD|ONL|VND 

455,  456.  Uncertain   moneyers. 


III.  6  (?)  (double-struck), 
III.  c,  V.  &,  V.  c  (4) 
(one  reads  RIQARQ), 
V.  g  (3). 


V.  c,  V.  g  (3). 
V.c(2),V./(2),V.<K2). 

V.c,V./. 
V.  c  (2). 
V.«L 

V.  g  (3). 


V.  g  (122). 
V.g. 

V.*(2). 


UNCERTAIN  MINTS. 


457. 

Nia|ION|NLV|xNT 

\  J.-LJL.    U 

\     (broken) 

J12-1  grs.^ 

•s_X 

OS 

- 

458. 

RID|>RD|CND|VM5 

V.  c. 

15-4  grs. 

•3 

^) 

<O 

459. 

/RiaiwoL|mia|c 

Y.  c. 

20-6  grs. 

ft 

460. 

/Ria|WlQ|RVG|T 

ao 

V.  c. 

18-3  grs. 

•+J 

461. 

Ria|TVO|XRia|WlG 

V.  c. 

18-4  grs. 

fl 

<o 

462. 

/Ria|WIL|RVG|OST 

V.  c. 

20-0  grs. 

1 

463. 

XRIL|VNa|/RILONa 

V.  c. 

20-8  grs. 

o 

/-\ 

464. 

Ria|Wia|TOL|RVG 

V.  c. 

19-5  grs./  0 

465. 

Niai  —  ICCON 

—  . 

V.  c. 

466,  467. 
ifi« 

Uncertain 

RHRIPRTI  _ 

• 

V    n 

Contemporary  Forgery  (?) 
469.   h6(  NRI  CVS  R6(X  III'      DNI[aOLlSON|LVN    19'3grs. 


Continental  Deniers  Esterlins. 


470.  BQRNh/RDV,  III' 

471.  B'SRN DVB' 


RIO  OAL  XRDJVND      17'2  grs. 
heN|RIO|NLV|IDQ      18-7  grs. 


74  LAWRENCE   AND   BROOKE. 

SCOTTISH. 
ALEXANDER    III. 

(Long  Double  Cross  Issue.; 
BERWICK. 

472.  IOh|AN|CNB|9R 

473.  IOh|AN|ON3|QR 
474-476.  IOh|AN|ON|BeR  (3). 
477,  478.  IOh|AN|ON|BS  (2). 

479.  WA|LTS|RCN|BeR  retrograde. 

480.  WI|LL|CN3|e(R 

EDINBURGH. 

481. 


TORRES  (?). 
482.   WA|TeR[CNF|Re(  : 

STIRLING. 

483.  h9lx|R'OI|ST|}|V 

484.  h8N!RI|CNS|TR 

UNCERTAIN. 

485.  WM|Wia|T€N|DeR 

IRISH. 
HENRY    III. 

(Long-Cross  Issue.) 

DUBLIN. 
486-488.   DAV|ION|DIV|6(LI'  (3). 

489-496.  Ria|/RD|OND|IVe(  (8). 

497.  Ria|/RDONO|IVS_ 

Contemporary  Forgery  (?). 

498.  Blundered.     13-2  grs. 


THE   STEPPINGLEY   FIND   OF   ENGLISH   COINS.         75 
HALFPENNIES. 

SHORT-CROSS. 

1.  IOANON .     (Canterbury). 

This  halfpenny  appears  to  have  been  tooled  in 
such  a  way  as  to  extend  the  cross  to  the  edge 
of  the  coin,  and  so  pass  the  coin  as  a  long- 
cross  halfpenny ;  but  there  is  some  doubt 
whether  this  is  the  true  explanation  of  its 
strange  appearance.  It  is  now  in  the  National 
Collection. 

LONG-CROSS. 
GLOUCESTER. 

2.  [ROG|6RO|]NG|LOV      .     III.    b.       Same    dies    as 

penny  in  B.M. 

LINCOLN. 

3.  ICN  CNL| | .     III.    &. 

4.  WAL|[T6R|ONL]|INa     .     II.    Same   die   as  penny 

in  B.M. 

NORTHAMPTON. 

?  ? 

5-  [Phl]|LIP|ONN|[ORh]     .     III.  6. 

CANTERBURY. 

6.  —  |i_eM|(Na|  —    .    v.  c. 

7.  -  -  |SIN|CNa| .     V.  g. 

8.  ALfl|IN?| .     V.  g. 

9-12.  "Uncertain    moneyers.     III.  &  or  c  (?),V.  a  or  6  (?), 

V.  &  or  G  (?),  V.  g. 

LONDON. 

13-15.  Nia| |VND    .       V.  a,  V.  6  (2). 

16. |OI_a|ONI_! .      V.  6. 


76          THE    STEPPINGLEY   FIND   OF   ENGLISH   COINS. 

17.  h6N|  -----  ISDS     .      V./. 

18.  Riaj  


19. ILBMJCNLI .    v.  g. 

20. |L6M|ONL| .      V.  g. 

21,  22.  R6N|AVD| .     V.  g  (2). 

23.   R6N| |VND      .     V.  g. 

24. |AVD|CNL| .      V.  g. 

25-27.  Uncertain   moneyers.     II.,   III.  a  or   b  (?),    V. 

6  or  c  (?). 

UNCERTAIN  MINTS. 
28-31.  III.  «,  III.  c  (2),  V.  g. 

SCOTTISH. 
32. |ON| .     Bust  to  right. 

IRISH. 
33.   Ria[/RD| 

L.  A.  LAWRENCE. 
G.  C.  BROOKE. 


IV. 
OfTA'S  IMITATION  OF  AN  AKAB  DINAR 

(See  Figure,  p.  89.) 

THE  gold  coin  of  Offa,  which  forms  the  subject  of  this 
paper,  formed  lot  269  of  the  Carlyon-Britton  Sale  and 
was  acquired  for  the  British  Museum  collection,  which 
already  possessed  one  of  the  very  few  other  known  gold 
Saxon  coins  (that  of  Wigmund,  Archbishop  of  York, 
837-854  A.D.). 

It  is  only  five  years  since  Mr.  Carlyon-Britton  read  a 
long  paper  on  this  piece  to  the  British  Numismatic 
Society,  which  was  afterwards  published  in  the  British 
Numismatic  Journal,  1908,  pp.  35-73.  Mr.  Carlyon- 
Britton,  after  recapitulating  the  evidence,  comes  to  the 
same  conclusion  as  Longperier  and  Kenyon,  the  previous 
writers  on  this  coin,  namely,  that  it  is  a  gold  mancus 
expressly  struck  for  payment  of  Peter's  Pence  to  the 
Pope.  In  this  paper  I  am  approaching  the  question  from 
a  different  point  of  view,  which  may  justify  me  in  once 
more  discussing  this  important  coin  ;  sufficient  emphasis 
has  not  been  laid  by  previous  writers  on  the  fact 
that  the  piece  is  an  imitation  of  an  Arab  dinar,  and  the 
conclusions  to  be  drawn  from  this  fact. 

Previous  writers  have  been  content  to  take  the  piece 
as  evidence  that  Arab  dinars  circulated  in  England ;  but 
it  is  necessary  to  investigate  whether  Arab  dinars  were 
known  to  Offa  and  how  they  came  to  England.  It  is 
well  known  that  enormous  quantities  of  Arab  coins  have 


78  J.    ALLAN. 

been  found  in  the  lands  around  the  Baltic  and  in 
Bussia,  and  we  also  know  from  the  evidence  of  the  Arab 
geographers  that  there  was  a  very  busy  trade,  chiefly  in 
furs,  between  the  Arabs  and  these  lands.  These  coins 
are  found  in  Russia,  Sweden,  Norway,  Pomerania, 
Prussia,  Denmark.  The  finds  that  have  been  made  in 
Iceland,  Scotland,  and  England  do  not  belong  to  the 
same  class  as  the  preceding ;  they  are  coins  brought 
from  the  Baltic  lands  by  the  Vikings,  and  are  not 
evidence  of  direct  intercourse  with  Arab  lands.  The 
remarkable  feature  of  these  finds,  sometimes  containing 
10,000-20,000  pieces,  is  that  they  consist  entirely  of  silver 
coins ;  one  or  two  gold  coins  have  been  found  in  the 
Baltic  lands,  but  no  such  hoards  as  those  of  the  silver 
dirhems  have  been  discovered.  This  is  entirety  in  agree- 
ment with  the  statement  of  Ibn  Fazlan  that  the  people 
of  the  North  used  only  dirhems  and  not  dinars.  Similar 
evidence  of  the  preference  of  the  barbarians  is  given  by 
Istakhrl  and  for  an  earlier  period  by  Procopius.  The 
suggestion  that  Arab  gold  coins  reached  England  via 
the  Baltic  may  be  dismissed  for  two  reasons  :  one  is 
that  they  did  not  circulate  in  these  lands,  and  the 
second  is  that  even  the  few  finds  of  Arab  silver  coins 
made  in  England  did  not  reach  England  in  the  ordinary 
course  of  commerce ;  they  belong  to  a  period  later  than 
Offa's  reign,  and  are  due  to  the  migrations  of  the  Vikings. 
On  the  other  hand,  finds  of  Arab  silver  coins  are  practi- 
cally unknown  in  South-West  Europe  with  the  exception 
of  Arab  Spain.  The  object  of  this  paper  is  to  show  that 
Arab  gold  coins  were  well  known  in  South- West  Europe, 
roughly  the  Carolingian  Empire,  and  to  show  that  it 
was  through  the  latter  that  Offa  came  to  imitate  a  coin 
struck  at  the  other  end  of  the  known  world. 


OFFA'S  IMITATION  OF  AN  ARAB  DINAR.          79 

In  the  first  place,  let  us  examine  the  coin  itself  (Fig., 
No.  3).  It  is  a  copy  of  the  coin  of  the  Abbasid  Caliph 
al-Mansur,  754-775  A.D.,  struck  in  the  last  year  of  his 
reign  157  A.H.  =  774  A.D.  (Fig.,  No.  1),  with  the  ad- 
ditional legend  "  Offa  Rex  "  on  the  reverse ;  the  mint  is 
not  stated.  That  it  is  a  copy  is  evident  from  the  fact 
that  the  "Offa  Hex"  is  clearly  part  of  the  same  die  as  the 
Arabic  inscription,  and  not  counterstruck,  while  although 
the  legends  are  closely  copied  from  the  Arabic  original 
there  are  a  number  of  slips — chiefly  omissions — which 
show  that  the  engraver  was  unfamiliar  with  his  model ; 
he  was,  however,  a  skilful  workman  and  did  his  work 
very  faithfully.  On  the  obverse  the  most  notable  point 
is  the  bungling  of  the  word  *i«,  (year),  which  an  Arab 
workman  could  never  have  done ;  other  points  are  that 
the  9-  of  J^-I  slopes  the  wrong  way,  and  the  y  in  the 
first  line  of  the  obverse  inscription  is  more  of  a  cross 
than  it  should  be.  On  the  whole,  however,  it  is  doubtful 
if  but  for  the  "  Offa  Eex "  the  inscriptions  would  ever 
excite  comment  among  a  number  of  contemporary  dinars. 

Three  very  important  pieces  to  be  studied  with  this 
dinar  are  another  dinar  (Fig.,  No.  2)  of  the  same  year  in 
the  British  Museum  (Cat.  Or.  Coins,  I.  p.  39,  No.  24),  a 
second  in  Berlin  (Nutzel,  Ostl.  ChaL,  No.  633,  barbari- 
siert),  and  a  third  in  Paris  (Lavoix,  Cat.  Khal.  Or.,  No. 
604,  fabrique  barbare).  The  B.M.  coin  was  first  published 
by  Marsden,  who  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 
legend  was  slightly  bungled,  and  Mr.  Lane-Poole  in 
his  Catalogue  likewise  notes  its  remarkable  features. 
Neither,  however,  has  any  doubt  as  to  its  genuineness, 
and  it  is  undoubtedly,  as  has  been  suggested,  a  con- 
temporary imitation.  One  feature  common  to  this  coin 
and  to  the  Offa  piece  has  not,  however,  been  properly 


80  J.    ALLAN. 

emphasized.  This  is  the  border  of  dots ;  as  may  be  seen 
from  a  comparison  with  the  silver  coins  of  Offa  (Fig., 
No.  4),  the  border  on  the  two  gold  coins,  which  is  practi- 
cally complete  and  well  defined,  is  identical  with  that 
on  the  former.  Now,  Arab  dinars  of  this  time  have,  as  a 
rule,  no  border,  although  on  some  of  them  a  straight 
ridge  is  formed  by  the  edge  of  the  die,  which  looks  like 
a  border;  on  a  very  few  specimens  there  do  seem  to  be 
traces  of  a  border  of  dots  of  somewhat  different  style,  but 
it  is  clear  that  the  great  majority  of  specimens  never  had 
any  dotted  border.  The  Paris  and  Berlin  coins  present 
similar  features,  but  in  style  resemble  the  Offa  dinar 
rather  than  the  B.M.  dinar.  Now,  it  is  remarkable  that 
the  only  coins,  which  can  at  once  be  said  to  be  imitations 
of  dinars,  should  be  of  the  same  year,  and  bear  this  well- 
defined  border,  and  that  this  border  should  be  identical 
with  that  on  Offa's  silver  coins,  which  was  probably 
suggested  by  the  identical  border  on  contemporary 
Carolingian  coins.  This  is  probably  evidence  that  the 
barbarous  coins  of  157  A.H.  were  made  in  England  or 
France,  and  mark  a  stage  in  the  development  of  the 
Offa  dinar.  A  reference  to  Queipo's  table  in  his  Systemes 
Metriques  shows  that  more  dinars  of  the  year  157  are 
known  than  of  any  year  in  the  second  century  A.H. 

A  comparison  of  the  Roman  letters  on  the  gold  coin 
with  those  of  the  silver  of  the  same  king  reveals  a 
great  similarity.  The  characteristic  of  both  is  the 
blobs  at  the  ends  of  the  letters,  a  feature  which  is 
introduced,  it  might  be  noted,  in  the  Arabic  legends 
also,  although  this  may  be  due  to  an  exaggeration  of 
a  tendency  in  this  direction  in  the  original.  The  F, 
R,  and  E  in  both  are  identical.  The  form  of  the  A 
found  on  the  gold  coin  does  not  seem  to  occur  on  any 


OFFA'S  IMITATION  OF  AN  ARAB  DINAR.  81 

of  Offa's  silver  coins,  but  it  is  a  well-known  mediaeval 
form.  It  may,  however,  be  mentioned  that  the  making 
of  the  O  half  the  size  of  the  other  letters  on  the  coin 
illustrated  here  is  not  usual  on  the  silver,  and  most  of 
the  latter  have  all  the  letters  the  same  size.  There  is 
then  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  coin  was  struck 
in  England  by  Offa.  OFFA  REX  is  of  course  his  usual 
legend. 

The  only  recorded  instance  of  an  Arab  dinar  being 
found  in  Britain  is  the  discovery  of  a  dinar  of  the 
Omayyad  Caliph  Hisham  (724-743)  at  Eastbourne 
(Num.  Chron.,  IX.  p.  85),  but  this  can  hardly  be  taken 
as  evidence  that  these  pieces  circulated  in  Britain. 
Isolated  specimens  may  have  been  brought  to  Britain 
in  various  ways,  but  it  can  hardly  have  been  from  such 
casual  specimens  that  Offa  imitated  his  piece.  Nor  does 
it  seem  likely  that,  as  has  been  suggested,  Arab  dinars 
were  brought  from  Spain.  In  the  first  place,  we  have 
no  records  of  such  intercourse ;  what  relations  existed 
between  the  Moors  of  Spain  and  their  Christian  allies 
were  decidedly  hostile ;  besides,  there  is  no  particular 
reason  why  Abbasid  coins  should  have  come  from  Spain, 
which  had  an  extensive  currency  of  its  own. 

The  balance  of  trade  between  East  and  West  was, 
moreover,  against  the  West  at  this  period;  there  was 
little  that  the  Arabs  wanted  to  purchase  from  the  West, 
while  there  arose  a  keen  demand  for  Oriental  luxuries 
in  the  West,  a  demand  which  rapidly  exhausted  the 
extensive  gold  Merovingian  and  Visigothic  currencies  of 
the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries.  Arab  money  could  hardly 
have  come  to  England  and  France  in  the  course  of  trade 
in  any  considerable  quantities,  as  the  few  things  required 
by  the  Arabs  would  be  more  than  paid  for  in  imports. 

NUM.  CHRON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES  IV.  G 


82  J.    ALLAN. 

The  only  country  with  which  England  had  any 
intimate  relations  in  the  eighth  century  was  the  Caro- 
lingian  Empire,  and  it  is  through  the  latter  that  the 
dinar  or  dinars  which  suggested  to  Offa  his  gold  piece 
must  have  come.  We  will  now  inquire  to  what  extent 
these  pieces  were  known  in  the  Carolingian  Empire. 

We  have  considerable  evidence  to  show  that  there 
was  much  intercourse  between  the  Carolingian  Empire 
and  the  East  in  the  eighth  century.  Marseilles  was 
then  a  great  centre  for  trade  with  the  East,  and  Arab 
merchants  were  settled  there.  Pilgrims  went  to  Syria 
in  large  numbers  every  year.  Alexandria  was  the  great 
centre  of  the  East,  and  it  was  thither  that  pilgrims  and 
merchants  from  Europe  first  went ;  there,  too,  they  con- 
verted their  gold  and  jewels  into  Arab  money.  The 
remarkable  purity  of  the  latter  rendered  it  unnecessary 
to  have  it  changed  before  leaving  the  East  again  ;  it  was 
probably  found  a  convenient  form  of  hoarding  wealth — 
just  as  the  English  sovereign  and  £5  piece  is  in  India 
at  the  present  day — and  cannot  long  have  remained 
unknown  in  Western  Europe. 

The  accounts  of  the  interchange  of  embassies  between 
the  Carolingian  Emperors  and  the  Abbasid  Caliphs 
may  here  be  briefly  summarized.  In  768  Pepin  sent 
an  embassy  to  Mansur,  which  returned  three  years 
later  accompanied  by  a  return  embassy.  Similar 
exchanges  of  courtesy  took  place,  till  in  797  Charle- 
magne sent  two  ambassadors  to  Hartin  al-Rashld;  they 
died  on  the  journey,  but  their  retinue  returned  in  801 
with  a  return  embassy  laden  with  gifts,  which  were 
officially  presented  to  Charlemagne  in  Aachen  in  802. 
Contemporary  chroniclers  wax  eloquent  over  the  elephant 
sent  to  Charlemagne  by  "  Aaron,  King  of  the  Persians, 


OFFA'S  IMITATION  OF  AN  ARAB  DINAR.  83 

who  rules  over  almost  all  the  East  except  India." 
Einhart  (ch.  xvi),  for  example,  says  that  it  was  the  only 
one  Hartin  had,  but  so  great  was  his  affection  for  "  his 
brother "  Charlemagne  that  he  at  once  sent  it  at  the 
latter's  request.  In  the  list  of  presents  sent  by  the 
Caliph,  Saxo  (iv,  89)  expressly  mentions  "  aurum  "  along 
with  gems,  garments,  scents,  and  all  the  wealth  of  the 
East.  This  aurum  was  presumably  coined  money,  and 
must  have  formed  a  considerable  portion  of  the  presents 
brought  by  previous  envoys  also.  "  So  great  was  the 
wealth  brought  by  the  Arab  ambassadors,"  says  the  monk 
of  St.  Gall  (ii,  8),  "  that  they  seemed  to  have  emptied 
the  East  and  filled  the  West."  The  return  gifts  sent 
by  Charlemagne  included  horses  and  dogs,  the  latter 
being  particularly  prized.  Charlemagne  was  on  equally 
good  terms  with  the  "  King  of  Africa,"  and  these  rela- 
tions were  continued  by  his  successors,  for  we  find  Louis 
the  Debonnaire  receiving  an  embassy  from  the  Amir 
al-Muminm  of  Persia  in  831. 

As  Weil  has  pointed  out,  these  relations  were  probably 
fostered  by  a  common  enmity  against  the  Arabs  of  Spain, 
who  had  been  driven  out  of  France  by  Charles  Martel, 
and  against  whom  Pepin  and  Charlemagne  waged  con- 
tinual war.  Finds  of  Andalusian  coins  have  been 
made  in  France,  but  they  do  not  concern  this  article 
and  are  readily  explained. 

So  far  we  have  shown  that  there  was  much  intercourse 
between  the  Carolingian  Empire  and  the  East  in  the 
eighth  century  A.D.,  sufficient  to  justify  the  assumption 
that  Arab  coins  must  have  been  known  in  France 
and  might  thence  have  reached  England.  We  have, 
however,  contemporary  evidence  that  this  really  was 
the  case.  Theodolphus,  who  was  sent  in  797  by 

G2 


84  J.    ALLAN. 

Charlemagne  on  a  tour  through  Provence,  has  described 
his  journey  in  a  poem  called  the  Paraenesis  ad  Judices, 
in  which  he  satirizes  the  corruptness  of  the  judges; 
among  the  bribes  which  they  accept  from  litigants,  he 
mentions  gold  pieces  with  Arab  legends. 

"  Iste  gravi  numero  nummos  fert  divites  auri 
Quos  Araburn  sermo  sive  caracter  arat." 

Prou  suggests  that  the  few  gold  coins  of  Charlemagne 
now  known  were  originally  issued  to  compete  with  the 
Arab  gold  that  circulated  in  France.  It  seems  from  a 
passage  in  one  of  Longperier's  essays,  that  finds  of  gold 
Arab  coins  have  been  made  in  France,  but  he  gives 
no  details.  The  only  other  gold  coin  of  the  period 
that  could  vie  in  popularity  with  the  Abbasid  dinar 
was  the  solidus  of  the  Byzantine  Empire,  and  a  com- 
parison of  the  number  of  gold  coins  of  these  two  great 
currencies  of  the  period  in  any  modern  collection 
shows  that  the  Arab  dinar  must  have  had  the  greater 
circulation.  We  are  fortunate  in  having  at  least  one 
find  of  the  period  which  illustrates  the  gold  coinage  of 
the  Carolingian  Empire  of  the  eighth  and  ninth  centuries. 
In  1857,  during  the  erection  of  a  bridge  over  the  Keno 
near  Bologna,  a  number  of  gold  coins  were  found  eight 
feet  below  the  bed  of  the  river.  These  were  41  By- 
zantine solidi,  5  of  Beneventum,  and  13  dinars  of  the 
Abbasid  Caliphs  al-Mansur,  al-Mahdi,  Harun  al-Rashid, 
and  al-Amm,  the  latest  coin  being  of  Constantine 
VII  (813-820)  and  the  latest  Arab  coin  was  dated 
198  A.H.  =  814  A.D.  As  a  number  of  human  bones  were 
found  with  the  coins,  and  the  coins  could  hardly  have 
been  buried  in  the  bed  of  the  river  deliberately,  it  seems 
probable  that  the  owner  was  drowned  there  while  carrying 


OFFA'S  IMITATION  OF  AN  ARAB  DINAR.  85 

his  wealth  with  him.  It  was  suggested  by  Dr.  L.  Frati, 
who  first  described  the  find,  that  the  owner  was  an  Arab 
merchant,  but  there  is  no  real  ground  for  supposing  that 
this  was  so.  The  main  point  is  that  this  find  shows 
that  about  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Charlemagne  Arab 
dinars  were  current  along  with  the  Byzantine  and  Bene- 
ventan  gold  coins  in  the  Carolingian  Empire. 

It  was  probably  mainly  as  a  means  of  hoarding 
wealth  that  these  coins  were  esteemed  in  France,  and 
they  probably  did  not  circulate  like  contemporary  silver 
coins,  as  the  fine  preservation  of  gold  coins  of  this  period 
in  modern  collections  suggests.  A  certain  number  may 
have  been  brought  from  France  to  England  in  various 
ways,  but  it  is  unlikely  that  they  were  used  much  for 
commercial  transactions,  chiefly  because  the  balance  of 
trade  lay  on  the  other  side.  It  is  more  probable  that 
these  coins  were  first  brought  to  Offa's  notice  in  a  more 
remarkable  fashion.  We  have  already  seen  that  both 
Pepin  and  Charlemagne  had  received  presents  of  great 
value  from  the  Caliphs  al-Mansur  and  Hariin  al-Rashid, 
including  large  quantities  of  gold.  It  may  fairly  be 
presumed  that  this  gold  was  in  the  form  of  coined  money 
— dinars  such  as  formed  the  original  of  this  coin  of  Ofia. 
Here  we  have  a  large  quantity  of  gold  dinars  directly 
imported  into  France,  and  the  expenditure  of  the  Arab 
ambassadors  during  their  stay  in  the  Carolingian 
dominions  must  have  considerably  increased  the  amount 
of  Arab  money  in  the  country.  That  there  was  a  good 
deal  of  intercourse  between  England  and  France  about 
this  time  is  clear  from  the  correspondence  between 
Charlemagne  and  his  "  very  dear  brother "  Offa  regard- 
ing English  pilgrims  to  Rome  (pilgrims  were  exempt 
from  customs'  dues  on  their  way  through  France,  and 


86  J.    ALLAN. 

Charlemagne's  tax-collectors  very  greatly  suspected  a 
good  many  English  pilgrims  of  being  merchants,  who 
carried  on  their  business,  under  a  guise  of  piety,  without 
paying  the  legal  dues).     Charlemagne  and  Offa  were  on 
terms  of  great  friendship  except  for  a  brief  period  of 
estrangement ;  many  presents  are  known  to  have  passed 
between  them ;  for  example,  in  795  when  Charlemagne 
defeated  the  Avars  he   sent  some  of  the  spoil  of  the 
barbarians  to  Offa.     English  pilgrims  and  merchants  to 
England  may  have  brought  back   specimens   of  Arab 
dinars  to  England;  we   would   suggest,  however,  that 
Charlemagne  sent  specimens  of  the  Arab  dinars  which 
he  and  his  father  had  received  from  the  Caliph,  and 
that  this  is  how  Offa  first  became  acquainted  with  gold 
coins.    The  fact  that  so  many  dinars  of  the  year  157  have 
survived  and  that  it  is  the  year  of  which  imitations  exist, 
suggests  that  an  unusual  number  of  these  coins  must 
have  been  brought  to  Europe  ;  this  would  not  happen 
in  the  ordinary  course  of  commerce,  and  the  inference 
is  that  coins  of  this  year  were  specially  struck  by  the 
Caliph   for   presentation   to   the   Carolingian   Emperor. 
Offa  therefore  having  already  instituted  a  silver  coinage 
on  the  model  of  the  Carolingian  now  desired  to  have 
a  gold  coinage,  and  following  the  universal  practice  in 
such  cases,  copied  the  coinage  that  had  suggested  the 
idea  to  him  as  closely  as  possible ;  it  would  have  been 
quite  contrary  to  all  numismatic  laws  for  him  to  have 
instituted  at  once  a  gold  coinage  of  the  same  style  as  his 
silver  coins  ;  to  him  the  essential  features  of  a  gold  coin 
were  those  of  the  only  gold  coins  he  knew. 

We  thus  see  that  this  piece  of  Offa  is  quite  a  natural 
commercial  development  such  as  can  be  paralleled  in 
the  history  of  many  coinages,  and  there  is  no  reason  to 


OFFA'S  IMITATION  OF  AN  ARAB  DINAR.          87 

suppose  that  it  was  struck  for  any  special  purpose.  The 
imitations  of  Almoravid  dinars,  bearing  Christian  legends 
in  Arabic  issued  by  Alfonso  VIII  of  Castile  (1158-1214 
A.D.)  and  the  coins  of  the  Crusaders  in  Syria,  also  with 
Christian  legends  in  Arabic,  imitating  the  coins  of  the 
Fatimids  and  Seljuks,  are  not  quite  analogous  to  this 
dinar  of  Offa.  The  closest  parallel  is  found  in  a  silver 
coin  of  Henry  II  of  Germany,  the  reverse  of  which  still 
retains  the  name  and  titles  of  the  Imam  Hisham  (976- 
1005  A.D.)  (cf.  Dannenberg,  Die  Deutschen  Mimzen  der 
Kaiserzeit,  p.  460  ff.,  PL  liii.  1185). 

Now  it  has  generally  been  held  that  this  piece  is  a 
inancus,  a  gold  piece  specially  struck  for  the  payment 
of  the  annual  tribute  of  365  gold  mancuses  to  the  Pope 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  English  school  in  Rome,  the 
lighting  of  St.  Peter's,  &c.  The  fact  that  the  coin  is 
believed  to  have  been  originally  acquired  in  Borne  has 
been  held  to  be  evidence  that  it  originally  went  to 
Rome  as  Peter's  pence ;  while  this  may  show  that  it 
reached  Rome  even  in  Offa's  time,  and  perhaps  even 
as  tribute,  it  certainly  does  not  prove  that  it  was 
specially  struck  for  this  object.  As  Rome  was  the 
centre  of  the  mediaeval  world  coins  of  all  countries 
reached  it  in  the  ordinary  course,  and  other  rare 
English  coins  are  known  to  have  been  found  there,  but 
these  were  most  likely  brought  by  pilgrims  for  their 
ordinary  necessities.  It  is  more  probable  that  the  coins 
—if  the  payment  was  made  in  coins — that  were  sent  to 
Rome  did  not  get  into  circulation  in  their  original 
form,  but  were  melted  down  and  re-issued.  It  has 
been  suggested  that  Offa  would  not  have  presented 
coins  with  Muslim  legends  to  the  Pope,  but  it  is 
unlikely  that  Offa  knew  what  the  legends  were,  nor 


88  J.   ALLAN. 

do  we  think  it  likely  that  they  would  have  been 
considered. 

A  more  serious  objection  is  that  there  is  no  evidence 
that  the  mancus  was  a  coin ;  it  seems  to  have  been  a 
money  of  account,  and  the  mention  of  365  mancuses 
does  not  imply  365  coins.  The  tribute  was  probably  paid 
in  silver,  the  standard  of  Northern  Europe  at  this  time. 
It  is  probable  that  this  currency  of  Offa's  was  quite  an 
ephemeral  attempt  to  institute  a  gold  currency  just  as 
Charlemagne's  gold  issues  were.  The  dinar  must  have 
been  about  the  same  value  as  the  mancus  of  silver,  and 
indeed  we  find  mancus  glossed  by  bazanticuin  (the 
Byzantine  solidus)  and  aureus,  but  it  must  be  insisted 
that  when  Offa  struck  this  coin  he  was  not  striking  a 
gold  mancus  but  an  imitation  of  a  dinar. 

It  has  been  customaryto  quote  the  MVNVS  DIVINVM  coin 
of  Louis  the  Pious  (814-860  A.D.)  as  further  evidence  that 
Peter's  pence  was  paid  in  special  coins.  But,  as  M.  Prou 
has  pointed  out,  the  legend  munus  divinum  does  not 
mean  a  gift  to  God,  but  refers  to  the  laurel  wreath 
on  the  reverse,  which  is  exactly  like  that  on  the  king's 
head  on  the  obverse.  The  legend  is  a  sign  that  the 
crown,  the  symbol  of  regal  power,  is  a  gift  from  God,  an 
allusion  to  the  coronation  by  the  Pope,  the  representative 
of  God  ;  it  thus  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  well-known 
formula  Dei  gratia.  This  particular  coin,  though  it  soon 
disappeared  in  France,  was  much  imitated  in  the  north 
by  the  Frisians — such  imitations  have  been  found  in 
Frisia  and  Norway.  It  was  probably  through  Frisia 
that  the  type  was  brought  to  England,  where  we  find  it 
imitated  by  Wigmund,  Archbishop  of  York  (837-854). 
This  latter  piece  weighs  68*4  grains. 

One  more  point  remains  to  be  discussed,  the  suggested 


OFFA  S   IMITATION    OF    AN    ARAB   DINAR. 


89 


etymology  of  the  A.  S.  mancus  from  the  Arabic  manJcush, 
an  etymology  which  seems  to  have  the  support  of  Dozy, 
but  he  apparently  relies  on  Ducange,  and  does  not 
discuss  the  word  in  his  Glossaire.  The  word  "  mancus  "- 
the  form  "  manca  "  is  also  found — seems  to  be  of  Germanic 
origin,  although  it  is  also  found  in  Old  French,  but  it  is 
not  found  in  other  Romance  languages,  the  usual  medium 
by  which  Arab  words  penetrated  into  European  lan- 
guages. The  Arabic  word  mankush  is  the  past  participle 
of  nakasli,  to  engrave;  it  is  not  correct  to  say  that  it 
means  a  coin,  although  it  is  occasionally  found  in 
poetical  language  applied  to  coins  as  the  "engraved" 
pieces.  It  certainly  never  was  a  common  word  in  Arabic 
for  a  coin,  like  dinar  or  dirhem,  and  it  is  improbable 
that  it  could  have  been  adopted  by  any  European  nation 
as  the  name  of  an  Arab  coin.  As  the  first  Arab  gold 
coins  only  date  from  the  end  of  the  seventh  century  it 
seems  incredible  that  a  highly  poetical  word  like  man- 
Jcush, rarely  used  and  not  quotable  till  later,  could  have 
been  well  established  in  the  Germanic  languages  early 
in  the  eighth  century  as  the  name  of  a  particular  coin. 

J.  ALLAN. 


MISCELLANEA. 


A  SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY  COINING-PRESS. 


THE  press  here  illustrated  stands  about  nine  inches  high,  ex- 
clusive of  the  top  screws,  and  was  acquired  in  Cordova  by 


MISCELLANEA. 


91 


the  owner,  Mr.  W.  G.  Buchanan,  who  has  kindly  allowed  it 
to  be  reproduced  in  these  pages.  The  two  cases  for  holding 
the  dies  are  of  cast  bronze;  the  rest  of  the  machine  is  of 
iron.1  The  dies  are  sections  of  cylinders  of  roughly  two 
inches  radius.  The  mechanism  was  a  rocking  one.  The  base 
was  fastened  to  a  block  of  some  kind,  and  a  lever  lashed  to 
the  top  horizontal  bar.  By  depressing  this  lever  to  one  side, 
the  whole  machine,  except  the  bottom  case  (containing  the 
lower  die)  and  the  base,  was  rocked,  and  A  came  in  contact 


with  A',  so  that  there  was  space  to  insert  the  blank  between  the 
dies.  The  lever  was  then  pulled  over  in  the  opposite  direction ; 
when  C  and  C'  came  into  contact  with  each  other  (save  for 
the  blank  between  them)  a  great  pressure  was  exerted,  and 
the  coin  was  struck.  When,  the  movement  being  continued, 
B  came  in  contact  with  B',  the  finished  coin  could  be  ex- 
tracted. 

The  two  dies  which  were  acquired  with  the  machine  are 
very  much  worn  and  must  have  been  much  used.  The  coins 
which  were  struck  with  them  were  of  Philip  III.  It  is 
possible  to  make  out  on  the  dies  only  two  letters  (the  last 
I  of  III  and  the  D  of  D.G.)  on  the  obverse;  on  the  reverse 
PANIARV  is  legible.  The  types  are  the  usual  lion  and  castle. 
The  castle  is  flanked  by  a  chalice  surmounted  by  a  star  on 
the  left,  and  jf  surmounted  by  O  on  the  right.  Apart  from 
these  mint-marks  and  the  reading  HISPANIARVM  instead  of 
HISPAN.  REGNORVM  the  coin  seems  to  have  been  similar 
to  the  copper  piece  illustrated  in  Heiss,  I.  PI.  33.  20.  Don 
Guillermo  de  Osma,  consulted  on  the  identification  of  the 
coin,  writes : — 

"  The  impression  gives,  undoubtedly,  a  Philip  III  coin. 
Save  the  difference  of  the  shortened  HISPAN.,  I  think  it  is 
the  same  as  the  rubbing  I  enclose.  At  this  time,  the  greater 
part — by  far  the  greatest — of  the  coinage  would  be  done 
at  Segovia,  where  they  had  water  power.  Heiss's  examples 


1  Some  portions  of  the  iron-work  (e.g.  the  ring 
than  the  rest,  and  may  be  restorations. 


look  more  modern 


92  NUMISMATIC   CHRONICLE. 

are  nearly  all  Segovian.  At  the  smaller  '  cecas  ' — one  being 
Cuenca — there  may  have  been  many  minor  differences,  like 
the  '  Hispan.'  vice  '  Hispaniarum.'  So  much  so  that  in  a 
small  find  of  copper  coins  (of  the  reigns  of  Philip  III  and 
Philip  IV)  quite  half  might  be  considered  '  inedita.'  " 

The  machine  is  so  roughly  made,  as  is  plain  from  the  photo- 
graph, that  it  is  possible  to  doubt  whether  it  was  the  property 
of  an  official  mint.  If  it  was  not,  then  the  unauthorized 
coiner  exercised  his  art  for  a  considerable  period,  judging 
from  the  state  of  the  dies,  unless  he  stole  them  after  they  had 
been  discarded  as  worn  out. 

The  relation  of  this  form  of  press  to  the  others  which 
were  in  use  in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  is 
a  point  which,  having  described  the  object  before  us,  I  leave 
to  others  more  competent  to  deal  with  the  subject. 

G.  F.  H. 


A  FIND  OF  THIRD-CENTURY   ROMAN   COINS   AT  PUNCKNOLL, 
Co.  DORSET. 

THESE  coins  formerly  belonged  to  Colonel  W.  L.  Mansel  of 
Puncknoll,  and  after  his  death  in  1913  they  were  presented 
by  Mrs.  Mansel  to  the  Dorset  County  Museum  at  Dorchester. 
The  date  of  the  discovery  of  the  hoard  cannot  be  stated  with 
actual  certainty,  but  it  is  known  that  the  coins  came  into  the 
possession  of  the  family  during  the  lifetime  of  Colonel  Mansel's 
father,  who  died  in  1859.  Since  that  date  the  parcel  had 
remained  in  the  manor  house  at  Puncknoll. 

Hutchins'  History  of  Dorset,  in  the  course  of  a  description 
of  this  coast  parish,  tells  us  that  "about  the  year  1850  an 
earthen  jar  was  turned  up  by  the  plough  in  the  middle  of 
a  field  near  the  Knoll.  In  this  process  it  was  broken,  and 
many  coins  of  the  emperors,  Postumus,  &c.,  who  reigned  in 
the  third  century,  were  scattered  and  are  ia  the  possession 
of  various  persons  of  the  neighbourhood  "  (3rd  ed.,  vol.  ii. 
p.  769).  It  is  believed  that  the  coins  now  in  the  Dorchester 
Museum  comprise  that  portion  of  the  original  hoard  which 
the  then  lord  of  the  manor,  Mr.  Morton  G.  Mansel,  was  able 
to  recover  after  the  finder  of  the  jar  had  dispersed  the  con- 
tents. The  foregoing  statement  by  the  county  historian  is 
confirmed  by  another  member  of  the  late  owner's  family, 
through  whom  I  learn  that  the  coins  in  question  were  found 
about  1850  in  a  field  named  "Walls"  on  the  Abbotsbury 
side  of  the  Knoll,  a  prominent  hill  which  overlooks  the  sea. 
Several  other  finds,  both  of  Roman  and  of  prehistoric  objects, 


MISCELLANEA.  93 

have  occurred  in  the  parish  from  time  to  time,  the  most 
recent  including  a  Bronze  Age  cinerary  urn  of  unusual  shape. 
A  reputed  Roman  camp  lies  about  two  miles  to  the  north,  and 
in  the  surrounding  district  are  other  hill-camps,  many  barrows, 
and  some  megalithic  remains. 

As  to  the  coins  themselves,  they  were  107  in  number,  all 
being  third  brass  with  the  exception  of  two  billon  pieces ; 
a  few  of  the  former  exhibited  signs  of  having  been  washed 
with  tin  or  debased  silver.  They  ranged,  but  not  in  com- 
plete sequence,  from  Gallienus  to  Carausius,  thus  extending 
over  a  period  of  about  forty  years,  A.D.  253  to  293,  and  in 
this  respect  it  seems  probable  that  they  would  be  fairly  repre- 
sentative of  the  entire  deposit.  Of  Postumus  there  were 
55  coins  with  16  separate  types,  and  of  Victorinus  40,  with 
9  types,  according  to  Cohen's  arrangement. 

The  great  majority  of  the  specimens  were  remarkably 
uniform  in  colour  and  free  from  corrosion,  indicating  that 
they  had  been  deposited  in  a  closed  vessel  and  not  in  contact 
with  the  soil,  and  they  showed  very  slight  traces  of  wear 
by  circulation.  I  noticed,  too,  that  as  a  rule  the  obverses 
were  carefully  struck,  and  bore  good  portraits,  whereas  the 
reverses  were  for  the  most  part  ill  struck  or  carelessly  centred. 
There  were  not,  however,  any  overstruck  pieces,  nor  any 
which  had  been  impressed  with  one  die  only. 

A  similar  inequality  in  the  workmanship  on  the  two  faces 
of  the  coins  of  the  Tyrants'  period  is  mentioned  by  Lord 
Selborne,  in  his  description  *  of  the  great  hoard  of  Roman 
money  discovered  at  Blackmoor,  in  the  adjoining  county  of 
Hants,  a  find  in  which  the  limits  of  date  coincide,  substan- 
tially, with  those  of  the  Puncknoll  coins. 

Unfortunately,  my  examination  of  the  latter  did  not  dis- 
close any  new  types  or  varieties,  and  the  reverses  have  in 
many  instances  been  already  noted  in  connexion  with  other 
finds  in  Britain.  One  coin  should,  perhaps,  be  specifically 
referred  to,  viz.  the  solitary  example  of  Carausius,  which 
resembles  Mr.  P.  H.  Webb's  No.  1035  (Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser., 
Vol.  VII.  p.  391),  and  is  not  unlike  No.  104  in  the  Blackmoor 
hoard  (supra,  p.  147).  This  is  apparently  a  somewhat  un- 
common type. 

Although  there  happens  to  be  little  that  is  of  numismatic 
interest  in  the  following  list,  it  may  be  useful  to  set  out  the 


1  "  In  others,  the  impression  is  regular  and  in  its  proper  position  on 
the  one  side,  but  imperfect  and  out  of  position  on  the  other  "  (Num. 
Chron.,  New  Series,  Vol.  XVII.  p.  94). 


94  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

numbers  and  the  facts  as  to  the  provenance  of  the  undispersed 
portion  of  this  find  of  about  sixty  years  ago. 

The  numbers  within  brackets  are  taken  from  the  second 
edition  of  Cohen's  Medailles  Imperiales. 

GALLIENUS. 

(149)  Deo  Marti,  billon,  1 
(859)  Provid  aug,  1 
(1014)  Ubertas  aug,  1 3 

SALONIKA. 

Fecunditas  aug,  1 

Felicitas  publica,  billon,  1          ....  2 

POSTUMUS. 

(67}  Fides  militum,  2 
(101)  Here  pacifero,  2 
(153)  Jovi  propugnat,  1 
(159)  Jovi  statori,  3 
(161)  Jovi  victori,  2 
(199)  Moneta  aug,  5 
(215)  Pax  aug,  13 

8  with  P  in  field,  5  without. 
(220)  Pax  aug,  1 

(243)  P.M.  TR.  P.  COS.  II.  P.P.,  4 
(295)  Provident]  a  aug,  7 
(331)  Saeculi  felicitas,  7 
(336)  Salus  aug,  2 

Globe  on  ground. 
(360)  Serapi  comiti  aug,  2 
(365)  Ubertas  aug,  2 
(377)  Victoria  aug,  1 
(419)  Virtus  aug,  1   ...  55 


VICTOBINDS. 


9 

36 
'49 
(79 


Aequitas  aug,  1 
Fides  militum,  2 
Invictus,  9 


Pax  aug,  10 

V  and  star  in  field 
83)  Pax  aug,  1 
Pietas  aug,  7 
Providentia  aug,  3 
Salus  aug,  5 
Victoria  aug,  2          .....  40 

TETEICUS,  THE  ELDER. 


90 
(101 
(112 
(126 


(54)  Hilaritas  augg,  2 
rev,  illegible,  1 


NOTICE    OF   RECENT   PUBLICATION.  95 

TETBICUS,  THE  YOUNGEB.  . 
Rev.  illegible,  1 1 


CLAUDIUS  GOTHICUS. 


(74)  Felic  tempo,  1 
(83)  Fides  milit,  1 


CABAUSIUS. 


(233,  var.)  Pax  aug,  1  1 

or,  Webb,  1035  

Total         .         107 

HENRY  SYMONDS. 


NOTICE   OF   RECENT  PUBLICATION. 


A  Handy  Guide  to  Jewish  Coins.  By  the  Eev.  E.  Rogers, 
M.A.,  London.  Spink  &  Son.  1914.  Pp.  108;  with 
9  collotype  plates.  2s.  6d. 

THE  Jewish  series  is  one  of  peculiar  difficulty,  owing  to  the 
bad  craftsmanship  which  distinguished  the  die-engravers  at  all 
periods  ;  the  puzzles  which  it  affords  belong  for  the  most  part 
to  what  may  be  called  the  "  higher  numismatics "  ;  and  it  is 
entirely  devoid  of  artistic  interest.  But  all  these  defects  are 
compensated  by  its  connexion  with  Biblical  history,  which 
will  always  attract  people  to  it,  especially  in  this  country, 
where,  as  a  French  critic  once  remarked,  you  cannot  get 
people  to  take  an  interest  in  archaeology  unless  you  can  tack 
it  on  to  the  Bible.  Thus  for  the  public  for  whom  Mr.  Rogers's 
book  is  intended  there  will  seem  to  be  nothing  superfluous  in 
the  "  pulpit  references  "  with  which  it  is  generously  adorned, 
although  hardened  numismatists  may  find  them  to  some  degree 
embarrassing.  The  book  is,  however,  by  no  means  a  mere 
popularisation  of  other  writers'  views  ;  Mr.  Rogers  has  thought 
out  the  problems  for  himself,  and  has  made  some  interesting 
contributions  towards  their  solution.  He  starts  his  chrono- 
logical classification  by  attributing  the  copper  coins  of  "  year 
4 "  to  the  early  days  of  the  Maccabees,  i.e.  to  Judas  Macca- 
baeus,  in  161  B.C.  (being  the  fourth  year  after  the  fortification 
of  Zion  in  164  B.C.)  ;  while  the  thick  shekels  and  half-shekels 


96  NUMISMATIC   CHRONICLE. 

in  silver  he  gives  to  Simon  and  John  Hyrcanus.  I  cannot 
believe,  for  epigraphic  reasons,  that  these  two  sets  of  coins 
were  issued  within  so  short  a  distance  of  each  other;  but 
that  argument  can  only  be  expounded  with  the  help  of  tables. 
There  is  nothing  said  about  silver  in  the  rescript  of  Antiochus 
Sidetes ;  and  to  say  that,  if  Antiochus  gave  the  Jews  the  right 
of  coinage,  it  was  gratuitous  waste  of  record  for  the  writer  of 
1  Mace.  xv.  5,  6  to  mention  it  unless  the  right  was  used,  and 
used  to  the  full,  is  to  ignore  the  evidence  of  numismatic 
history,  which  is  full  of  such  unused  privileges.  The  curious 
quarter-shekel  in  silver  in  the  British  Museum  is  assigned  by 
Mr.  Rogers  to  the  First  Revolt.  He  uses  its  poor  workman- 
ship as  an  argument  against  the  attribution  to  that  period  of 
the  thick  shekels  and  half -shekels.  It  is  certainly  poor ;  but 
it  is  quite  common  to  find  a  mint  taking  more  trouble  over 
its  higher  denominations  than  over  the  lower  ones.  However, 
the  attribution  of  the  shekels  may  be  argued  about  for  ever, 
and  is  not  likely  to  be  finally  settled  until  we  have  the 
evidence  of  some  such  find  as  in  a  large  degree  cleared  up  the 
question  of  the  Second  Revolt. 

Mr.  Rogers  supplements  his  account  of  the  purely  Jewish 
coins  with  two  chapters  on  all  the  others  which  can  possibly  be 
brought  into  connexion  with  Jerusalem — such  as  the  colonial 
coins  of  Aelia  Capitolina  (in  his  description  of  which  the 
word  "  colon "  betrays  his  use  of  a  French  authority),  the 
Arabic  and  Crusader  coins,  and  Roman  coins  circulating  in 
Palestine.  There  are  also  plates  illustrating  the  coins  of 
Christian  and  Turkish  claimants  to  Jerusalem,  and  coins 
mentioned  in  the  Old  and  New  Testaments.  The  figure  of 
Livia-Ceres,  by  the  way,  on  the  denarius  of  Tiberius,  is  mis- 
described  as  the  "Emperor  seated  as  priest."  A  word  of 
praise  is  due  to  the  plates,  which  are  much  better  than  could 
have  been  expected  from  the  extremely  moderate  price  of  the 
book. 

G.  F.  H. 


NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.,  VOL.  XIV.       PLATE  I. 


A    CILICIAN    FIND. 


NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.  VOL.  XIV.       PLATE 


A    CILICIAN     FIND. 


46 

NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.,  VOL.  XIV.       PLATE  III. 


A    CILICIAN    FIND. 


NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.  VOL.  XIV.       PLATE  IV. 


10 


ii 


A    CILICIAN    FIND. 


X 

. 


NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.,  VOL.  XIV.       PLATE  V. 


^ 

^  1  5     / 

1       4 

"7 


COINAGE    OF    COMMODUS    UNDER    MARCUS. 


tfc* 


NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.,  VOL.  XIV.       PLATE  VI. 


me 


-vg-i 

^mffj 


— vg— 


VI  VII 

HENRY    III;    VARIETIES    OF    LONG    CROSS    COINAGE. 


V. 

GEEEK   COINS   ACQUIKED   BY   THE   BKITISH 
MUSEUM  IN  1913. 

(See  Plates  VII.,  VIII.) 

FKOJH  the  present  account  of  the  recent  acquisitions 
I  have  omitted,  as  before,  such  coins,  especially  of 
Cyrenaica,  as  are  likely  to  appear  before  long  in  the 
official  Catalogue. 

FISTELIA. 

1.  Obv. — Head   of  Athena  r.,  wearing   crested   Athenian 

helmet  adorned  with  owl  (?)  on  olive  branch. 

Rev. — [*]IV\/3T*I[S]  above  forepart  of  human-headed 
bull  swimming  r. 

M.  ^  10  mm.  Wt.  8-0  grs.  (0-52  grm.). 
[PI.  VII.  1.]  Cp.  Sambon,  Monn.  Ant.  de 
Vltalie,  p.  334,  No.  839. 

METAPONTUM. 

2.  Obv. — Head   of    Persephone   1.,   crowned   with    barley, 

wearing  triple-drop  ear-ring. 

Rev. — META  on  r.  upwards ;  ear  of  barley,  with  leaf,  on 
which  is  perched  an  alabastos ;  in  field  1.  A I ; 
concave  field. 

JR.  *\  20  mm.  Wt.  116-0  grs.  (7-52  grms.). 
[PI.  VII.  2.] 

This    beautiful    coin    is    apparently  from    the    same 

NUM.  CHEON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES  IV.  H 


98  G.    F.    HILL. 

obverse  die  as  the  one  sold  at  Munich  in  1905.1  It 
belongs  to  Head's  period  330-300  B.C.,  and  cannot  be 
much  later  than  the  earlier  date. 

THUEIUM. 

3.  Obv. — Head  of  Athena  r.,  in  crested  Corinthian  helmet, 

decorated  with  sea-horse. 

Rev. — [0]OYPin[N]  in  exergue.    Bull  charging  r. ;  above, 
owl  flying  r. 

JR.     <-  19  mm.     Wt.  96-4  grs.  (6-25  grms.). 
[PI.  VII.  4.]     From  a  find  made  at  Taranto. 

This  is  one  of  the  coins  of  the  period  281-268  B.C., 
struck  on  the  reduced  standard  to  which  Sir  A.  J.  Evans 
called  attention  (Horsemen,  p.  228),  and  with  which  Keg- 
ling  has  also  dealt  (Klio,  vi.  p.  516).2 

It  may  be  noted  that  the  Museum  possesses  five 
specimens  of  the  class  which  combine  the  reduced 
weight  with  the  old  types  (head  in  Attic  helmet 
decorated  with  Scylla),  viz.  B.  M.  C.  70  and  95,  and 
three  others :  (a)  <1>A  in  exergue,  98*8  grs.  (6'40  grms.) 
(PI.  VII.  6);  (6)  fish  r.  in  exergue,  97'7  grs.  (6'33  grms.) ; 
(c)  in  I  above  bull,  hippocamp  (?)  r.  in  exergue,  84'0  grs. 
(544  grms.). 

CAULONIA. 

4.  Obv. — KAV  on  1.  downwards.     Apollo  standing  r.,  wield- 

ing branch  in  r.,  holding  small  winged  figure  on 

1  Hirsch,  Katal.  xiv.  Taf.  ii.  101.     Others  which  come  close  to  it  in 
style   are  B.  M.  C.,   114   (cp.   Hirsch,   Katal.   xvi.  Taf.  ii.  Ill,  and 
Feuardent  Sale,  Paris,  June,  1913,  PI.  i.  82)  and  the  Lambros  coin 
(Hirsch,  Katal.  xxix.  Taf.  ii.  52). 

2  The  statement  there  made  in  Note  2  that  B.  M.  C.  94  has  a  head 
in  Corinthian  helmet  is  not  correct ;  the  present  is  the  first  specimen 
of  the  class  to  be  acquired  by  the  British  Museum. 


GREEK    COINS   ACQUIRED   BY   THE   BRITISH   MUSEUM.      99 

1.  hand  ;  in  field  r.  stag  standing  r.,  head  re- 
verted.    Guilloche  border. 

Rev. — Stag  standing  r. ;  border  of   fine  dots;   circular 
incuse. 

JR.  I  22  mm.  Wt.  113-0  grs.  (7'32  grms.). 
[PI.  VII.  7.]  Circa  480  B.C.  Restruck  on  a 
Corinthian  stater ;  the  curved  wing  and  hind- 
quarters of  the  Pegasus  are  plainly  visible  on 
the  reverse. 


CKOTON. 

5.  Obv. — (pPO    1.    upwards,    TOK    r.  downwards ;    tripod  ; 

guilloche  border. 

Rev. — No  inscr. ;  similar  type  incuse ;  hatched  border. 

M.  f  20  mm.  Wt.  27'4  grs.  (1-77  grms.). 
[PI.  VII.  8.] 

Apparently  not  a  third,  but  a  quarter,  of  the  stater. 
The  only  other  instance  of  this  denomination  at  Croton, 
or  anywhere  in  the  Italic  system,  seems  to  be  a  coin 
formerly  in  the  Benson  collection.3 

6.  Obv. — Tripod  ;  traces  of  linear  border. 

Rev. — Eagle  with  closed  wings  standing  1.,  head  re- 
verted ;  above  and  below  it,  o°  ;  to  1.,  remains 
of  <J>  (?)  ;  concave  field. 

JR.  ^  11-5  mm.  Wt.  13-2  grs.  (0'85  grm.). 
[PI.  VII.  3.]  A  diobol  of  the  fifth  century,  of 
apparently  unpublished  types. 

RHEGIUM. 

7.  Obv. — Lion's  scalp  ;  border  of  dots. 

Rev. — H  within  a  large  O. 

JR.  A  8  mm.  Wt.  4'4  grs.  (0*29  grm.). 
[PI.  VII.  5.] 

3  Sale  Catalogue,  Sotheby's,  February,  1909,  lot  105,  28£  grs.  I  owe 
the  reference  to  Mr.  Robinson. 

H   2 


100  G.   F.   HILL. 

The  two  letters  on  the  reverse  mark  the  denomination 
as  a  hemi-obol.  The  same  method  of  naming  the 
denomination  is  employed  on  a  later  copper  coin  of  the 
same  place  (Payne  Knight,  Num.  Vet.,  p.  234,  B.  1, 
under  Heracleiae). 

GELA. 

8.  Obv. — Slow  quadriga  r.,  passing  meta ;  border  of  dots. 

Rev. — C  above,  EAA  r. ;  forepart  of  human-headed  bull 
r.,  the  neck  wreathed  with  olive.  Traces  of 
incuse  circle. 

M.     f  29  mm.     Wt.  261-3  grs.  (16-93  grms.). 
From  the  Virzi  collection.     [PI.  VII.  9.] 

This  coin,  unfortunate!^  not  in  the  best  state  of  pre- 
servation, is  from  the  same  obverse  die  as  B.  M.  C.  10, 
and  from  the  same  die  on  both  sides  as  the  magnificent 
Jameson  specimen,4  and  another,  of  which  an  electrotype 
is  in  the  British  Museum. 

MESSANA. 

9.  Obv. — Mule  biga  r.,  driven  by  charioteer ;  above,  Nike 

flying  r.  to  crown  the  mules ;  in  exergue,  leaf ; 
border  of  dots. 

Rev. — ME82AN  I  ON  around,  beginning  below;  hare 
running  r.  ;  above,  B.  Dotted  incuse  circle. 

M.     <-  30-5  mm.      Wt.  265-5   grs.  (17-20 
grms.).     [PI.  VII.  12.] 

Presented  by  Sir  Athelstane  Baines,  C.S.I.  The 
tetradrachm,  B.  M.  0.  19  (from  different  dies  on  both 
sides),  also  shows  B,  but  under  the  animal,  whereas  the 
drachm,  B.  M.  C.  20,  has  it  above,  like  the  new 

4  Catal.  581  =  Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club,  Exhib.  of  Greek  Art,  1903, 
No.  139. 


GREEK   COINS   ACQUIRED   BY   THE   BRITISH   MUSEUM.      101 

tetradrachm.  A  tetradrachm  with  the  older  legend 
MESSENION  (B.  M.  C.  16)  has  A  above  the  hare.5  One 
is  tempted  to  assume  that  this  is  a  case  of  the  number- 
ing of  issues ;  and  this  seems  to  be  confirmed  when  we 
find  C  and  D  on  coins  of  the  same  style  (Benson  Cata- 
logue, PI.  vii.  230,  and  Sotheby's  Catalogue,  "A 
Bachelor,"  1907,  lot  70,  PL  iii.  42;  MEaaANiON6). 
If  this  series  is  continuous,  then  the  coin  marked  A 
must  belong  to  the  year  before  the  expulsion  of  the 
Samians  (some  time  before  476  B.C.),  while  the  others 
follow  immediately  on  it. 

MESEMBRIA. 

10.  Obv. — Beardless  head  r.,  wearing  crested  helmet  with 

cheek-pieces. 

Rev. — Pelta-shaped  shield,  seen  from  inside ;  below 
and  on  it,  M  E  T  A  ;  border  of  dots ;  concave 
field. 

JE.     I  12-5  mm.    Wt.  29-1  grs.  (1'89  grms.). 
[PI.  VII.  11.] 

Cp.  Berlin  Beschreibung,  I.  p.  189,  Nos.  12,  13.  The 
two  marks  which  appear  in  the  middle  of  the  shield  are 
the  loops  for  the  arm. 

OKRHESCII  (?). 

11.  Obv. — Centaur   r.,   carrying   a   nymph   in   his    arms ; 

border  of  dots ;  chisel-cut. 

Rev. — Quadripartite  incuse  square. 

JR.     21-5  mm.     Wt.  122-4  grs.  (7-93  grms.). 
[PI.  VII.  10.] 


5  Cp.  Hirsch,  Katal.  xxix.  No.  94. 

6  A  second  specimen,  with  the  D  below  the  hare  has  recently  been 
presented  to  the  Museum  by  Mr.  B.  Taylor.     Mr.  E.  J.  Seltman,  who 
called  my  attention  to  the  Benson  coin,  also  points  out  that  E  occurs 
in  the  Rollin  and  Feuardent  coin  (Catalogue,  June  20,  1906,  469) ;  but 
there  the  inscription  is  given  as  MEZZENION. 


102  G.    F.    HILL. 

The  only  peculiarity  of  this  specimen  is  its  low  weight. 
A  specimen  at  Berlin  (Babelon,  Traite,  1478)  weighs 
810  grms.,  and  a  third  in  the  British  Museum  (Montagu 
Sale,  II.  99)  135'4  grs.  (877  grms.).  As  the  last  rises 
just  above  the  normal  of  the  Euboic  standard,  these  low 
weights  must  be  taken  as  due  to  casual  degradation  of 
the  "  Baby  Ionic  "  standard,  and  not  to  the  adoption  of 
the  Euboic. 

CORINTH. 

12.  Obv.  —  Pegasus  flying  r.  ;  below,  <p. 

Rev.  —  Head  of  Athena  r.  in  Corinthian  helmet  ;  behind, 
pileus  and  E.     Concave  field. 

^R.     Stater  f  24-5  mm.      Wt.   128-8    grs. 
(8-35  grms.).     [PI.  VII.  13.] 

First  half  of  the  fourth  century. 

MELOS. 

13.  Obv.  —  MXoi/  on  stalk  with  two  buds. 


Rev.  —  /W  A  A  I  in  the  four  quarters  of  a  four-spoked 
wheel,  surrounded  by  border  of  dots  in  incuse 
circle. 

JR.     24mm.     Wt.  212-1  grs.  (1374  grms.). 
[PL  VII.  14.] 

14.  Obv.  —  Similar,  the  buds  obscure. 

Rev.  —  A/V  A  A  i  C  N  around  a  triskeles  of  human  legs 
turning  to  r.  ;  border  of  dots  ;  incuse  circle. 

M.     23  mm.     Wt.  216-0  grs.  (14-00  grms.). 
[PI.  VII.  15.] 

15.  Obv.  —  Similar,  but  one  bud  and  one  leaf;  border  of 

dots. 

Rev.  —  AV  A  A  I  C  V\  around  a  crescent  ;  border  of 
dots  ;  traces  of  incuse  circle. 

JR.  22  mm.     Wt.  212-1  grs.  (1374  grms.). 
[PI.  VII.  16.] 


GREEK   COINS    ACQUIRED   BY   THE   BRITISH   MUSEUM.      103 

From  the  famous  Melos  find.7  The  acquisition  of 
these  specimens  by  the  Museum  is  due  to  the  generosity 
of  Mr.  Henry  Oppenheimer,  F.S.A.  They  correspond  to 
M.  Jameson's  Nos.  9,  11,  and  17 ;  his  No.  11  is  from  the 
same  reverse  die  as  our  No.  14,  and  perhaps  also  from  the 
same  obverse ;  of  the  others  it  is  not  possible  to  judge. 

In  a  note  appended  to  M.  Jameson's  article  is  recorded 
the  opinion  of  M.  Svoronos,  that  the  type  of  the  obverse 
is  not  a  pomegranate,  as  it  was  always  supposed  to  be, 
but  a  quince;  and  Dr.  A.  B.  Kendle,  consulted  on  the 
question,  agrees  that  the  quince  is  a  better  identification 
than  any  other  (such  as  lobed  citron)  which  has  been 
suggested. 

IONIA. 
16.  Obv. — Pegasus  with  curved  wing  walking  1. 

Rev. — Two  incuse  squares  side  by  side. 

EL.  f  14  mm.  Wt.  72'5  grs.  (4'70  grms.). 
[PL  VIII.  1.]  Specific  gravity  (approxi- 
mately), 13'4  ;  percentage  of  gold,  according 
to  Head's  curve,  47*5.  Presented  by  Mr.  W. 
H.  Buckler. 

Of  this  rare  coin,  which  belongs  to  some  unidentified 
mint  of  the  West  Coast  of  Asia  Minor,  M.  Babelon 8 
describes  two  other  specimens,  weighing  4  grs.  73  and 
3  grs.  67.  As  thirds  of  the  Milesian  standard  he  assigns 
them  to  Southern  Ionia  or  Caria.  He  associates  with 
them  the  sixth  in  the  British  Museum  with  the  forepart 
of  Pegasus,  but  both  by  its  style,  and  by  the  decorative 
treatment  of  the  reverse,  the  smaller  coin  is  shown  to 
belong  to  a  different  category. 

7  R.  Jameson  in  Rev.  Num.,  1909,  pp.  188  ff. 

8  Traite,  IT  partie,  p.  67,  Nos.  71-72 ;  PI.  ii.  25. 


104  G.    F.    HILL. 

HYPAEPA. 

17.  Obv. — AV    KAITIAIAAPI    ANTHNINOC     Undraped    bust 

of  Pius  r.,  laureate.     Border  of  dots. 

Eev—  eniA  no  M  APTGMA  around,  VTTAITTHNIQN  in 

exergue ;  temple  showing  four  columns,  with 
phiale  in  pediment ;  within,  cultus-figure  of 
Artemis  Anaitis,  veiled,  and  holding  two 
phialae  in  her  extended  hands.  Border  of 
dots. 

M.  ^  30  mm.  Wt.  244  grs.  (15-81  grms.). 
[PI.  VIII.  2.]  Presented  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
Buckler. 

An  unusually  well-preserved  specimen,  from  the  same 
obverse  die  as  B.  M.  G.  22.  The  type  of  the  goddess  does 
not  bear  the  least  resemblance  to  that  of  the  Ephesian 
Artemis,  with  which  it  is  the  fashion  to  identify  almost 
all  primitive  cultus-statues  of  goddesses  represented  on 
coins  of  Asia  Minor  and  even  Syria.  The  dress  is  an 
ordinary  chiton  with  kolpos,  such  as  would  have  been 
provided  for  a  female  figure  by  any  artist  of  the  sixth 
century  B.C.,  in  which  period  it  is  probable  that  most  of 
the  cultus-figures  took  the  form  in  which  they  have 

come  down  to  us. 

» 

NYSA. 

18.  Obv. — Cista  mystica,  with  serpent  issuing  from  it;  all 

in  ivy -wreath. 

Rev. — Bow-case  and  bow  between  serpents ;  above, 
AHIEPE|nZ;  on  r.  q,  and  small  figure  of 
Dionysos  standing  1.  with  grapes  (?)  and 
thyrsos. 

M  cistophorus,  ^  28  mm.  Wt.  160-4  grs. 
(10-39  grms.).  [PI.  VIII.  4]. 

Similar  to  the  Vienna  specimen :  Regling  in  Jahrb., 
Erganzunc/sheft  x.  p.  73.  The  date  is  129-8  B.C. 


GREEK   COINS   ACQUIRED   BY   THE   BRITISH   MUSEUM.     105 

19.  Obn. KTTOAIKINN  BAAEP-  -     Bust  of  Valerian  r. 

laureate ;  on  the  neck,  uncertain  countermark. 

Rev. — EflFMAVP  1.,  AAIANOYN  r.,  YCAEHN  below. 
Eudely  made  prize  crown  containing  branches 
and  inscribed  GEOrAMIA|OIKOYM€NljK  A 

M.  xj,  34-5  mm.  Wt.  227-2  grs.  (14-72  grms.). 
[PI.  VIII.  3.]  Cp.  Mionnet,  iii.  372.  404; 
Head,  B.  M.  C. :  Lydia,  p.  Ixxxiii. 

PHILADELPHIA  AND  SMYRNA. 

20.  Obv. AIMAV  1.,  PHKOMOAOC  r.     Undraped    bust 

of  Commodus  r.,  laureate. 

Eev.— OPeCT€lNOC  1.,  -  -  EA<1>KCMVP  r.,  OMONOIA  in 
exergue.  On  1.,  Artemis  r.,  wearing  short 
chiton,  r.  taking  arrow  from  quiver  at 
shoulder,  1.  holding  bow  (?) ;  on  r.,  facing  her, 
Nemesis  (?)  (details  obscure). 

M.  ^  29  mm.     Wt.  186-6  grs.  (12-09  grms.). 

Although  poorly  preserved  this  coin 9  serves  to  correct 
the  reading  of  the  coin  (Mionnet,  SuppL,  vii.  403.  396), 
on  which  the  supposition  of  the  existence  of  a  city 
Oresteion  was  based.  See  Imhoof  -  Blumer,  GriecJi. 
Munzen,  p.  720,  No.  604,  where  the  name  of  the 
magistrate  Oresteinos  is  given  as  occurring  on  a  quasi- 
autonomous  coin. 

21.  CYPRUS. 

The  late  Sir  Kobert  Hamilton  Lang  presented  394 
small  Cypriote  coins,  being  the  remainder  of  the  hoard 
contained  in  two  small  jars  discovered  by  him  at  Dali  in 
1869.10  Few  of  the  types  are  new  to  the  Museum,  but 

9  Apparently  the  same  specimen  which  is  described  rather  differently 
from  a  paper  impression  by  Imhoof-Blumer,  Eev.  Suisse,  1913,  p.  55. 
He  thinks  the  goddess  on  the  right  may  be  Athena. 

10  Num.  Chron.,  1871,  p.  17  f. 


106  G.    F.    HILL. 

the  acquisition  of  these  remains  of  the  hoard  is  valuable 
as  illustrating  the  general  appearance  of  the  small  silver 
currency  of  Cyprus  towards  the  end  of  the  fifth 
century  B.C.  The  coins  were  all  (with  the  exception  of 
one  stater)  of  small  denominations,  the  heaviest  being 
tetrobols  of  Azbaal  I  of  Citium.  This  king  (who  came  to 
the  throne  soon  after  449)  conquered  Idalium,  and  since 
the  only  mints  represented  in  the  hoard  are  Citium, 
Amathus,  Paphos,  and  Salamis,  it  would  seem  that  the 
conquest  resulted  not  only  in  the  cessation  of  the  inde- 
pendent Idalian  coinage,  but  also  in  the  calling  in  of 
such  old  coins  of  that  mint  as  were  current.  Otherwise 
the  hoard  would  probably  have  contained  some  tetrobols 
of  Idalium.  A  study  of  the  hoard  serves  to  correct  my 
dating  of  the  small  one-sided  ram's  head  obols  of 
Salamis  (B.  M.  C. :  Cyprus,  PI.  ix.  7-9).  The  presence  of 
fairly  well-preserved  specimens  of  these  in  a  hoard 
which  dates  from  the  latter  half  of  the  fifth  century, 
and  which  contains  apparently  no  coins  of  the  early 
fifth  century,  shows  that  these  obols  are  not  of  the 
time  of  Euelthon,  as  I  had  supposed,  but  a  good  deal 
later. 

LAPETHUS. 
22.  Obv. — BA  on  r.,  downwards  ;  krater  (kylix-form). 

Rev. — PP  on  r.,  downwards  ;   head  of  Apollo  1.,  with 
short  hair,  laureate ;  concave  field. 

M.  f  15  mm.  Wt.  36-9  grs.  (2-39  grms.). 
[PI.  VIII.  5].  Presented  by  the  late  Lt.-Col. 
R.  Manifold  Craig. 

The  coin  is  attributed  to  Praxippos,  the  king  of 
Lapethus,  who  was  deposed  by  Ptolemy  in  313-2  B.C. 
See  B.  M.  C. :  Cyprus,  p.  liii  f. 


GEEEK   COINS   ACQUIRED   BY   THE    BRITISH   MUSEUM.     107 


SELEUCDS  I. 

23.  Obv. — Head  of  young  Herakles  r.,  wearing  lion-skin ; 
border  of  dots. 

Rev. — BAZIAEQZ  in  exergue,  ZEAEYKOY  r.,  down- 
wards ;  Zeus  aetophoros  seated  1. ;  in  field  1. 
AZT  and  monogram  fiffl  (?) ;  beneath  throne  A ; 
border  of  dots. 

M.  <-  28  mm.    Wt.  259-5  grs.  (16-82  grms.). 
[PI.  VIII.  7.] 


SELEUCUS  III. 

24.  Obv. — Head  of  Seleucus  III.  r.,  with  whisker,  wearing 
diadem  of  which  one  end  flies  up ;  border  of 
dots. 

Bev.— BAZIAEQZ  r.,  downwards  ;  ZEAEYKOY  1.,  down- 
wards ;  Apollo,  nude,  seated  1.  on  omphalos, 
resting  1.  on  bow,  holding  arrow  in  r. ;  in  field 

i.y. 

M.  f  30  mm.  Wt.  260-5  grs.  (16-88  grms.). 
[PI.  VIII.  8].  The  object  in  the  field  is 
doubtless  meant  for  the  monogram  which 
occurs  on  B.  M.  C.,  No.  1. 


ANTIOCHUS  III. 

25.  Obv. — Head  of  Antiochus  r.,  wearing  diadem  with  short 
ends,  falling  straight ;  border  of  dots. 

Bev. —  BAZIAEQZ  r.,  downwards ;  ANTIOXOY  1.,  down- 
wards ;  Apollo,  nude,  seated  1.  on  omphalos, 
resting  1.  on  bow,  holding  arrow  in  r. ;  in 
field  1.  A,  r.  IS ;  in  exergue,  humped  bull 
charging  1. 

M.  f  30-5  mm.    Wt.  262  grs.  (16-98  grms.). 
[PI.  VIII.  9.]     From  Aleppo. 

.  Cp.  Macdonald,  Hunter  Catal.,  iii.  p;  31,  No.  7.  The 
portrait  is  exactly  the  same  as  that  on  the  British 
Museum  stater  catalogued  under  Antiochus  III  (B.  M.  C. : 


108  G.    F.   HILL. 

Seleucid  Kings,  p.  25,  No.  3),  and  the  left-hand  monogram 
also  occurs  on  No.  7  of  the  same  series. 

TlMARCHUS. 

26.  Obv. — Head  of  Timarchus  r.,  helmeted ;  fillet  border. 

_Retv_[BAIIA]EfiZ  MEFAAOY  in  arc  above,  TIMAPXOY 
in  exergue. 

M.  <-  29  mm.     Wt.  256  grs.  (16-59  grins.). 
[PI.  VIII.  10.] 

This  coin,  which  was  procured  in  Persia,  is  the  third 
known  specimen  of  the  tetradrachm  of  the  usurper 
who  ruled  for  a  few  months  in  Babylon  in  162  B.C., 
having  set  himself  up  against  Demetrius  I ;  the  others 
are  that  which  was  restruck  by  Demetrius  I  and  Laodice 
with  their  own  types  (B.  M.  C. :  Seleucid  Kings,  PI.  xv.  2) 
and  that  formerly  in  the  E.  F.  Weber  collection.11  The 
gold  stater  and  the  silver  drachm  are  even  rarer,  being 
represented  by  specimens,  unique  so  far  as  we  know,  in 
the  Berlin  and  London  cabinets. 

The  types  and  the  regal  style  (BaavAf'we  MeyaXou)  are 
evidently  inspired  by  the  coins  of  Eucratides  of  Bactria. 
The  tetradrachm  shows  signs  of  being  re-struck  over 
older  types.  The  marks  outside  the  fillet  border  above 
the  head  may  possibly  be  the  remains  of  spear-heads. 
Was  a  coin  of  Eucratides  with  the  charging  Dioscuri  used 
by  Timarchus  as  a  blank  ? 

TYRE. 

27.  Obv. — Dolphin  r.,  over  waves ;  above,  Phoenician  in- 

scription, I A  '('no;  border  of  dots. 

11  Hirsch,  Katal.  xxi.  4078.  This  and  the  new  coin  have  different 
reverse  dies,  but  the  obverse  die  is  possibly  the  same. 


GREEK   COINS   ACQUIRED   BY   THE    BRITISH   MUSEUM.     109 

Rev. — Owl  standing  r.,  with  flail  and  crooked  sceptre ; 
incuse  square. 

JR.  \  U  mm.  Wt.  49-3  grs.  (3-19  grms.). 
[PI.  VIII.  6.]  From  the  Hirsch  Sale,  Katal. 
xxxii.  (1912),  lot  587. 

The  inscription  on  a  similar  half-shekel  has  been  read 
by  Babelon,12  ma-hatsi  ke[seph].  But  of  the  two  signs 
which  follow  the  denomination  on  the  present  specimen 
the  first  is  clearly  not  a  kaph,  and  the  two  together 
seem  to  represent  a  number,  viz.  11.  The  gimel-shaped 
sign  for  10  occurs  on  coins  of  Aradus,  though  not,  so  far 
as  I  know,  elsewhere  on  Phoenician  coins ;  but  there 
was  much  variety  in  the  numeral  systems  of  this  district. 
The  inscription,  therefore,  seems  to  mean  "  half  shekel  of 
the  eleventh  year ; "  the  era,  of  course,  is  uncertain. 

HISPANO-CARTHAGIXIAN. 

28.  Obv. — Head  of   Heracles  1.,  beardless,  laureate,  with 
club  over  r.  shoulder  ;  border  of  dots. 

Rev. — Elephant  walking  r. ;  border  of  dots ;  concave 
field. 

JR.  f  26  mm.  Wt.  172'3  grs.  (11-16  grms.). 
[PI.  VIII.  11.]  From  Feuardent's  Sale,  Hotel 
Drouot,  10  Juin,  1913,  lot  360. 

The  tridrachm  of  the  Barcid  coinage  of  the  mint 
of  Carthago  Nova  was  hitherto  unrepresented  in  the 
British  Museum.  For  the  tetradrachm  recently  acquired, 

see  Num.  Chron.,  1913,  p.  274. 

G.  F.  HILL. 

12  Traitt,  II.  983. 


VI. 

THE   COINAGE  OF    THE   CIVIL  WAES   OF 
68-69  A.D. 

(See  Plates  IX.,  X.) 

THE  present  paper  was  originally  read  before  the  Royal 
Numismatic  Society  in  October,  1913.  The  general  plan 
remains  the  same,  but  some  sections  of  purely  descriptive 
matter  have  been  omitted  and  some  of  the  results  have 
had  to  be  altered  in  the  light  of  further  study. 

The  title  indicates  fairly  accurately  the  scope  of  the 
essay ;  within  it  faU  the  "  Autonomous  "  series,  the  coins 
of  Galba,  Otho,  and  Yitellius,  the  latest  issues  of  Nero 
and  the  earliest  of  Vespasian.  My  main  object  is  to  fix 
the  date  and  place  of  the  various  coinages  ;  but  I  shall 
have  to  deal  also  on  occasion  with  the  meanings  of  types, 
when  they  are  likely  to  throw  light  on  the  conditions  of 
striking.  The  coinage  of  the  Civil  Wars  of  68  to  69  A.D. 
offers  many  attractions  to  the  numismatist.  In  the  first 
place,  it  is  full  of  variety  and  full  of  difficulty ;  in  the 
second,  it  may  teach  us  much  about  the  imperial  issues 
of  the  first  century  in  general.  So  long  as  settled  con- 
ditions prevail,  there  is  often  little  to  be  known  about 
them ;  it  is  when  the  break  comes  that  we  stand  our  best 
chance  of  catching  glimpses  of  the  old  order,  before  it 
finally  disappears.  In  the  same  way  the  numismatist 
may  hope,  from  a  study  of  the  period  of  civil  strife  and 
chaos  in  68  and  69  A.D.,  to  throw  some  light  on  the 
Julio-Claudian  period  that  precedes  and  on  the  Flavian 
that  follows  it. 


THE    COINAGE    OF    THE    CIVIL    WARS    OF    68-69    A.D.       Ill 

The  aids  to  study  are  comparatively  rich.  Our 
chief  literary  authority  is  the  Histories  of  Tacitus ;  we 
can  supplement  him  by  Plutarch's  Lives  of  Galba 
and  Otho,  Suetonius's  Lives  of  Nero,  Galba,  Otho, 
Vitellius,  and  Vespasian,  and  the  fragments  of  the 
history  of  Dio  Cassius.  Secondly,  we  have  the  coins 
themselves.  Considerations  of  style  and  fabric  will 
lead  us  to  arrange  them  in  certain  groups ;  a  study  of 
types  and  legends  will  help  us  to  check  our  arrange- 
ment. Having  classified  our  coins,  we  have  next  to 
apply  history  to  our  classification,  in  order  to  give  to 
our  numismatic  researches  their  proper  historical 
meaning.  One  class  of  evidence — the  evidence  of  finds 
— is,  unfortunately,  of  little  use  for  our  purpose.  I  have 
not  been  able  to  hear  of  a  single  find  that  really  throws 
much  light  on  our  period  * :  the  most  I  have  been  able 
to  discover  is  the  provenance  of  a  few  isolated  coins.  If 
any  reader  of  this  paper  can  call  my  attention  to  any 
evidence  of  this  sort  that  I  have  missed,  I  shall  be 
sincerely  grateful.  Comparatively  little  has  been 
written  on  the  subject  by  modern  numismatists;  but 
there  are  a  few  excellent  monographs  on  portions  of  it, 
to  which  I  shall  refer  in  the  proper  places. 

It  will  be  well  to  start  with  a  brief  survey  of  the 
coinage  at  the  death  of  Nero.  The  dated  series  of 
aurei  and  denarii  comes  to  a  close  in  the  year  62-63; 
from  then  to  the  end  of  the  reign  the  coins  are  undated 
and  show  the  obverse  inscriptions  NERO  CAESAR 

AVGVSTVS,  IMP.  NERO  CAESAR  AVGVSTVS  and  IMP.  NERO 

1  Just  after  writing  this,  I  read  the  account  of  an  interesting  find, 
extending  from  Republican  times  to  the  reign  of  Vespasian  and  con- 
taining nine  "  autonomous  "  coins,  described  in  the  Berliner  Miinz- 
bldtter,  No.  150-151, 112  ff.  This  find  confirms  the  dating  of  the  series, 
but  hardly  assists  us  in  placing  the  different  issues. 


112  H.    MATTINGLY. 

CAESAR  AVG.  P.P.  The  reverse  types,  too,  change  in  the 
same  year ;  new  reverses,  such  as  AVGVSTVS  AVGVSTA, 
CONCORDIA,  IVPPITER  CVSTOS,  ROMA,  SALVS,  and  VESTA, 
replace  the  standing  figures  of  Mars,  Roma,  and  Ceres, 
and  the  formula  EX  S.  c.,  regular  on  the  earlier  series, 
disappears.  The  undated  series  cannot  be  arranged 
with  certainty,  and,  indeed,  it  is  probable  that  the  same 
types  were  coined  over  a  number  of  years.  It  is,  how- 
ever, fairly  certain  that  the  obverse  legend  IMP.  NERO 
CAESAR  AVG.  P.P.  is  characteristic  of  the  end  of  the 
reign.  It  does  not  occur  with  the  temple  of  Janus 
reverse,  which  may  be  dated  to  about  64 :  therefore  it 
can  hardly  come  at  the  head  of  the  series.  It,  alone  of 
the  three  obverse  legends,  occurs  with  the  three  types 
of  IVPPITER  LIBERATOR,  ROMA  (seated  figure,  legend  in 
field)  and  Eagle  and  Standards :  it  is,  therefore,  un- 
likely to  occur  in  the  middle  of  the  series,  and  must 
come  at  the  end.  The  Eagle  and  Standards  is  probably 
the  last  type  of  the  reign :  it  might  be  connected 
with  the  eastern  expedition  projected  by  Nero,  but 
more  probably  it  refers  to  his  warlike  preparations 
\  against  the  rebel  Vindex.  The  brass  coinage  of  Nero 
offers  some  difficult  problems,  on  which  I  can  only  just 
touch  here ;  I  will  merely  mention  what  seems  im- 
portant for  our  present  purpose.  The  great  bulk  of 
these  coins  bear  no  date;  those  that  are  dated  fall 
between  the  years  64-67.  It  is  probable  that  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  series  belongs  to  the  period  between 
62-63  and  68.  This  view  involves  some  difficulties  in 
the  explanation  of  reverse  types,  but  has  very  strong 
support  in  the  coins  themselves ;  the  imperial  portrait 
on  the  brass  practically  never  shows  any  likeness  to  that 
on  the  dated  aurei  and  denarii  of  the  years  down  to 


THE    COINAGE    OF   THE    CIVIL   WARS   OF    68-69    A.D.       113 

62-63,  but  constantly  to  that  on  those  of  the  later 
period.  The  brass  of  Nero  was  issued  from  two  mints, 
one,  of  course,  the  mint  of  Borne,  the  other  a  mint  that 
distinguishes  its  products  by  a  small  globe  placed  under 
the  neck,  as  also  by  peculiarities  of  obverse  legend  and 
portrait.  R.  Mowat,  noticing  these  points  some  years 
ago,  suggested  Lugdunum  as  the  place  of  issue,2  and 
I  think  we  may  accept  his  suggestion,  though  we  cannot 
suppose  with  him  that  the  small  globe  is  the  peculiar 
mint-mark  of  Lugdunum ;  it  certainly  occurs  also  on  ? 
coins  struck  in  Spain.  If,  however,  as  seems  reasonable, 
we  think  of  this  new  series  as  being,  in  a  sense,  a 
continuation  of  the  coinage  of  the  early  emperors  at 
Lugdunum,  we  may  still  regard  his  attribution  as  ex- 
tremely probable.  I  would  also  attribute  some  of 
the  aurei  and  denarii  of  Nero's  later  period  to  this 
mint.3 

The  way  is  now  clear  for  the  discussion  of  the  coins 
of  our  special  period.  We  start  with  the  so-called 
"  Autonomous  "  series,  denarii  and  a  few  aurei,  without  v 
name  or  head  of  any  emperor,  usually  expressing  in 
their  types  republican  or  military  sentiments.  Excel- 
lent pioneer  work  in  this  field  was  done  many  years 
ago  by  the  Due  de  Blacas,4  and  much  that  he  wrote  then 
holds  good  to-day ;  on  a  few  points,  however,  I  am  bound 
to  disagree  with  his  results.  There  is  no  serious  doubt 
that  these  coins  belong  to  the  years  68  and  69  A.D.  ;  for 

(1)  The   weights   are,  mainly,  those  of  the   reduced 
aureus  and  denarius  of  Nero. 


2  See  R.  N.,  1895,  p.  160  ff. 

3  On  the  interesting  question  of  the  imperial  mint  of  Lugdunum, 
see  L.  Lafiranchi  in  Biv.  Ital.,  1913,  803  ff. 

4  See  B.  N.,  1862,  197  ff. 

NUM.  CHRON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES   IV.  I 


114  H.    MATTINGLY. 

(2)  The  types  show  the  closest  relations  with  those 
of  Nero,  Galba,  Vitellius,  and  Vespasian, 
j      (3)  The  whole  character  of  the  series  is  well  suited 
to  the  chaotic  conditions  of  these  years. 

Eckhel  proposed  to  place  a  number  of  these  coins  in 
the  reign  of  Augustus ;  for  instance,  he  very  plausibly 
assigned  the  coin  with  obv.  MARS  VLTOR,  rev.  SIGN  A  P.  R. 
to  the  year  20  B.C.,  seeing  in  it  a  clear  reference  to  the 
restoration  of  Roman  standards  by  the  Parthians.  But 
this  ingenious  explanation  takes  no  account  of  other 
coins,  with  which  the  MARS  VLTOR  coin  has  undoubted 
connexions,  and  must  therefore  be  abandoned.  The  Due 
de  Blacas  suggested  that  these  coins  should  be  assigned 
to  Rome,  Gaul,  and  Spain.  I  accept  his  attributions 
to  Gaul  and  Spain,  but  cannot  believe  that  any  part 
of  the  series  was  struck  at  Rome.  The  decisive  ob- 
jection seems  to  me  to  be  this :  if  issued  by  the  Senate, 
the  coins  should  bear  some  sign  of  its  authority — for 
example,  the  letters  S.c.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  we  find 
that  this  is  not  the  case.  The  few  coins  on  which  S.C. 
does  occur  cannot,  on  account  of  their  style  and  fabric, 
possibly  belong  to  Rome.  The  S.P.Q.R.  in  a  wreath, 
which  is  a  common  reverse  type,  alternates  with  other 
reverses  which  omit  all  mention  of  the  Senate.  The 
Due  de  Blacas  quotes,  in  support  of  his  view,  a  passage 
of  Tacitus,  "  patres  laeti,  usurpata  statim  libertate 
licentius  ut  erga  principem  novum  et  absentem ;  " 5  but 
1  can  hardly  believe  that  the  Senate  could  have  dared 
to  usurp  the  right  of  coinage  and  deliberately  omit 
\|  all  reference  to  the  emperor,  whom  it  had  itself 
adopted.  On  this  point  we  must  be  quite  clear ;  there 

5  Tac.,  H.,  I.  4. 


THE   COINAGE   OF   THE   CIVIL   WARS   OF    68-69    A.D.      115 

was,  strictly  speaking,  no  interregnum  at  Home  in  68  ; 
the  same  meeting  of  the  Senate  that  deposed  Nero 
bestowed  the  imperial  office  on  Galba.  If,  then,  the 
Senate  struck  "  Autonomous  "  coins,  it  did  so  in  defiance 
of  an  acknowledged  emperor ;  and  this  is  really  an  im- 
possible hypothesis.  It  was  only  in  the  provinces  that  / 
there  was  something  like  an  interregnum,  i.e.  a  period 
of  uncertainty,  during  which  men  felt  that  the  power 
of  Nero  was  over,  yet  did  not  know  his  successor  and 
could  not  tell  to  whom  their  allegiance  was  due.  At 
Corinth,  for  example,  between  the  series  of  Nero  and 
Galba  occur  coins  without  any  emperor's  name  and  with 
such  legends  as  SENATV  P.Q.R.  and  ROMAE  ET  IMPERIO.6 

The  "  Autonomous  "  coins  fall  into  three  large  classes, 
fairly  clearly  divided  from  one  another.  The  first  of 
these  classes  I  assign  to  Spain,  the  second  to  Gaul,  and 
the  third  to  Gaul  or  Upper  Germany. 

A.  The  Spanish  Class.  N,  M. — The  coins  composing 
this  class  are  connected  by  similarity  of  types  and,  to 
some  extent,  of  style ;  but  minor  distinctions  of  style 
suggest  a  further  subdivision  into  three  sections  : — 

(a)  tf,  M.  Coins  of  the  following  types:  GENIO  P.R., 

Rev.  MARTI  VLTORI;  BON.  EVENT.,  Rev.  PACI  P.R.  [PI. 
IX.  2];  LIBERTAS,  Rev.  P.R.  RESTITVTA;  LIBERTAS 
RESTITVTA,  Rev.  S.P.Q.R.  on  shield;  DIVVS  AVGVSTVS, 
Rev.  SENATVS  P.Q.  ROMANVS;  ROMA,  Rev.  PAX  P.R.  ; 
MONETA,  Rev.  SALVTARIS;7  and  a  very  interesting  coin 
in  the  collection  of  Sir  Arthur  Evans  : 

6  See     Earle    Fox,    Journal   International     d' '  Archtologie    Numis- 
matique,  1899,  89  ff. 

7  These  lists  make  no  pretence  of  being  exhaustive :  I  have  picked 
out  a  number  of  prominent  types  of  each  mint.      Since  I  am  not 
dealing  with   the  types  in  close  detail,  I  have  quoted  them  in  the 
briefest  possible  form. 

i2 


116  H.   MATTINGLY. 

Obv.— HISPANIARVM  ET  GALLIARVM.  Two  small  busts 
facing ;  between  them  a  small  Victory  on  a  globe  ; 
above  her,  a  star  in  a  crescent ;  below  the  busts, 
r.  a  shield,  1.  a  trumpet. 

Eev. — VICTORIA  P.R.  Victory  in  biga  r.,  drawing  her 
bow. 

For  coins  of  Galba  from  the  same  mint  see  below, 
p.  123. 
(I)  M.  Coins  of  the  types  BON.  EVENT.,  Eev.  ROM. 

RENASC.      [PL     IX.      1]    and    BON.  EVENT.,    Eev.     ROMA 
RENASCES. 

(c)  A  gold  coin  of  the  types  BONI  EVENTVS,  Eev. 
VIRTVS,  weighing  122  grs.  I  assign  this  coin  to  Tar- 
raco,  the  chief  Spanish  mint  of  Galba.  (See  below, 
p.  121  ff.)  Its  place  there  is  determined  (i.)  by  its 
exceptional  weight — a  feature  which  recurs  in  aurei  of 
Galba  of  this  mint;  (ii.)  by  very  close  similarity  of 
style  to  Galba's  issue. 

V  Sections  (a)  and  (b)  are  probably  the  issues  of  two 
other  Spanish  mints ;  it  is  impossible  to  fix  names 
to  them,  though  Clunia  might  be  suggested  for  one. 
I  suppose  these  coins  to  have  been  struck  by  Galba 
in  Spain  between  April  6  and  early  June,  68  A.D.,  i.e. 
between  the  dates  of  his  acceptance  of  the  offer  of 
Empire  from  Vindex  and  of  his  receiving  news  of  his 
recognition  by  the  Senate.  As  we  shall  see  later,  they 
show  clear  traces  of  connexion  with  other  "  autonomous  " 
coins,  which  I  attribute  to  Gaul,  and  with  coins,  bearing 
Galba's  portrait,  which  I  attribute  to  Spain. 

-v  B.  The  Gallic  Class.  N,  M. — A  large  class,  which  seems 
to  form,  in  a  sense,  one  single  whole,  although  differences 
of  style  suggest  that  further  subdivision  may  be  required. 
To  this  class  belong  ROMA  RESTITVTA,  Eev.  IVPPITER 


THE   COINAGE   OP   THE   CIVIL   WARS    OF   68-69    A.D.      117 

LIBERATOR;  VIRT.,  Eev.  IVPPITER  CVSTOS  [PI.  IX.  16]  ; 
VOLKANVS  VLTOR,  Eev.  GENIOP.R.;  ROMA  RESTITVTA,  Rev. 
IVPPITER  CONSERVATOR;  GENIVS  P.R.,  Eev.  MARS  VLTOR  ; 
VOLKANVS  VLTOR,  Eev.  SIGNA  P.R.;  MARS  VLTOR,  Eev. 
SIGNA  P.R.  [PI.  IX.  17];  SALVS  ET  LIBERTAS,  Rev.  SIGNA 
P.R.;  SALVS  GENERIS  HVMANI,  Rev.  SIGNA  P.R.;  and,  with 

Rev.  S.P.Q.R.  in  wreath,  the  following  obverses:  GENIVS 
P.R.,  MARS  VLTOR  (bust),  MARS  VLTOR  (standing  figure), 
PAX  ET  LIBERTAS,  SALVS  ET  LIBERTAS,  and  SALVS 
GENERIS  HVMANI  [PI.  IX.  18]. 

There  are  several  points  to  notice  : 

(1)  The  occurrence  of  the  same  types  in  various  com- 
binations, marking  a  relationship  between  the  coins  on 
which  they  occur. 

(2)  A   certain   resemblance   to   the    Spanish    classes. 
Compare,   e.g.,  the  types    ROMA  RENASCENS   (Spanish),      / 
ROMA  RESTITVTA  (Gallic),  GENIO  P.R.   (Sp.),  GENIVS   P.R.    ' 

(G.),  S.P.Q.R.  on  shield  (Sp.),  S.P.Q.R.  in  wreath  (G.). 

(3)  The  connexion  with  coins  of   Nero.     Note    the 
types  IVPPITER  CVSTOS  and  IVPPITER  LIBERATOR,  both 
used  by  Nero,  and  compare   the  type,   SIGNA  P.R.  with  "  *. 
eagle  and  standards,  with  Nero's  similar  uninscribed  type. 

These  coins  certainly  form  a  single  group ;  but  they 
display  no  absolute  uniformity  of  style,  and  it  seems 
possible,  or  rather  probable,  that  they  are  the  product 
of  more  than  one  mint.  We  can  hardly  be  wrong,  I 
think,  in  assigning  them  to  the  revolt  of  Vindex  in 
Gaul ;  the  appeals  to  republican  and  military  sentiment 
and  the  constant  references  to  the  Senate  and  people 
of  Home  fit  in  admirably  with  this  hypothesis.  If  we 
must  suggest  a  place,  Augustodunum,  the  capital  town 
of  the  canton  of  the  Eemi,  who  were  among  the  most  J 
ardent  supporters  of  Vindex,  might  be  considered. 


118 


H.    MATTINGLY. 


Evidence  of  finds  to  confirm  our  attribution  would  be 
very  welcome ;  hitherto  I  have  only  been  able  to  hear 
of  single  specimens  found  in  Gaul  and  Britain. 

To  this  Gallic  class  may  be  appended  a  series  of 
countermarked  brass  coins  of  Nero.  They  are  all  du- 
pondii  and  asses  and,  so  far  as  I  have  observed,  belong 
without  exception  to  the  class,  distinguished  by  portrait, 
legend,  and  small  globe  under  the  neck,  which  are 
assigned  to  Lugdunum  (see  above,  p.  113).  The  counter- 
marks found  on  them  are  P.R.  (Fig.  1),  S.P.Q.R.  and  ^ 
(VESPA).  The  last  of  the  three  is  undoubtedly  the  mark  of 
Vespasian;  what  of  the  P.R.  and  the  S.P.Q.R.?  Can  any 
better  explanation  be  suggested  than  that  these  coins, 
circulating  in  Gaul,  were  so  countermarked  by  the 
adherents  of  Vindex  and  thus  form  a  series  of  brass, 
corresponding  to  the  gold  and  silver  described  above  ? 


FIG.  1. — As  of  Nero,  countermarked  on  obverse  P.R. 

A  third  class  of  "  Autonomous  "  coins,  which  I  at- 
tribute to  Upper  Germany  or  Gaul,  will  be  found 
described  below  (see  p.  129  f.). 

Before  passing  on  to  the  coinage  of  Galba,  we  must 
pause  for  a  moment  over  that  of  Clodius  Macer  in  Africa. 
This  man,  who  was  "  legatus  Augusti  pro  praetore  "  of 
the  legio  III  Augusta  in  ISTuniidia,  renounced  his  loyalty 


THE    COINAGE   OF   THE   CIVIL    WARS    OF   68-69    A.D.       119 

to  Nero  in  the  spring  of  68  A.D.  ;  he  refused,  however, 
to  associate  himself  with  Vindex  and  G-alba  and  pro-  * 
fessed  allegiance  only  to  the  Senate.  Even  after  the 
death  of  Nero  he  still  refused  to  acknowledge  Galba ; 
he  raised  a  new  legion,  the  legio  I  Macriana  Liberatrix,  v 
and  auxiliary  cohorts,  and  threatened  the  corn  supply  of 
Rome.  However,  before  he  could  do  much  mischief,  he 
was  put  to  death,  on  Galba's  orders,  by  the  procurator 
Trebonius  Garrutianus.  His  troops  evidently  left  him 
in  the  lurch.  For  a  detailed  account  of  his  coins  I  will 
refer  to  an  excellent  monograph  by  E.  Mowat  ; 8  here  I 
will  only  call  attention  to  a  few  important  points  : — 

(1)  The  formula  S.C.  which  appears  regularly  on  all 
his  coins. 

(2)  The  title  PROPRAE(TOR)  AFRICAE,  assumed  by  him, 
apparently  as  a  Eepublican  equivalent  for  his  official 
title  of  "  legatus  Augusti  pro  praetore." 

(3)  The  imitation  of  Mark  Antony's  legionary  types —  </ 
galley  and  standards. 

One  denarius  requires  a  little  further  attention : 

Obv.—L.  CLODI  MACRI  CARTHAGO  S.C.     Draped  bust  of 
turreted  female,  r. ;  behind,  a  cornucopiae. 

Rev. — SICILIA.    A  triskelis  with  a  Medusa  head  for  centre. 
[PI.  IX.  10.] 

How  can  we  explain  the  types?  Macer  certainly 
never  held  Sicily ;  did  he  succeed  in  winning  Carthage  ? 
It  is  impossible  to  say  with  certainty,  as  Tacitus  and 
our  other  authorities  give  us  the  briefest  of  accounts 
of  his  fall.  But  it  is  rather  probable  that  he  did  ;  there 
were  certainly  no  troops  in  the  province  of  Africa 
capable  of  resisting  him,  and  an  invasion  of  that  province 

8  In  Bin.  Ital.,  1902,  165  fi. 


]20  H.    MATTINGLY. 

.from   Numidia  would  be  his   first   step,  when  he  had 
VI  decided  to  hold  out  against  Galba. 

We  now  come  to  the  large  and  varied  coinage  of 
Galba  himself  and  to  the  problems  that  arise  over  its 
classification.  We  shall  have  to  take  account  of  varieties 
of  style  and  fabric,  of  legend  and  of  portrait ;  a  careful 
study  of  these  may  help  us  to  class  the  coins,  and  we 
can  then  check  our  system  by  a  comparison  with  other 
nearly  contemporary  issues.  We  start  with  a  group  of 
denarii,  presumably  the  earliest  of  the  reign,  which  show 
as  obverse  type  a  figure  of  Galba,  riding  right  or  left :  the 
accompanying  legends  are  either  (1)  GALBA  IMP-  or 

(2)  SER.  GALBA   IMP.  and  SER.  GALBA  IMP.  AVG. 

(1)  With  GALBA  IMP.     Eev.   HISPANIA  (small  draped 
bust,  r.,  with  spears,  shield,  and  ears  of  corn)  [PL  IX.  4], 
Probably  from  the  mint  of  Tarraco  (cp.  above,  p.  116, 
and  below,  p.  121  ff.).     I  have  noted  two  small  varieties 
of  style,  but  both  may  belong  to  the  same  mint. 

(2)  With  SER.  GALBA  IMP.,  &c.     (The   legend  SERVI. 
GALBA  IMP.   occurs    with    the    rev.    ROMA    RENASCENS 
[PI.  IX.  19]).     The  reverses  are  HISPANIA  (small  draped 
bust,  r.,  with  spears,  shield,  and  ears  of  corn),  GALLIA 
(bust,  r.),  TRES  GALLIAE  (three  small  busts,  r.),  VIRTVS' 
(bust,  r.). 

The  reverse  types  practically  prove  that  these  coins 
belong  to  a  Gallic  mint — probably,  I  think,  the  mint, 
or  mints,  which  issued  the  autonomous  coins  described 
above,  p.  116  ff.  (cp.  too  p.  123,  below).9  Mowat  con- 
fidently assigns  the  "TRES  GALLIAE  "  type  to 
Lugdunum ;  but 

(1)  The  globe  below  the  neck  is  certainly  not,  as  he 
assumes,  the  mark  of  one  mint  only ; 

9  This  suggestion  is  based  largely  on  considerations  of  style. 


THE   COINAGE    OF   THE    CIVIL   WARS   OF    68-69    A.D.      121 

(2)  Coins  of  very  different  style  and  fabric  may  be 
assigned,  for  really  strong  reasons,  to  Lugdunum,  leaving 
no  place  there  for  these. 

We  proceed  to  the  coins  of  Galba  that  bear  his 
portrait. 

A.  Spain. 

1.  Mint  of  Tarraco.     N,  M. 

Two  series,  with  obverse  legends  (1)  GALBA  IMP.  (2) 
GALBA  IMPERATOR.  Although  to  some  extent  distinct 
in  style,  the  two  series  may  belong  to  the  same  mint. 
If  not,  I  would  assign  (2)  to  Tarraco,  (1)  to  another  mint 
in  Spain.  The  chief  reverse  types  found  in  these  classes 
are  CONCORDIA  PROVINCIARVM,  DIVA  AVGVSTA,  GALLIA 

HISPANIA,  HISPANIA,  LIBERTAS  PVBLICA,  ROMA  RENASC. 
[PI.  IX.  6],  ROMA  RENASCENS  [PL  IX.  5],  ROMA 

VICTRIX,  S.P.Q.R.,  viRTVS.  (3)  A  series  of  coins,  with 
obverse  legend  SER.  GALBA  IMP.  CAESAR  AVG.  P.M. 
TR.  P.,  and  reverses  ROMA  RENASC.,  ROMA  VICTRIX, 
S.P.Q.R.  OB.  C.S.,  ViRTVS  [PI.  IX.  7],  is  clearly  marked 
out  by  style  as  a  later  continuation  of  the  same  mint. 
It  is  a  curious  fact  that  aurei  of  series  (2)  and  (3) 
always  weigh  about  118  grains,  i.e.  the  weight  of  the 
unreduced  aureus.10 

Why  should  this  class  of  coins  be  assigned  to  Tarraco  ? 
The  reasons  are  fairly  convincing.  We  find  coins  of 
Vitellius  and  Vespasian,  which  unmistakably  belong  to 
the  same  mint.  Now,  as  Otho  must  have  struck  at 
Home,  his  coins  show  us  the  style  and  fabric  of  the 
Roman  mint,  and  we  can  thus  detect  the  Roman  coins 
of  Vitellius  ;  another  class  of  coins  of  Vitellius  seems  to 
belong  to  Lugdunum.  The  only  probable  place  for  a 
third  mint  common  to  Galba,  Vitellius,  and  Vespasian  is 

10  I  have  not  been  able  to  learn  the  weight  of  any  aureus  of  series  (1). 


122  H.    MATTINGLY. 

somewhere  in  Spain.  Further,  a  coin  of  Vespasian  and 
a  coin  of  Divus  Augustus,  both  of  this  mint,  bear  the 
Rev.  HIS  PAN  I  A,  and  an  as  of  Vitellius,  apparently  of 
similar  style,  has  the  Rev.  CONSENSVS  HISPANIARVM. 
We  know,  too,  that  Galba  struck  gold  and  silver  in 
Spain,11  and  we  expect  his  Spanish  mint  to  be,  as  this 
is,  a  prominent  one.  The  mint  then  being  certainly 
Spanish,  Tarraco,  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Tarra- 
conensis,  is  the  natural  place  to  think  of. 

The  next  question  is  that  of  the  date  of  these  coins, 
a  question  which  we  can  best  answer  by  taking  it  in  a 
more  general  form.  To  what  period  do  those  coins 
belong  on  which  Galba  bears  the  title  of  IMPERATOR, 
but  not  of  CAESAR  or  AVGVSTVS?  Suetonius  (Galba,  10) 
tells  us  that  "  Galba  was  hailed  imperator  by  his  troops, 
but  declared  himself  the  legate  of  the  Senate  and  people 
of  Eome ; "  and  Dio  Cassius  (Ixiii.  29.  6)  informs  us  that 
Galba  only  took  the  title  of  Caesar  on  hearing  of  his 
recognition  by  the  Senate,  and  would  not  even  accept 
the  title  of  imperator  on  any  public  document  before 
that  date.  Plutarch  (Galba  20)  leads  us  to  suppose 
that  Galba  struck  coins  very  soon  after  his  acceptance 
of  Vindex's  offer  of  the  Empire.  After  much  con- 
sideration I  think  we  must  accept  Dio's  statement  as 
applying  to  the  coins  and  must  therefore  date  all 
the  coins  that  give  Galba  the  title  of  IMPERATOR  to 
the  period  immediately  following  early  June,  when  he 
received  news  of  the  fall  of  Nero.  The  only  coinage 
of  Galba,  prior  to  that  date,  will  be  the  "  autonomous  " 
pieces,  which  we  assigned  to  Spain  (see  above,  p.  115  f.). 
One  might  have  expected  that  Vindex  and  his  supporters 
would  have  placed  the  name  of  Galba  on  their  coins. 

11  Cp.  Plut.,  Galba,  20. 


THE    COINAGE    OF    THE    CIVIL   WARS   OF   68-69    A.D.      123 

It  is,  perhaps,  just  possible  that  some  of  the  coins  of 
Galba,  assignable  to  Gaul,  may  belong  to  them ;  they 
may  not  have  respected  his  objection  to  the  title  of 
IMPERATOR.  More  probably,  the  end  of  the  movement 
of  Vindex,  coming  quite  soon  after  the  elevation  of 
Galba  to  the  Empire,  prevented  the  starting  of  a  new 
coinage.  The  adoption  of  the  full  imperial  title, 

IMP CAESAR  AVGVSTVS  P.M.  TR.  P.  by  Galba  probably 

dates  from  early  July,  when  he  met  the  envoys  of  the 
Senate  at  Narbo.12 

(2)  Uncertain  mint,  the  same  as  that  of  "  Autonomous," 
Spanish,  class  A  above  (see  p.  115),  JR. 

Obverse    legend    GALBA  IMPERATOR.     Eev.   LIBERTAS 
RESTITVTA    (head,   r.),   LIBERTAS  RESTITVTA    (standing 

figure),  VICTORIA   P.R.,  VIRTVS   [PL    IX.    3],  BON.  EVENT., 

GALLIA  HISPANIA.  It  is  the  style,  and  particularly  the 
lettering,  that  leads  us  to  associate  these  coins  with  the 
above-mentioned  "  autonomous  "  series. 

B.  Gaul. 

(I)  JR. — Coins  with  Obv.SER.  GALBA  iMP.andSER.  GALBA 

IMPERATOR  and  Eev.  VICTORIA  P.R.  and  VIRTVS  [PI.  X.  1], 

probably  from  the  same  mint  as  "Autonomous"  Gallic  (1), 
and  the  horseman  type  of  Galba  (2),  above  (see  p.  116 
and  p.  120).  The  place  may  possibly  be  Augustodunum. 
(2)  N,  JR. — Coins  with  Obv.  SER.  GALBA  IMPERATOR, 
clearly  distinct  in  style  from  (1).  Coins  of  the  same  style 
show  also  the  legend  SER.  GALBA  IMP.  CAESAR  AVG.  P.M. 
TR.  P.  The  reverse  types  in  this  class  are  CONCORDIA 

PROVINCIARVM,  VICTORIA    P.R.  [PL  IX.   14],  and  VICTORIA 

GALBAE  AVG.    The  mint  may  be  Narbo  (see  below,  p.  128). 

(3)  Mint  of  Lugdunum.     N,  JR. — Obverse  legend  SER. 
SVLPICIVS  GALBA  (with  AVG.  IMP.  on  reverse)  and,  more 

12  Suet.,  Galba,  11. 


124  H.   MATTINGLY. 

commonly,  IMP.  GALBA  CAESAR  AVG.  P.P.;    chief  reverse 

types  AEQVITAS   AVG.,   FORTVNA  AVG.  [PI.  X.  3],  PAX.  AVG. 

The  style  is  curious  and  the  lettering  is  particularly  dis- 
tinctive ;  we  may  note  especially  the  form  X  for  A. 

There  are  several  reasons  for  assigning  these  coins  to 
Lugdunum  : 

(a)  We  find  coins  of  Nero,  Vitellius,  and  Vespasian 
of  unmistakably  similar  style.  We  can  fix  with  some 
confidence  the  issues  of  Vitellius  at  Rome  and  Tarraco  ; 
his  one  remaining  issue  must,  practically  speaking,  have 
been  in  Gaul,  and  Lugdunum  is  the  only  Gallic  mint 
that  could  well  have  been  common  to  Nero,  Galba, 
Vitellius,  and  Vespasian. 

(&)  The  title  IMP.  .  .  .  CAESAR  AVG.  P.P.  was  the  latest 
in  use  on  Nero's  coins.  If,  as  I  suppose,  there  was  an 
imperial  mint  at  Lugdunum,  it  would  naturally  carry 
over  the  old  imperial  title  to  the  new  Emperor. 

There  is  also  a  small  class  of  denarii  with  Obv.  GALBA 

IMP.,   Rev.    CONCORDIA     PROVINCIARVM   [PI.  X.  2],    which 

seem  to  belong  to  Lugdunum  ;  they  show  very  great 
likeness  of  portrait  to  brass  coins,  which,  for  other  reasons, 
must  be  assigned  to  Lugdunum  (see  below,  p.  127). 
The  difficulty  is  that  the  style  of  these  pieces  is  not 
exactly  that  of  the  coins  just  above  described  ;  but,  as  the 
reasons  for  attribution  seem  sound  in  both  cases,  I  class 
the  two  series  together.13 

C.  Africa. 

\f 

To  this  province  I  assign  a  small   class  of  denarii, 

distinguished  mainly  by  bearing  the  letters  S.C.  : 


\ 


*  13  One  might  suppose  that  Lugdunum  had  two  mints  —  an  imperial 
for  gold  and  silver,  a  senatorial  for  copper,  working  independently  ;  in 
this  case,  the  former  class  here  might  be  the  product  of  the  imperial 
mint,  the  latter  an  exceptional  silver  issue  of  the  senatorial. 


THE   COINAGE    OF   THE    CIVIL    WARS    OF    68-69    A.D.       125 

1.  Obv. — HISPANIA  S.C.  Draped  bust  of  Hispania,  r. ; 
behind,  two  spears ;  below,  small  round  shield  ; 
in  front,  two  ears  of  corn. 

Bev. — A  shield  lying   on  two   crossed  spears ;    in   the 
angles  formed  by  the  spears,  S.P.Gj.R. 

[PL  IX.  11.] 

2.'  Obv.— SER.  SVLPICIVS  GALBA  IMP.  AVG.  Type  similar 
to  no.  1. 

Bev.— Similar  to  no.  1.     [PL  IX.  12.] 

3.  Obv.— SER.  SVLPICI   GALBAE   IMP.   A.      Type    similar 

to  no.  1. 

Bev. — Similar  to  no.  1. 

4.  Obv.—  SER.  GALBA  IMP.  AVG.     Head  of  Galba,  laureate, 

r. ;  small  globe  under  neck. 

Bev. — VICTORIA  P.R.  S.C.    Victory  standing  r.  on  globe, 
holding  wreath  and  palm.     [PL  IX.  13.] 

I   assign   this   class   to   Africa   and    date   it    to   the 
latter  half  of  June,  68.     Note  the  following  points : — 

(1)  S.C.  appears  as  on  the  coins  of  Macer. 

(2)  There  is  some  similarity  of  style   and   lettering 
between  these  coins  and  those  of  Macer. 

(3)  The   unusual   genitives    in   the   obverse    inscrip- 
tions, SER.  SVLPICI  GALBAE  and  L.  CLODI  MACRI.  (/ 

(4)  These  coins  are  quite  unlike  the  classes  assigned 
to  Gaul  and  Spain.      If  they  stand  apart  from  these 
groups,  Africa  is  one  of  the  few  remaining  places  where 
they  could  have  been  struck. 

If  our  suggestion  is  correct,  we  shall  have  to  assume^ 
that  they  were  struck  by  friends  of  Galba,  probably  at 
Carthage,    in    direct    protest    against    Macer's    hostile 
attitude.     If  Macer,  as  I  believe,  seized  Carthage,  he 
must  have  interrupted  this  issue  to  strike  his  own  coins ;  i/ 


126  H.    MATTINGLY. 

then,  on  the  overthrow  of  Macer,  the  coins  with  Eev. 
VICTORIA  P.R.,  presumably  the  last  of  the  series,  would 
be  struck. 

D.  Rome.     N,  M. 

To  this  mint  may  be  assigned  a  very  large  number  of 
coins,  showing  some  seven  or  more  distinct  portraits 
and  the  obv.  legends  SER.  GALBA  CAESAR  AVG.,  IMP.  SER. 

GALBA  AVG.,  IMP.  SER.  GALBA  CAESAR  AVG.   (or  AVG.  P.M.), 

and,  very  rarely,  GALBA  IMP.     The  favourite  reverses  are 

DIVA  AVGVSTA  [PI.  X.  12],  HISPANIA,  ROMA  RENASC.,  SALVS 
GENERIS  HVMANl,  S.P.Q.R.  OB.  C.S.  in  wreath  [PI.  X.  10], 
VICTORIA  P.R.  [PL  X.  11]. 

/•  The  head  is  usually  laureate,  but  is  occasionally  found 
bare,  notably  on  the  fine  coins  with  Obv.  IMP.  SER.  GALBA 
AVG.  Eev.  S.P.Q.R.  OB.  C.S.  The  series  will  date  from 
June  6,  68,  the  day  of  Galba's  accession  at  Kome,  to 
January  15,  69,  the  day  of  his  murder.  Of  the  obverse 

Megends  GALBA  IMP.  will  naturally  be  placed  earliest; 
IMP.  SER.  GALBA  AVG.  must  follow,  for  it  occurs  with 
practically  the  same  portrait  as  does  GALBA  IMP.; 
SER.  GALBA  CAESAR  AVG.  probably  comes  next,  and 
then  IMP.  SER.  GALBA  CAESAR  AVG.  closes  the  list. 
Perhaps  something  further  in  the  way  of  arrange- 
ment remains  to  be  done  here ;  but  my  present  plan 
will  not  allow  me  to  attempt  greater  detail.  In  spite 
of  all  varieties  of  legend  and  portrait,  I  think  we  must 
treat  this  class  as  a  single  whole.  The  general  style, 
especially  in  the  lettering,  is  remarkably  uniform 
throughout  and  undoubtedly  corresponds  to  that  of  the 
coins  of  Otho,  which  must  have  been  struck  at  Rome.14 


14  Count  de  Sails,  who  arranged  the  British  Museum  Series  with 
great  skill  and  judgment,  assigned  a  part  of  this  group  to  Gaul ;  but 
I  can  find  no  reason  for  his  classification. 


THE    COINAGE    OF   THE    CIVIL   WARS   OF   68-69    A.D.      127 

This  completes  our  survey  of  the  gold  and  silver  coins 
of  Galba,  and  we  come  now  to  his  brass.  We  have  seen 
above  (p.  113)  that  Nero  struck  brass  at  two  mints, 
(a)  Borne,  (6)  Lugdunum.  There  is  practically  no  doubt 
that  Galba  did  the  same.  We  can  pick  out  a  series, 
marked  by  a  distinctive  portrait,  frequently  with  the 
small  globe  under  the  neck,  which  would  correspond 
well  to  Nero's  Gallic  series.  Further,  a  number  of  coins 
(Fig.  2)  of  this  class  bear,  as  an  adjunct  to  the  reverse 
legend,  the  letters  R.  XL.  (Remissa  Quadragensima),  which  v 
very  probably  refers  to  the  famous  customs-duty,  the 


FIG.  2. — Sestertius  of  Galba,  with  R.  XL.  on  reverse. 

"  Quadragensima  Galliarum." 15  We  know  for  a  fact  that 
Galba  did  remit  certain  Gallic  taxes ;  whilst,  on  the 
other  hand,  if  the  reference  is  not  to  this  tax,  we  have 
to  invent  a  meaning  for  the  phrase,  by  supposing  the 
remission  of  some  tax,  called  "  quadragensima,"  at 
Rome.  The  rest  of  the  brass  coins  of  Galba  are  pre- 
sumably to  be  referred  to  Rome,  with  the  exception  of 
a  few  second  brass,  which  show  a  style  very  similar  to 
that  of  Tarraco  and  probably  belong  to  that  mint.  The 
many  obverse  legends  are  bewilderingly  difficult  to 

15  See  Mowat,  E.  N.,  1895,  160  f. 


128  H.   MATTINGLY. 

class ;    I  suggest,  for  the   Eoman  mint,  the  following 
sequence  : — 

(1)  SER.  SVLPI.  GALBA  IMP.  CAESAR  AVG. 

(2)  SER.  GALBA  IMP.  CAESAR  AVG. 

(3)  IMP.  SER.  GALBA  AVG.  TR.  P. 

(4)  IMP.  SER.  SVLP.  GALBA  CAESAR  AVG. 

(5)  IMP.  SER.  GALBA  CAESAR  AVG.18 

•  Lugdunum    apparently    has    only    two    varieties   of 
legend  : — 

(1)  SER.  GALBA  IMP.  CAESAR  AVG. 

(2)  IMP.  SER.  GALBA  AVGVSTVS. 

After  the  intricacies  of  Galba's  coinage  that  of  Otho 
is  quite  refreshing  in  its  simplicity.  Otho  issued  gold 
and  silver  from  the  mint  of  Kome,  with  the  obverse 
legend  IMP.  OTHO  (or  M.  OTHO)  CAESAR  AVG.  TR.  P.,  and 
Rev.  PAX  ORBIS  TERRARVM  [PI.  X.  13],  PONT.  MAX.  (with 
several  different  types),  SECVRITAS  P.R.,  and  VICTORIA 
OTHONIS.  But  one  aureus  in  the  British  Museum 
belongs  to  some  other  mint.  It  has 

Obv.— IMP.   OTHO   CAESAR   AVG.   TR.   P.      Head  of    Otho, 
bare,  r. 

Rev.— PONT.  [MAX.]     Vesta  seated  1.     [PI.  IX.  15.] 

The  style  is  quite  distinct  from  that  of  the  ordinary 
series,  and  the  weight,  117'4  grs.,  is  equally  unusual.  If 
we  look  for  a  likeness  to  this  coin  in  the  series  of  Galba, 
we  shall  find  it  among  coins  which  we  have  attributed  to 
the  mint  of  Narbo  (see  above,  p.  123);  as  an  aureus  of  Galba 
of  this  class  weighs  116'2  grs.,  we  may  regard  the  weight 
as  a  further  indication  of  relationship  between  the  coins. 
If  then  we  have  here  a  mint,  other  than  Kome,  common 
to  Galba  and  Otho,  Narbo  is  a  very  probable  suggestion  ; 

18  I  leave  minor  varieties  out  of  account. 


THE    COINAGE    OF    THE    CIVIL   WARS    OF    68-69    A.D.       129 

the  province  of  Narbonensis  originally  declared  for  Otho 
against  ViteHius,  but  soon  threw  in  its  lot  with  the 
German  armies.  The  only  trouble  then  is  that  we 
might  have  expected  coins  of  Vitellius  from  the  same 
mint ;  but  this  negative  objection  can  hardly  be  allowed 
much  weight. 

Otho,  as  every  schoolboy  knows,  is  unrepresented  in 
the  series  of  Koman  brass.  The  fact  is  undoubted  ;  no 
coin  with  any  serious  claim  to  genuineness  has  ever  yet 
appeared.  But  the  reason  usually  assigned,  that  the 
Senate  did  not  recognize  Otho  as  Emperor,  is  demon- 
strably  false.17  The  fact  is,  we  do  not  know  the  precise 
reason  of  his  lack  of  brass  coinage.  It  has  clearly  some- 
thing to  do  with  the  very  short  period  of  Otho's  stay  as 
Emperor  in  Rome  ;  probably  the  Senate,  which  certainly 
had  no  love  for  Otho,  discovered  some  colourable  pretext 
for  holding  back  the  new  issue  for  a  time. 

Next  in  order  comes  a  third  series  of  "  Autonomous  " 
coins  already  referred  to  above  (see  p.  118). 

C.  Class  of  Upper  Germany. — Denarii,  many  of  them 
plated  and  of  very  rude  fabric,  showing  the  following 
combinations  of  types  : — 

FIDES  EXERCITVVM,  Eev.  FIDES  EXERCITVVM  ;  FIDES 
EXERCITVVM,  Rev.  FIDES  PRAETORIANORVM  [PI.  X.  8]; 
FIDES  EXERCITVVM,  Rev.  CONCORDIA  PRAETORIANORVM  ; 
VESTA  P.R.  QVIRITIVM  (bust),  Rev.  FIDES  EXERCITVVM  ; 
VESTA  P.R.  QVIRITIVM  (bust),  Rev.  I.O.M.  CAPITOLINVS 

(seated  figure)  [PI.  X.  7];  VESTA  P.R.  QVIRITIVM  (bust), 
Rev.  SENATVS  P.Q.  ROMANVS;  I.O.M.  CAPITOLINVS  (bust), 
Rev.  VESTA  P.R.  QVIRITIVM  (seated  figure) ;  DIVVS  AVGVSTVS, 
Rev.  SENATVS  P.Q.  ROMANVS. 

17  Cp.  Tac.,  H.,  I.  47. 
NUM.    CHRON.,   VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES  IV.  K 


130  H.    MATTINGLY. 

We  notice 

(1)  the  interlinking  of  types  ; 

(2)  the  predominant  military  sentiment ; 

(3)  the  close  connexion  with  the  coinage  of  Vitellius, 
who  himself  uses  the  types    FIDES  EXERCITVVM,  CON- 

CORDIA  PRAETORIANORVM,  FIDES  PRAETORIANORVM, 
I.O.M.  CAPITOLINVS  (seated  figure),  SENATVS  P  Q.  ROMANVS, 
VESTA  P.R.  QVIRITIVM  (seated  figure). 

It  is  certain,  then,  that  these  coins  form  a  single  group 
and  stand  in  close  relation  to  the  revolt  of  the  troops  in 
the  Germanies,  which  raised  Vitellius  to  the  throne.  But 
it  is  difficult  to  fix  either  time  or  place  with  absolute 
precision.  The  coins  seem  to  belong  to  the  period  of 
the  revolt  of  the  legions  in  Upper  Germany,  before  the 
legions  of  Lower  Germany  had  declared  Yitellius 
Emperor.  Yet  the  interval  here  was  one  of  a  very 
few  days  (January  1  to  3,  69),  a  very  short  time  allow- 
ance for  our  coinage.  It  is  perhaps  possible  that,  as 
the  rebellion  had  been  some  time  in  planning,  pre- 
parations for  a  coinage  were  already  well  advanced, 
when  the  revolt  actually  broke  out.  Where  then  were 
the  coins  struck  ?  Some  specimens  show  a  style 
approximating  to  that  of  Lugdunum ;  others  are  very 
rough  and  crude.  On  the  whole,  it  seems  most 
probable  that  the  coins  were  struck  in  Upper 
Germany,  presumably  at  the  military  headquarters 
at  Mogontiacum.  The  references  to  the  praetorians 
are  explained  by  a  passage  in  Suetonius  (Galba, 
16),  "  sed  maxime  fremebat  superioris  Germaniae 
exercitus,  fraudari  se  praemio  navatae  adversus  Gallos 
et  Vindicem  operae.  Ergo  primi  obsequium  rumpere 
ausi  Kal.  Jan.  adigi  sacramento  nisi  in  nomen  senatus 
recusarunt,  statimque  legationes  ad  praetorianos  cum 


THE    COINAGE   OF   THE   CIVIL   WARS   OF    68-69   A.D.      131 

mandatis  destinaverunt :  displicere  imperatorem  in  His- 
pania  factum ;  eligerent  ipsi  quem  cuncti  exercitus 
comprobarent."  The  frequently  recurring  type  of  two 
clasped  hands  is  illustrated  by  a  passage  in  Tacitus 
(Histories,  I.  54),  "  Miserat  civitas  Lingonum  vetere 
institute  dona  legionibus  dextras,  hospitii  insigne."  18 

The  study  of  this  last  class  brings  us  naturally  to  the 
coins  of  Vitellius.  After  our  earlier  discussions  classi- 
fication here  is  a  simple  matter. 

A.  Spain.  Mint  of  Tarraco.  -V,  JR.  Obv.  legend, 
A.  VITELLIVS  IMP.  GERMAN,  or  GERMANICVS.  Head, 

laureate,  usually  1.  (occasionally  r.).     Sometimes  there 
is  a  small  branch  in  front  of  the  neck. 
Rev.  types,  CLEMENTIA  IMP.  GERMANICI,  CONSENSVS 

EXERCITVVM,  FIDES  EXERCITVVM,  L.  VITELLI  III  COS. 
CENS.,  LIBERI  IMP.  GERMANICI,  LIBERTAS  RESTITVTA 
[PL  IX.  8],  VICTORIA  AVGVSTI,  VICTORIA  IMP.  GERMANICI. 

The  rev.  I.O.M.  CAPITOLINVS  and  VESTA  P.R.  QVIRITIVM 
do  not  occur  here. 

A  few  asses  (Fig.  3)  of  rough  fabric,  with  the  rev. 

CONSENSVS     EXERCITVVM,    FIDES   EXERCITVVM,    show    a 


FIG.  3.— As  of  Vitellius. 

similar  portrait   to    the    gold  and  silver   and   may  be 
assigned  with  some  confidence  to  this  mint.     The  date 

18  Cp.  too  Tac.,  H.,  II.  8. 


132  H.   MATTINGLY. 

of  the  issue  will  be  from  early  January  to  early  July, 
69 ;  it  was  not  till  his  arrival  in  Eome  in  July  that 
Vitellius  adopted  the  title  of  Augustus.  Style  and 
fabric  clearly  mark  these  coins  as  the  issue  of  that  mint 
which,  as  we  decided  above,  must  be  Tarraco. 

B.  Gaul.  Mint  of  Lugdunum.  N,  M.  Obverse 
legend,  A.  VITELLIVS  IMP.  GERMAN.  Head,  laureate,  r. 
The  style  marks  these  coins  as  belonging  to  the  same 
mint  as  that  which  we  decided  above  to  be  Lugdunum. 

Eev.  types,  CONSENSVS  EXERCITVVM,  FIDES  EXER- 
CITVVM,  I.O.M.  CAPITOLINVS,  LIBERI  IMP.  GERMANIC!, 

VESTA  P.R.  QVIRITIVM  [PI.  X.  4],  The  date  will  be  the 
same  as  for  the  issues  of  Tarraco  above ;  but  probably 
this  mint  started  coining  for  Vitellius  rather  earlier  than 
that.  A  few  coins  belong  to  a  date  after  early  July  ;  cp. 
the  aureus  in  the  British  Museum,  A.  VITELLIVS  GER.  IMP. 

AVG.     P.     MAX.     TR.     P.,     rev.     CONSENSVS      EXERCITVVM 

[PI.  X.  5]. 

0.  Eome.     N,  M. 

(1)  Without  title  of  AVGVSTVS.    Obverse  legend,  A. 
VITELLIVS   GERMAN.   IMP.   TR.  P.     (a)    head,    bare,    r.  ; 
(&)  head,  laureate,  r. ;  date,  April  19,  to  early  July,  69. 

(2)  With  title  of  AVGVSTVS.     Obverse  legend  as  above ; 
head,  laureate,  r. 

Ke verse  types  of  the  Koman  mint,  CONCORDiA  P.R. 

[PL  X.  14],  IVPPITER  VICTOR,  LIBERTAS  RESTITVTA, 
LIBERI  IMP.  GERMANICI,  L.  VITELLIVS  COS.  Ill  CENSOR 

(bust,  and  seated  figure),  PONT.  MAXIM  [PL  X.  15], 
XVVIR.  SACR.  FAC.,  Victory  seated  1.  (uninscribed). 

The  Rev.  FIDES  EXERCITVVM  occurs  only  with  (1)  (a). 

The  brass  of  Vitellius,  apart  from  the  few  asses 
mentioned  above,  belongs  entirely  to  the  mint  of  Kome. 
The  portrait  is  fairly  uniform,  but  there  are  a  number  of 


THE   COINAGE    OF   THE   CIVIL   WARS   OF   68-69    A.D.      133 

small  varieties  of  legend.  As  all  the  coins  bear  the 
imperial  title  of  AVGVSTVS,  they  are  all  later  than  early 
July,  69,  when  Vitellius  on  his  entry  into  Rome  adopted 
that  title. 

Rev.  types,  CERES  AVG.,  L.  VITELLIVS  COS.  Ill  CENSOR, 
MARS  VICTOR,  PAX  AVGVSTI,  S.C.  (Mars,  r.),  VICTORIA 
AVGVSTI. 

A  few  coins  may,  with  high  probability,  be  assigned  to 
the  Gallic  re  volt  against  Rome  in  69-70.  I  will  describe 
the  few  specimens  that  seem  to  me  to  belong  here : 

1.  Obv. — GALLIA.      Bust  of   Gallia,  draped,   with  hair   in 

roll,   torque  round   neck,   r. ;   behind   head,  a 
Gallic  trumpet. 

Rev. — FIDES.  Two  clasped  hands  holding  two  ears  of 
corn  and  a  standard  surmounted  by  a  wild 
boar.  JR.. 

In  the  Haeberlin  collection.19 

2.  Obv. — LIBERTAS  RESTITVTA.    Bust  of  Libertas,  draped, 

veiled   and  diademed,  r. ;   in  front  of  bust,  a 
corn-ear. 

Rev. — CON  COR  Dl  A.  Concordia  seated  1.,  holding  in  r. 
hand  a  spear,  surmounted  by  a  boar,  and  in  1. 
hand  a  caduceus.  JR. 

3.  Obv.— Similar  to  2. 

Rev. — MARS  ADSERTOR.  Mars  standing  facing,  look- 
ing r.,  holding  standard  and  shield.  JR. 

4.  Obv.— Similar  to  2. 

Rev. — Similar  to  3.     But  Mars  holds  trophy  and  shield. 

JR. 

5.  Obv.— Similar  to  2. 

Rev. — MARS  V  LTO  R .  Mars  standing  r . ,  holding  standard 
and  shield.  JR. 


19  See    M.    Hermann,   Eine    Gallische    Unabhangigkeitsmiinze   aus 
romischer  Kaiser zeit. 


134  H.    MATTINGLY. 

6.  Obv. — SALVTIS.     Head  of  Salus,  diademed,  r. 

Jfojj. — CONCORDIA.     Concordia  standing  1.,  holding  an 
olive-branch  and  a  cornucopiae.     N. 

The  wild  boar  on  the  reverses  of  (1)  and  (2)  was  the 
national  emblem  of  Gaul.20  The  appeals  are  all  to  the 
love  of  liberty  and  to  martial  spirit  and  there  is  a  total 
absence  of  reference  to  the  Senate,  people,  or  armies  of 
Borne.  These  coins,  then,  form  a  group  somewhat  apart 
from  any  other  and  probably  belong  to  the  Gallic  revolt. 
The  date  will  be  from  January  to  late  in  70 ;  the  place 
can  hardly  be  ascertained,  but  would  probably  be  in 
Upper  or  Lower  Germany. 

A  remarkably  interesting  denarius  in  the  collection 
of  Sir  Arthur  Evans  seems  to  require  a  place  by  itself. 
Its  description  is  as  follows : — 

Obv.— ADSERTOR  LIBERTATIS.  Head  of  Mars  (?)  hel- 
meted,  r. 

j&>0.— LEGION.  XV.  PRIMI[GEN].  Victory  standing  r., 
erecting  a  trophy,  consisting  of  a  cuirass,  a 
round  and  an  oblong  shield  and  a  pair  of 
greaves.21  [PI.  X.  9.] 

If  types  mean  anything,  this  coin  has  some  special 
connexion  with  the  legio  XV  Primigeneia.  During 
the  whole  of  our  period  it  was  stationed  at  Vetera  in 
Lower  Germany.  Its  companion  legion,  the  V  Alauda, 
and  a  detachment  of  itself  marched  with  Valens  to 
Italy;  the  main  body  of  the  XVth  stayed  at  Vetera 


20  See  Hermann,  quoted  above,  n.  19. 

21  I   am  deeply  indebted  to   Sir  Arthur   Evans   for  permission  to 
publisb  this  and  other  of  his  coins.     The  trophy  has  been  described  as 
Celtiberian,  but  I  have  the  authority  of  Mr.  Horace  Sandars  for  stating 
that  there  is  nothing  distinctively  Celtiberian  about  it. 


THE   COINAGE   OF   THE   CIVIL    WARS   OF    68-69    A.D.      135 

and  was  besieged  there  by  Civilis  during  the  German 
revolt.  I  would  attribute  this  coin,  then,  to  Vetera, 
during  its  siege  by  the  Germans.  How  are  we  to  account 
for  the  omission  of  all  reference  to  an  Emperor  ?  Tacitus 
(H.,  IV.  37)  will  supply  the  clue ;  he  tells  us  "  Vitellii 
tamen  imagines  in  castris  et  per  proximas  Belgarum 
civitates  repositae,  cum  iam  Yitellius  occidisset,"  i.e.  the 
troops,  after  having  accepted  Vespasian,  once  more  re- 
turned to  their  old  allegiance  to  Vitellius,  not  knowing 
him  to  be  dead.  What  did  they  do  when  the  news  of 
his  death  arrived  ?  Having  no  allegiance  left  to  which 
to  turn  they  must  have  based  their  last  hopes  on  their 
own  valour  and  on  their  patron  god  of  war. 

The  coinage  of  Vespasian  is  too  large  a  subject  to 
bring  within  the  scope  of  this  paper :  I  can  only  deal 
with  it  in  the  briefest  outline,  noting  its  points  of 
connexion  with  the  issues  we  have  been  discussing. 

A.  Spain.     Mint  of  Tarraco.     N*  JR.    Coins  identified 
by  style,  on  comparison  with  issues  of  Galba  and  Vitel- 
lius.    Among  the  reverse  types  are   COS.  ITER.  FORT. 

RED.  [PI.  IX.  9],  IVDAEA,  PAX,  CONSENSVS  EXERCITVVM, 
HISPANIA,  MARS  CONSERV,  MARS  VLTOR. 

Two  coins  with  Obv.  Diws  AVGVSTVS,  Rev.  HISPANIA  and 
PAX  P.R.  respectively,  certainly  belong  to  this  same  mint, 
and  probably  to  this  period  of  it. 

B.  Gaul.     Mint  of  Lugdunum.    N,  M.    Coins  identi- 
fied by  style,  on  comparison  with  issues  of  Galba  and 
Vitellius.     Among  the  many  reverse  types  are  IVDAEA 

DEVICTA,  DE  IVDAEIS,  TRIVMP.  AVG.  [PI.  X.  6],  PACI 
AVGVSTI,  S.P.Q.R.P.P.OB.C.S.,  TITVS  ET  DOMITIANVS 
CAESARES,  and  VESTA. 

This  coinage  certainly  extends  from  69  to  72,  and 
perhaps  later ;  but  after  72  it  is  rather  more  doubtful. 


136  H.    MATTINGLY. 

Both  these  mints,  Tarraco  and  Lugdunum,  seem  to 
have  issued  brass,  at  any  rate  in  the  early  years  of 
Vespasian. 

C.  Rome.  Nt  M.  It  is  not  easy  to  decide  exactly 
which  of  the  earlier  issues  of  Vespasian  are  from  this 
mint.  One  class  of  coin,  however,  is  marked  down  to 
Rome  by  the  portrait  of  Vespasian,  which  is  little  more 
than  an  adaptation  of  the  Roman  portrait  of  Vitellius 
[see  PI.  X.  16]. 

Other  coins  of  Vespasian  belong  to  other  parts  of  the 
Empire  and  lie  apart  from  our  subject.  Such  are 

(1)  The  Syrian  class,  struck  at  Antioch  and  possibly 
at  other  places,  such  as  Berytus. 

(2)  The   Asia   Minor  class,  struck   at   the   mints   of 
Ephesus,     Byzantium,     and     probably     several     other 
cities. 

(3)  Coins    struck    for    the   armies   of  Illyricum,   at 
Aquileia  (?). 

There  are  probably  a  few  other  subordinate  mints  still 
to  be  traced.  I  trust  to  follow  up  this  question  in  a  later 
paper. 

We  have  now  completed  our  survey  of  the  coinage  of 
the  Civil  Wars  and  have  seen  how  well  it  mirrors  the 
stirring  events  of  the  time.  We  have  seen  how  the  right 
of  coinage,  attached  to  the  imperial  office,  is  naturally 
exercised  by  each  Emperor  in  that  part  of  the  Empire  in 
which  he  happens  to  be ;  this  fact  may  throw  light  both 
on  the  origin  of  the  imperial  coinage  in  general  and  on 
the  placing  of  certain  special  issues  in  the  first  and 
second  centuries  A.D.  And,  although  numismatics  cannot 
add  much  to  our  historical  knowledge  of  the  time,  it  can 
at  least  perform  its  useful  and  normal  function  of  illus- 
trating and  vivifying  history. 


THE    COINAGE    OF   THE    CIVIL    WAKS   OF   68-69    A.D.      137 


I  conclude  with  two  charts,  giving  a  conspectus  of 
the  coinage  which  we  have  been  discussing — 


Gaul. 

Upper 
Ger- 

Spain. 

Africa. 

Gold  and  silver. 

Rome. 

many. 

Lugdn- 
num. 

Augusto- 
tlunum  (?) 

Narbo. 

Mogon- 
tiacnm 

Tar- 
raco. 

Un- 
certain. 

Un- 
certain. 

Car- 
thage (?) 

Nero    .... 

X 

X 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Clodius  Macer  . 

— 

_ 

— 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_. 

_ 

X 

"  Autonomous  " 

— 

9 

X 

_ 

X  (?) 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Galba  .... 

X 

X 

x  (?) 

X 

_ 

X 

X 

_ 

X 

Otho    .... 

X 

_ 

_ 

X 

_ 





_ 

_ 

Vitellius  .     .     . 

X 

X 

— 

— 

_ 

X 

_ 

— 

— 

Vespasian     .     . 

X 

X 

— 

— 

— 

X 

— 

— 

— 

Brass. 

Rome. 

Lugduuum. 

Tarraco. 

Nero    .     .     . 

X 

X 

Galba  .     .     . 

X 

X 

X 

Otho   .     .     . 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Vitellius  .    . 

x 

— 

X 

Vespasian    . 

X                      X 

X 

H.  MATTINGLY. 


VII. 
EDWABD  VI  AND  DURHAM  HOUSE. 

THE  shadow  of  uncertainty  has  rested  upon  the  com- 
ments of  writers  who  have  from  time  to  time  affirmed 
or  doubted  the  existence  of  a  working  mint  during  the 
reign  of  Edward  VI  in  the  Strand  palace  of  the  Bishops 
of  Durham.  I  shall,  however,  hope  to  prove  in  the 
following  pages  that  the  affirmative  tradition  can  now 
be  accepted  as  an  established  fact,  as  it  has  apparently 
fallen  to  my  lot  to  bring  to  light  certain  evidence  which 
should  remove  the  main  question,  at  least,  from  the 
region  of  speculation. 

The  Durham  House  of  Tudor  days,  as  shown  in  early 
prints,  occupied  a  fine  position  facing  the  Thames,  its 
land  running  northwards  from  the  river  to  the  line  of 
the  Strand.  The  site  was  eventually  cleared  by  the 
brothers  Adam  in  the  eighteenth  century  for  the  purpose 
of  erecting  the  buildings  known  as  the  Adelphi,  but  the 
name  of  the  old  palace  is  perpetuated  by  Durham  Street. 
Stow  in  his  Survey  of  London  (1598)  when  describing 
the  house  makes  no  reference  to  a  mint,  although  he 
mentions  elsewhere  the  similar  establishment  at  Suffolk 
House  in  Southwark.  It  is  also  remarkable  that  the 
King's  Journal  does  not  contain  any  allusion  to  the  new 
departure  in  1548-1549. 

Before  dealing  with  the  recently  acquired  informa- 
tion I  will  turn  aside  for  a  moment  to  consider  two 


EDWARD    VI    AND   DURHAM    HOUSE.  139 

mutually  destructive  stories  which  have  grown  up  side 
by  side  with  the  real  history  of  the  undertaking.  These 
are  the  allegations  (1)  that  Sir  Wm.  Sharington,  in 
collusion  with  Thomas,  Lord  Seymour  of  Sudeley,  carried 
on  this  mint,  and  (2)  that  Edward,  Duke  of  Somerset, 
"  erected  a  mint  at  Duresme  Place  for  his  own  private 
advantage."  It  is,  I  think,  quite  obvious  that  the 
former  statement  is  due  to  a  confusion  between  Durham 
House  and  Bristol,  which  latter  mint  had  been  fraudu- 
lently exploited  by  Sharington  and  Thomas  Seymour 
(Num.  Chron.,  Ser.  IV.  Vol.  XI.  pp.  331-350),  both  of 
whom  were,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  prisoners  in  the  Tower,  for 
other  reasons,  at  the  date  when  the  industry  at  Durham 
House  came  into  being;  and  it  would  seem  the  more 
desirable  to  correct  this  misapprehension  as  it  has  lately 
obtained  wider  circulation  in  Mr.  E.  B.  Chancellor's  work 
The  Annals  of  the  Strand  (1912).  The  charge  against 
the  Duke  of  Somerset  cannot  perhaps  be  so  absolutely 
refuted,  but  it  is,  I  believe,  equally  untrue,  although 
it  was  put  forward  in  his  lifetime. 

Edward  Seymour,  in  his  capacity  as  Protector  of  the 
realm,  undoubtedly  established  the  new  mint,  a  step 
which  may  have  given  rise  to  the  imputation,  as  the 
Bristol  scandal  had  then  recently  become  public 
property.  But  the  most  significant  circumstance  in 
favour  of  the  Protector's  innocence  in  this  matter  is  the 
absence  of  a  single  word  suggesting  malpractices  at 
Durham  House  from  the  28  articles  of  accusation  which 
were  preferred  against  him  at  his  subsequent  impeach- 
ment. Such  evidence  would  have  been  easy  to  find  if 
there  had  been  any  truth  in  the  charge.  Among  the 
confessions  of  Sharington  there  is  a  conversation  which 
affords  an  instance  of  these  contemporary  rumours,  and 


140  HENRY   SYMONDS. 

illustrates  the  bitterness  which  then  existed  between  the 
two  members  of  the  Seymour  family.  On  February  15, 
1548-1549,  Sharington  alleged  that  at  the  opening  of 
the  mint  in  Durham  Place,  Thomas  Seymour  said  to  him 
that  he  hoped  the  "Lord  Protector  do  not  make  that 
rnynt  for  himself,"  to  which  Sharington  replied,  "No, 
they  have  indenturs  as  well  as  we  [i.e.  at  Bristol]  betwixt 
the  King  and  them,"  and  that  the  Lord  Admiral  rejoined 
that  Bowes  the  treasurer  was  the  Protector's  man,  as  he 
had  been  informed  (Haynes's  State  Papers  of  Lord 
Burleigli,  1740). 

[Returning  now  to  the  principal  subject,  the  first 
document  is  that  which  sets  out  the  constitution  of  the 
mint  in  a  form  which  is  unusual  in  the  case  of  a  new 
organization,  the  more  general  custom  being  to  execute 
an  indenture,  or  agreement,  between  the  Crown  and  the 
intended  officers.1 

A  Commission  was  directed  to  "  John  Bowes  esquyer 
treasaurer  of  oure  mynt  within  oure  maner  called 
Dureham  Place,  Robert  Eecorde  esquyer  comptroler  of 
the  same  mynt,  and  John  Maire  gentilman  general 
assayer  there ;  "  reciting  that  the  King,  by  the  advice 
of  his  well-beloved  uncle,  Edward,  Duke  of  Somerset, 
and  others  of  the  Privy  Council,  was  resolved  to  make 
certain  new  moneys  of  gold  and  silver  of  the  standards 
and  valuations  thereinafter  mentioned,  "  after  oure 
pclamacions  be  set  fourth  in  that  behalf."  The  three 
officers  were  ordered  to  strike  into  print  four  manner  of 
coins  of  22  c.  fine  gold  and  2  c.  alloy  in  the  Ib.  Troy,  viz. 


1  In  an  Exchequer  account  (303/5)  certain  sums  are  allowed  for  the 
cost  of  writing  the  respective  indentures  for  the  mints  at  the  Tower, 
Southwark,  Canterbury,  York,  Bristol  and  Dublin,  between  the  regnal 
years  1  and  4  Edw.  VI,  but  no  mention  is  made  of  a  document  for 
Durham  House. 


EDWARD   VI   AND   DURHAM    HOUSE.  141 

The  sovereign,  running  for  20s.,  of  which  34  shall 
weigh  1  Ib.  Troy. 

Half  sovereign,  "Our  Edward  royall,"  for  10s.,  of 
which  67  shall  weigh  1  Ib.  Troy. 

Crown,  for  5s.,  of  which  136  shall  weigh  1  Ib.  Troy. 

Half-crown,  for  2s.  Gd.,  of  which  272  shall  weigh  1  Ib. 
Troy. 

A  "  remedy "  of  2  grains,  or  £  of  a  carat,  in  the  Ib. 
Troy. 

The  treasurer  might  buy  fine  gold  of  24  c.  at  £3  the 
ounce,  in  lawful  moneys  by  tale,  and  gold  of  less  fineness 
at  proportionate  rates. 

And  to  strike  into  print  two  manner  of  coins  of  8  oz. 
fine  silver  and  4  oz.  alloy  in  the  Ib.  Troy,  viz. 

The  shilling,  running  for  I2d.,  of  which  96  shall  weigh 

1  Ib.  Troy. 

Half-shilling,  running  for  §d.,  of  which  187  shall 
weigh  1  Ib.  Troy. 

A  "  remedy  "  of  2dwt.  in  the  Ib.  Troy. 

And  shall  continue  to  make,  notwithstanding  any- 
thing within  the  present  commission,  groats,  half- groats, 
pence,  halfpence  and  farthings  of  4  oz.  fine  silver  and 
8  oz.  alloy,  according  to  the  limitations  of  "a  pair  of 
indentures  made  between  us  and  other  our  officers  there  " 
and  bearing  date  December  2,  2  Edw.  VI  (1548).  And 
furthermore  shall  continue  the  converting  of  "  our 
money  latelie  called  testons"  according  to  the  com- 
missions directed  to  the  treasurers  and  others  of  the 
mints  within  the  Tower,  and  dated  February  16, 

2  Edw.  VI  (1547-1548).     And  to  the  intent  that  the 
moneys  aforesaid  might  be  richly  made  in  weight  and 
fineness,  the  officers  were  authorized  to  make  the  same 
as  nigh   unto  the  said  standards  as  they,  "being  kept 


142  HENRY    SYMONDS. 

out  of  danger,"  might  conveniently  make  them.  Dated 
at  Westminster,  January  29,  3  Edw.  VI  (1548-1549). 
(Patent  Boll,  3  Edw.  VI,  part  3,  m.  22  dors.) 

The  terms  of  the  document  are  peculiar  in  more  than 
one  respect.  First,  it  is  unquestionable  that  this  com- 
mission was  not  the  earliest  step  in  the  process  of  setting 
up  the  mint  at  Durham  House,  because  we  are  told  that 
in  the  previous  December  the  customary  indenture  had 
been  executed  by  certain  unnamed  officers.  At  this 
point,  however,  the  Exchequer  records  fail  us ;  the  pro- 
visions of  this  indenture,  the  names  of  those  entrusted 
with  the  work,  and  the  reason  for  their  presumed  dis- 
missal after  seven  weeks  only,  cannot  now  be  ascertained, 
and  to  that  extent  the  history  of  the  undertaking  must 
be  left  incomplete,  unless  the  requisite  facts  should  be 
incidentally  disclosed  by  other  public  or  private  records 
not  directly  relating  to  the  coinage.  Again,  the  con- 
cluding extract  from  the  commission  seems  to  be  quite 
without  precedent,  inasmuch  as  it  gives  the  officers  an 
unusually  free  hand  (beyond  the  limits  of  the  "  remedy  ") 
in  the  making  of  the  coins ;  under  such  circumstances 
the  omission  of  a  proviso  as  to  the  trials  of  the  pyx, 
either  in  the  mint  or  at  Westminster,  is  not  altogether 
surprising,  and  it  should  also  be  noted  that  there  is  no 
order  for  the  use  of  a  privy  mark.  One  other  feature 
of  interest  in  this  document  calls  for  notice.  For  the 
first  time  in  the  annals  of  our  mint  history  the  coins 
described  as  the  "  shilling  "  and  the  "  half-shilling  "  were 
ordered  to  be  struck  for  currency.  It  is,  of  course,  true 
that  several  indentures  in  the  first  year  of  Edward  VI 
provided  for  silver  coins  of  twelve  pence,  but  these 
were  called  "  testons  "  and  were  of  much  greater  weight. 

With  respect  to  the  three  men  who  were  responsible 


EDWARD   VI    AND   DURHAM   HOUSE.  143 

for  the  operations  at  Durham  House,  I  find  no  record  of 
their  appointments  other  than  is  contained  in  the  com- 
mission, an  oversight  which  is  characteristic  of  the  hap- 
hazard methods  of  administration  in  vogue  during  this 
reign.  John  Bowes,  the  head  of  the  establishment,  will 
be  referred  to  later  in  connexion  with  the  mint-marks 
on  the  coins,  meanwhile  I  think  that  I  recognize  in 
Robert  Eecorde,  the  comptroller,  a  trusted  and  expert 
servant  of  the  Crown  who  was  sent  to  Bristol  to  help 
Sir  Thomas  Chamberlain,  and  who  was  afterwards  chief 
technical  adviser  at  the  mines  and  the  mint  in  Ireland. 
Possibly  he  was  the  physician  and  mathematician  who 
bore  the  same  names  and  who  died  in  1558.  Of  John 
Maire,  the  assayer,  I  know  nothing  ;  he  comes  upon  the 
stage  for  the  first  time,  and  leaves  it  when  the  curtain 
falls  at  Durham  House. 

It  will  have  been  observed  that  the  commission  does 
not  allude  to  an  engraver,  and  therefore  we  probably 
ought  to  .assume,  in  the  absence  of  direct  evidence  to 
the  contrary,  that  the  dies  were  prepared  at  the  Tower 
by  Henry  Basse,  or  by  his  assistant  Robert  Pitt,  in 
accordance  with  the  practice  which  then  obtained  when 
coining  irons  were  required  for  the  subsidiary  mints, 
excepting  Dublin  and  Bristol.  This  economy  in  working 
expenses  does  not  facilitate  the  task  of  distinguishing 
between  the  products  of  the  Tower  and  Durham  House, 
for  a  second  artist  might  introduce  some  detail  of  his 
craft  which  would  enable  a  student  to  identify  the  coins 
issued  from  the  Strand  workshops. 

The  proclamation  "for  the  valuation  of  new  coins 
of  gold  and  silver  "  is  dated  24  Jan.,  2  Edw.  VI,  viz. 
five  days  earlier  than  the  commission,  which  refers  to  its 
publication  as  a  future  event.  The  King  orders  that  the 


144  HENRY   SYMONDS. 

four  pieces  of  gold  (again  styling  the  half-sovereign  as 
"  Edward  royall ")  and  the  two  pieces  of  silver,  which  he 
"  hath  caused  to  be  made,"  shall  be  thenceforth  current 
within  his  dominions,  at  the  values  already  set  out  in 
the  extracts  from  the  commission.  The  proclamation 
concludes  by  directing  that  all  manner  of  groats,  half- 
groats,  pence  and  halfpence,  "  not  clipped  or  full 
broken,  albeit  they  may  be  much  cracked,"  shall  be 
received  without  refusal,  under  a  penalty  of  arrest. 

At  present  I  have  only  proved  that  the  mint  was  duly 
inaugurated;  the  next  step  will  be  to  show  that  coins 
were  in  fact  struck  there,  in  order  to  set  at  rest  the 
doubts  which  have  arisen,  but  unfortunately  this  cannot 
be  done  in  the  form  I  could  wish,  as  the  usual  accounts 
of  the  under-treasurer,  which  would  disclose  his  trans- 
actions, have  not  come  down  to  us.  It  is,  however, 
possible  to  obtain,  in  a  restricted  shape  and  through 
another  channel,  the  desired  assurance  that  Durham 
House  was  not  merely  a  mint  on  paper,  one  in  which 
the  moneyer's  hammer  was  never  used.  Sir  Edmund 
Peckham,  the  high  treasurer,  to  whom  all  the  mint 
establishments  in  England  and  Ireland  accounted  for 
their  gains,  drew  up  a  statement  of  the  sums  so  paid  to 
him  during  a  period  extending  from  36  Henry  VIII  to 
5  Edward  VI.  This  return  is  in  excellent  condition, 
and  among  the  labyrinth  of  figures  is  a  note  of  the 
amounts  received  from  John  Bowes.  We  may  infer  that 
the  earning  of  profits  connotes  industrial  activity  of 
some  kind,  but  whether  the  coinage  was  of  gold  or  of 
silver,  or  whether  it  included  both  the  striking  of  the 
new  currency  and  the  conversion  of  the  old,  must  re- 
main unsolved  as  far  as  this  particular  document  is 
concerned. 


EDWARD   VI   AND    DURHAM    HOUSE.  145 

Peckham  acknowledges  to  have  received  from  the 
"  undertreasorer  of  the  Kinges  mynte  in  Duresme  Place 
in  the  suburbes  of  London,  of  the  revenue  and  encrease 
of  bullion  coyned,"  the  sum  of  £9100  in  nine  separate 
payments,  of  which  the  first  was  on  May  2,  3  Edw.  VI 
(1549),  and  the  last  on  October  21  in  the  same  year. 
(Declared  acct8.,  Pipe  office,  2077.)  These  figures  go 
to  show  that  the  output  was  considerable,  but  it  would 
be  impossible  to  make  a  reliable  calculation  as  to  the 
aggregate  number  of  coins  produced  unless  we  could 
ascertain  the  respective  quantities  of  gold  and  silver 
bullion.  As  the  above  memorandum  is  the  only  entry 
which  relates  to  the  mint  in  the  Strand,  notwithstanding 
that  the  account  extends  to  the  beginning  of  1551,  I 
suppose  that  the  date  of  the  payment  on  October  21, 
1549,  represents  in  point  of  time  the  end  of  the  opera- 
tions, more  or  less  approximately.  If  this  deduction  be 
well  founded,  Durham  House  would  probably  be  the 
shortest  lived  among  English  mints  which  were  formally 
constituted,  seeing  that  a  period  of  about  eleven  months 
is  all  that  can  with  certainty  be  assigned  to  it. 

Some  might  regard  it  as  an  ominous  coincidence  that 
in  October,  1549,  the  Protector  was  deposed  from  office 
and  sent  to  the  Tower,  but  not  to  that  part  of  the  fortress 
in  which  we  are  chiefly  interested.  I  prefer  to  think 
that  the  unexplained  cessation  of  work  by  John  Bowes 
was  caused  in  a  large  measure  by  scarcity  of  bullion, 
and  in  support  of  this  view  I  will  add  extracts  from  two 
letters  which  throw  light  upon  the  straits  to  which 
Peckham  and  others  were  reduced. 

On  June  22,  1549,  Sir  Thomas  Smith,  the  King's 
secretary,  tells  the  Protector  that  "  necessity  will  drive 
to  leave  York  and  Canterbury  mints  as  well  as  Bristow  " 

NUM.    CHRON.,   VOL.  XIV.,    SERIES    IV.  L 


146  HENRY   SYMONDS. 

for  lack  of  bullion,  unless  small  moneys  be  coined  from 
the  "  reliques  "  of  testons.  (By  a  slip  which  very  rarely 
happens,  the  printed  calendar  of  State  Papers  gives  an 
exactly  contrary  sense  to  this  passage.)  On  the  same 
day  Peckham  sends  a  despairing  letter  to  Smith,  saying 
that  the  writer  will  find  it  hard  to  make  payments 
"  unless  it  may  please  you  for  to  write  your  letters  to 
Mr  Bowes  of  Deresme  Place  for  to  make  payment  to 
my  hands  of  the  m1-11  which  he  did  promise  unto  you  of 
the  profits  rising  of  his  office,  of  the  which  yet  hitherto 
sithence  the  erection  of  the  same  he  hath  paid  but 
vic  Ji,  so  that  it  is  not  to  be  doubted  but  that  he  may  well 
spare  one  m1-limore,  and  wherefore  I  do  heartily  pray 
for  [you]  to  write  unto  him  for  to  pay  the  same  unto  me 
now  at  this  need."  (S.  P.  Dom.,  Edw.  VI,  vol.  7.  38-9.) 

Only  once  more  do  I  find  a  trace  of  the  abandoned 
mint,  viz.  on  August  18,  1551,  when  the  Privy  Council 
instructs  Sir  John  Yorke  "to  deliver  iiiml-H  of  suche 
money  as  he  receaved  of  the  mynte  at  Duresme  .  .  . 
after  the  rate  of  xiid  the  shilleng,"  for  use  in  Ireland. 
It  would  appear,  therefore,  that  the  remainder  of  the 
coin  and  bullion  at  Durham  House  had  been  removed  to 
Southwark,  or  to  the  Tower,  in  the  meantime.  I  should 
not  omit  to  state  that,  happily,  no  one  employed  at 
Durham  House  is  to  be  found  in  the  list  of  eight  respon- 
sible persons  at  various  other  mints  who  were  eventually 
pardoned  for  having  permitted  or  committed  trans- 
gressions of  every  conceivable  kind  in  relation  to 
the  coinage ;  these  offences  form  a  painful  commentary 
on  the  disorderly  methods,  to  use  a  temperate  phrase, 
which  were  evidently  commonplaces  during  Edward's 
reign. 

The  end  of  such  historical  evidence  as  came  under  my 


EDWARD    VI    AND   DURHAM    HOUSE.  147 

notice  in  the  course  of  an  exhaustive  search  has  now 
been  reached,  and  accordingly  I  propose  briefly  to  con- 
sider how  far  it  is  practicable  to  assign  any  coins  or 
series  of  coins  to  this  mint.  I  had  hoped  to  obtain  a 
preliminary  clue  from  the  half-sovereign  to  which  the 
unusual  name  of  "  our  Edward  royall  "  was  attached  both 
in  the  commission  and  in  the  proclamation,  but  I  found 
that  the  weights  and  the  mint-marks  offered  an  easier 
path  along  which  to  travel. 

Dealing  first  with  the  question  of  weights,  it  is 
possible,  I  believe,  to  identify  satisfactorily  the  shilling 
of  8  oz.  fine  silver  which  the  commission  ordered  to  be 
of  such  size  and  thickness  that  96  should  be  equal 
to  one  pound  Troy,  i.e.  60  grains  in  each  coin.  In  the 
National  Collection  there  is  a  profile  shilling  of 
Edw.  VI  with  the  Inimicos  legend  (transposed)  and  mint- 
mark  bow;  this  coin  is  in  beautiful  condition,  it  is 
obviously  of  fine  silver,  and  its  weight  is  58^  grains 
Troy,  only  1£  grains  less  than  the  order,  and  even  this 
slight  discrepancy  may  be  due  to  the  edge  being  a  little 
chipped  (see  Handbook,  pi.  xvi.,  456).  I  regard  this 
shilling  as  furnishing  one  key  to  the  situation,  partly 
by  reason  of  its  mark  and  also  because  it  turns  the 
scale-beam  at  some  20  grains  less  than  the  profile 
shillings  of  more  debased  silver,  the  standard  weight  of 
which  is  said  to  be  80  grains,  a  disparity  sufficiently 
large  to  prevent  any  confusion  between  the  two  issues. 
The  coin  of  58£  grains  is  here  illustrated,  A. 

1  have  not  been  able  to  trace  the  existence  of  a  "  half- 
shilling"  marked  with   the  bow;    this  coin  should  be 
30 BT  grains.2 

2  If  my  attribution  of  the  bow  mark  be  correct,  it  follows  that  the 
reverse  legend  Inimicos,  etc.  (taken  from  the  Vulgate,  Ps.  cxxxi.  18), 

L2 


148 


HENKY   SYMONDS. 


Unfortunately,  the  weights  of  the  gold  coins  men- 
tioned in  the  foregoing  commission  are  not  so  distinc- 
tive as  in  the  case  of  the  inferior  metal.  The  sovereign, 
although  ordered,  is  as  yet  unknown  to  me,  while  the 
half-sovereign,  which  ought  to  be  85{jf  grains,  is  too 
near  the  weight  of  contemporary  coins  to  be  useful  for 


Shilling  and  Half-sovereign  of  Edward  VI  (British  Museum). 

comparison  with  the  products  of  other  mints.  Before 
leaving  the  subject  of  weights,  I  will  refer  to  an  illus- 
trated note  by  Mr.  Murchison  in  Num.  Chron.,  Ser.  I. 
Vol.  XX.  p.  187,  where  he  described  a  "  pattern  "  half- 
sovereign  of  Edward  VI.  The  coin  shows  the  crowned 
bust  in  armour  of  the  second  issue  type,  with  the  bow 
as  mint-mark,  the  weight  being  84^  grains.  The  writer 


was  used  exclusively  at  the  Strand  mint,  as  these  shillings  are  not 
known  with  any  other  privy  mark.  They  also  occur  in  what  is  presum- 
ably the  4-oz.  standard  of  fineness,  with  a  weight  approaching  80 
grains. 


EDWARD   VI    AND   DURHAM    HOUSE.  149 

tentatively,  and  as  I  think  rightly,  assigned  this  coin 
to  Durham  House.  It  must,  surely,  be  one  of  the 
"  Edward  royalls."  (Of.  illustration  B.) 

Some  of  the  various  mint- marks  of  this  period  must 
next  be  considered,  and  an  attempt  made  to  settle 
their  respective  places  of  origin.  At  the  outset  I 
was  confronted  with  a  difficulty  which  arose  from  the 
surname  of  the  treasurer,  i.e.  the  head,  of  the  new 
establishment  in  the  Strand  being  the  same  as  that  of 
a  more  widely  known  mint  official  at  the  Tower,  viz. 
Sir  Martin  Bowes,  once  Lord  Mayor.  There  were  already 
quite  enough  complications  in  the  monetary  system  of 
Edward  VI,  without  the  addition  of  duplicated  names, 
but  I  had  to  take  things  as  I  found  them.  As  the 
coincidence  of  name  and  arms  must  be  an  important 
factor  in  any  scheme  of  redistribution,  it  will  be  con- 
venient to  summarize  the  more  essential  points  in  Sir 
Martin  Bowes's  personal  history.  That  he  belonged  to 
an  armigerous  family  is  proved  by  the  inclusion  of  his 
name  in  the  Visitation  of  Essex  in  1552  (Harl.  Society}, 
but  he  was  not  the  father  of  John  Bowes  at  Durham 
House,  nor  was  he,  as  far  as  I  can  discover,  closely 
related  to  him.  John  Bowes  was  also  entitled  to  bear 
arms  (in  one  grant  he  is  described  as  armiger)  and  was 
probably  a  member  of  a  distinct  branch  of  the  family 
whose  coat  differed  only  slightly  from  that  of  Sir  Martin. 
The  charges  upon  Martin  Bowes's  armorial  shield  were 
(1)  three  bows  bent,  (2)  a  swan  holding  a  ring  in  its 
beak,  and  (3)  two  lions'  faces.  His  crest  appears  to  have 
been  a  sheaf  of  arrows. 

Before  it  became  possible  to  make  a  claim,  as  I  now 
do,  on  behalf  of  Durham  House  and  John  Bowes  to  be 
allotted  a  position  alongside  the  other  mints  of  Edward  VI, 


150  HENRY   SYMONDS. 

the  practice  was  to  assign  to  the  Tower  all  coins  of  the 
Henry-Edward  period  which  showed  the  marks  of  the 
bow,  the  swan,  or  the  arrow,  and  to  regard  these  three 
symbols  as  being  directly  associated  with  the  arms  of 
Martin  Bowes.  But  I  feel  that  it  is  now  desirable  to 
revise  this  arrangement,  and  to  suggest  an  attribution 
to  the  smaller  mint  of  those  coins  which  are  respec- 
tively marked  with  the  bow  and  the  grappling-iron, 
retaining  at  the  Tower  any  pieces  marked  with  the 
arrow  or  the  swan.  I  shall  presently  offer  some 
reasons  on  behalf  of  the  proposed  alterations,  without 
in  any  way  saying  that  there  cannot  be  other  types 
or  marks  which  have  an  equal  right  to  be  accepted  as 
products  of  Durham  House,  for  I  am  conscious  that  the 
result  does  not  meet  every  objection  which  might  be 
urged.  But,  on  the  whole,  the  probabilities  seem  to 
favour  this  system  of  division.  In  the  course  of  examin- 
ing the  evidence  I  shall  assume  that  we  are  on  common 
ground  in  holding  the  belief  that  some  portion,  as  yet 
undetermined,  of  the  later  types  of  Henry  VIII  were  in 
fact  struck  by  his  son,  Edward  VI,  and  for  a  considerable 
period. 

The  rearrangement  would  include  the  following 
denominations,  all  of  which  are  mentioned  in  the  commis- 
sion of  29  January,  1548-9 : — 

1.  Groats  and  pence  of  Henry's  4th  and  5th  types 
(Haivkins)  with  m.m.    grappling-iron   or  bow,  and   the 
Posui  legend. 

2.  Groats,    half-groats,   and    pence    of    Henry's    5th 
type,  with  m.m.  bow  and  grappling-iron,  and  the  Eedde 
cuique  legend. 

3.  Half-sovereigns    and    half-crowns    of  Edward's 
2nd    issue    (Kenyan),   with    m.m.    grappling-iron,    and 


EDWARD   VI   AND   DUEHAM   HOUSE.  151 

Scutum  fidei  legend.  Also  the  young  portrait  half- 
sovereign  of  Henry  with  the  same  mark. 

4.  Shillings  of  Edward  with  profile  portrait,  m.m.  bow 
or  grappling-iron,  and  with  the  Inimicos  or  Timor 
legends. 

The  two  mint-marks  of  the  bow  and  grappling-iron 
occur  on  shillings  of  Edward  dated  1548  and  1549,  and 
the  same  marks  are  to  be  found  on  silver  coins  of 
Henry  VIII.  Therefore,  if  we  follow,  as  I  think  we 
should,  the  proposition  laid  down  by  Sir  John  Evans, 
that  "  all  coins  bearing  the  same  mint -mark,  and 
evidently  of  no  very  different  age,  belong  to  one  and 
the  same  limited  period "  (Num.  Chron.,  Ser.  III. 
Vol.  VI.  122),  we  must  transfer  to  the  years  1548  and 
1549  of  Edward's  reign  such  coins  of  Henry  as  exhibit 
the  two  last-mentioned  symbols. 

Now,  Martin  Bowes  was  appointed  a  master-worker  at 
the  Tower  in  1533,  an  office  which  imposed  an  obliga- 
tion on  the  holder  to  insert  a  mark  upon  the  coinages 
under  his  control,  and  he  was  promoted  in  1544  to  an 
under-treasurership  in  the  same  establishment.  Although 
there  were  precedents  for  using  mint-marks  of  an  heraldic 
character  derived  from  the  arms  of  an  official,  and 
although  Martin  Bowes  had  ample  opportunities  of 
adopting  the  bow  at  any  time  after  1533,  the  mark  does 
not  occur  until  1548  (if  we  have  transferred  Henry's 
coins,  as  proposed  above),  viz.  the  identical  year  which 
synchronizes  with  the  opening  and  working  of  the  new 
mint.  From  these  premisses  I  draw  the  inference 
that  any  coins,  whether  of  Henry  or  of  Edward,  which 
bear  the  bow  as  a  mark  were  struck  by  John  Bowes  at 
Durham  House,  and  not  by  Sir  Martin  Bowes  at  the 
Tower. 


152  HENKY    SYMONDS. 

Turning  to  the  grappling-iron  mark,  this  attribution 
is  chiefly  based  upon  the  fact  that  some  of  the  Redde  cuique 
coins  of  Henry  VIII  are  distinguished  by  this  mark  on 
the  reverse  and  by  the  bow  on  the  obverse.  The  reverse 
legend  on  these  groats  and  smaller  pieces  is  so  uncom- 
mon as  to  negative  the  possibility  that  it  was  used  at 
more  than  one  mint,  and,  having  claimed  these  coins  on 
the  score  of  the  bow  and  grappling-iron  marks,  I  must 
also  transfer  to  Durham  House  all  other  pieces  which  are 
stamped  with  the  latter  mark  alone. 

The  bow  mark  is  rarely  seen  on  silver  and  still  more 
rarely  on  gold  coins  ;  on  the  other  hand,  the  grappling- 
iron  occurs  with  comparative  frequency  upon  the  debased 
silver  issues,  and  consequently  it  seems  probable  that 
this  symbol  was  used  (1)  for  the  4oz.  fine  silver  coinage 
which  the  Commission  ordered  to  be  "  continued "  in 
accordance  with  the  indenture  of  the  previous  December, 
and  (2)  for  the  smaller  moneys  converted  from  testons. 
It  is  also  to  be  observed  that  the  grappling-iron  is  found 
on  shillings  dated  1549  only,  thus  supporting  the  attri- 
bution to  this  mint,  which  was  working  in  that  particular 
year. 

The  mint-mark  rose  has  sometimes  been  given  to 
Durham  House,  but  as  the  rose  is  known  upon  shillings 
dated  1547  and  1551  respectively  (see  Montagu  sale 
catalogue),  it  must  be  definitely  rejected  on  the  ground 
that  the  mint  was  not  in  existence  during  either  of  those 
years. 

Then  as  to  the  mark  commonly  known  as  the  arrow. 
This  symbol  occurs  on  Henry's  second-issue  gold  and 
silver  coins  (1526  onwards),  and  may  therefore  have  been 
adopted  by  the  Tower  authorities  before  Martin  Bowes 
received  his  earlier  appointment  in  1533, — a  contingency 


EDWARD   VI    AND   DURHAM    HOUSE.  153 

which  raises  a  doubt  as  to  whether  the  mark  has  any 
affinity  at  all  with  the  arms  or  the  name  of  that  family. 
Therefore  I  think  that  the  arrow  should  be  ruled  out  as 
regards  Durham  House,  seeing  that  it  had  been  in  use 
at  the  Tower  during  the  previous  twelve  or  fifteen  years, 
and  for  that  reason  would  not  have  been  chosen  by  a 
new  official  at  a  new  mint. 

The  mint-mark  swan  should  be  regarded  as  being,  in 
all  probability,  associated  with  the  arms  of  Bowes,  but 
as  it  is  found  on  a  profile  shilling  dated  1550,  it  must  be 
given  to  Sir  Martin,  at  the  Tower  Mint,  if  we  accept  the 
evidence  that  the  Strand  moneyers  had  ceased  to  work 
at  the  end  of  1549.  The  swan  also  occurs,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  arrow,  upon  a  second-issue  gold  crown  of 
Edward  VI  in  the  cabinet  of  Mr.  P.  Carlyon-Britton, 
which  is  an  additional  reason  for  assigning  the  former 
mark  to  the  Tower. 

Having  finished  what  I  have  to  say  on  the  main  sub- 
ject of  this  paper,  I  wish  to  propound  a  general  theory 
as  to  the  source  of  Henry  VIII's  posthumous  silver  coins, 
and  to  deduce  therefrom  a  possible  interpretation  of  an 
elusive  fragment  of  numismatic  history.  I  believe  that 
the  silver  upon  which  these  coins  were  struck  was  derived 
solely  from  the  melting  down  of  the  condemned  testons 
which  had  been  issued  in  the  previous  reign,  and  that 
the  titles  and  portraits  of  Henry  were  used  on  all 
occasions  when  such  a  conversion  was  carried  out,  but  the 
motive  which  induced  Edward's  advisers  thus  to  recreate 
the  coinage  of  his  father  is  not  very  apparent.  The 
opinion  has  been  expressed  that  the  King,  being  desirous 
of  restoring  the  old  standards  of  fineness,  elected  to 
reproduce  Henry's  titles  for  the  debased  money  until  the 
economic  situation  permitted  him  to  institute  a  general 


154  HENRY   SYMONDS. 

scheme  of  improvement ;  this  is,  at  any  rate,  a  not 
improbable  solution  of  a  difficult  point. 

A  study  of  contemporary  documents  proves  that  a 
considerable  part  of  the  work  done  in  each  of  Edward's 
mints  related  to  the  conversion  of  the  discarded  pieces 
of  twelve  pence  into  groats  and  smaller  denominations, 
chiefly  of  4oz.  fine  silver,  which  was  the  latest  and  the 
worst  of  the  standards  ordered  by  Henry.  We  have  an 
instance  at  hand  of  these  instructions  to  continue  the 
conversion  of  testons  and  the  striking  of  small  moneys, 
in  the  Durham  House  commission,  from  which  extracts 
have  been  already  quoted.  Great  numbers  of  the  large 
coins  must  have  been  remelted,  for  in  one  document 
alone  a  sum  of  four  thousand  pounds  in  value  is  named. 
This  was  the  occasion,  in  February,  1549-50,  when  the 
officials  at  Southwark  were  directed  to  revert  to  the 
image  and  superscription  of  the  King's  father  (Num. 
Chron.,  Ser.  IV.  Vol.  XI.  p.  346).8  The  cost  of  the 
operation  was  presumably  borne  by  the  Crown,  as  the 
holders  received  by  tale  twelve  pence  in  groats,  &c., 
for  each  teston  brought  in,  but  as  a  few  of  the  latter 
were  of  a  higher  standard  than  4oz.  fine  silver,  the  loss 
may  have  been  partially  recouped  in  that  way.  My  sug- 
gestion would  account  for  the  comparatively  plentiful 
supply  of  posthumous  groats  and  smaller  coins  of 
Henry's  types,  and  for  the  corresponding  scarcity  of  his 
testons. 

If  this  explanation  be  regarded  as  acceptable,  I  could 
use  it  as  the  foundation  for  a  comment  upon  the  legend 
Redde  cuique  quod  suum  est,  which  appears  on  one  of  the 

8  I  then  said  that  1st  February,  4  Edw.  VI,  the  date  of  this  interesting 
order,  was  in  "  1550-51,"  which  was  incorrect.  That  day  in  the  fourth 
regnal  year  should  have  been  rendered  as  1st  February,  1549-50. 


EDWARD   VI    AND   DUEHAM   HOUSE.  155 

groups  of  coins  which  I  have  ventured  to  assign  to 
Durham  House.  Sir  John  Evans,  on  p.  136  of  his 
article  previously  cited,  mentions  this  novel  legend  as 
being  inappropriate  to  a  debased  coinage,  as  indeed  it 
was  at  first  sight,  and  I  am  not  aware  that  its  inward 
meaning  has  subsequently  been  elucidated. 

In  the  absence  of  any  other  solution,  I  think  that  the 
legend  was  placed  upon  a  limited  number  of  pattern 
coins  which  were  afterwards  rejected,  the  object  of  the 
graver  being  to  indicate,  somewhat  obliquely,  the  source 
whence  the  metal  was  obtained.  Accordingly  I  would 
paraphrase  the  words  as,  "  Kender  to  Henry  the  things 
which  are  his."  If  the  Eedde  euique  groats,  &c.,  were 
made  from  teston  silver,  my  interpretation  would  not  be 
inconsistent  with  the  facts,  and  the  legend  would  be  no 
longer  inappropriate. 

It  only  remains  to  add  that  all  the  original  documents 
here  quoted  are  to  be  found  at  the  Public  Kecord  Office. 

HENRY  SYMONDS. 


VIII. 

COINS  OF   SOME  KINGS   OF   HORMUZ. 

(See  Plate  XI.) 

THE  gold  coins  described  below  were  purchased,  with 
the  exception  of  No.  2,  in  Colombo.  With  them  were 
26  Othmanli  sequins  and  one  Indo-Portuguese  S.  Thome. 
Coin  No.  2  and  a  sequin  of  Murad  III  were  found  in  the 
Kandy  bazaars. 

The  S.  Thome,  in  weight  51 '6  grains,  is  of  an  unknown 
issue  and  bears  no  date,  but  very  closely  resembles  the 
tangas  of  1594  and  is  attributed  to  Philip  I  of  Portugal 
(1580-1595).  Of  the  sequins  eleven  are  of  Sulaiman  I 
(A.D.  1520-1566), one  being  cut  down  to  the  weightand  size 
of  the  gold  coins  under  discussion,  five  of  Selim  II  (1566- 
1574)  and  nine  of  Murad  III  (1574-1594),  only  oneof  which 
has  the  formula  CHJ??"  O^aA-'  :  the  remaining  piece  bears 
the  legend  j^-JI  «->j^  on  both  sides.  Other  sequins  from 
the  same  hoard  had  been  disposed  of  before  the  inspec- 
tion of  those  above  mentioned  by  the  writer.  The 
evidence  available  points  to  one  find  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Kandy  two  or  three  years  ago.  The  silver  larins 
were  found  in  various  places  in  the  island. 

On  the  gold  pieces  occur  the  names  of  three  sovereigns, 
viz.  Muhammad  Shah,  A.H.  939  ;  Salghar  Shah,  A.H.  942  ; 
and  Tiiran  Shah,  A.H.  95x,  952,  and  958;  all  appear  in 
the  list  of  the  kings  of  Hormuz.  According  to  the  Shah 


COINS   OF   SOME    KINGS    OF    HORMUZ.  157 

namah,  composed  in  the  fourteenth  century  by  King 
Turan  Shah  and  translated  from  the  Persian  into  Spanish 
by  Pedro  Teixeira,1  one  Muhammad,  a  member  of  a  royal 
family  in  southern  Arabia,  migrated  with  his  followers 
to  the  Persian  coast  about  A.D.  1100  and  founded  there 
the  city  of  Old  Hormuz,  of  which  he  became  the  first 
king.  Later  on  the  princes  of  his  family  would  seem  to 
have  ruled  as  governors  on  behalf  of  the  Salgharid 
Atabegs  of  Fars  until,  on  the  decline  of  that  dynasty, 
Amir  Rukn  ad-din  Muhammad,  who  died  in  A.H.  676 
(A.D.  1278),  declared  his  independence.2  About  the  year 
700  (A.D.  1301)  the  invasions  of  the  Ilkhans  led  to  the 
foundation  of  the  city  of  New  Hormuz  on  the  island  of 
Jariin  at  the  entrance  to  the  Persian  Gulf  and  the 
transfer  of  the  seat  of  government  thereto.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  kingdom  included 
besides  the  capital,  the  islands  of  Bahrein,  Kishm,  and 
Kais  in  the  Gulf,  Kalhat,  Muscat,  and  Sohar  on  the 
Arabian  coast,  as  well  as  some  territory  held  as  a  fief  of 
the  Shah  of  Persia  on  the  opposite  mainland. 

Hormuz  was  then  of  such  importance  as  a  centre  of 
trade  and  of  such  wealth  that  de  Albuquerque  resolved 
to  subject  it :  accordingly  he  visited  the  city  in  1507, 
when  he  made  the  king  Ceifadim  (Saif  ad-din)  a 
tributary  of  Portugal  and  began  the  construction  of  a 
fortress.  Ceifadim  died  of  poison,  and  was  succeeded, 
apparently  at  the  end  of  1513,3  by  his  brother  Torunxa, 
Terunxa,  or  Turuxa  (Turan  Shah),  in  whose  reign  de 

1  The  Travels  of  Pedro  Teixeira,  Hakluyt  Society:  Appendix  A, 
Kings  of  Hormuz. 

2  Kings  of  Hormuz,  p.  161,  note  3. 

3  Hakluyt  Society's  Commentaries  of  Afonso  Dalboquerque,  Part  IV., 
capp.  24,  30  (p.  136),  and  33  (p.  147).     Correa  gives  1515,  Lendas  da 
India,  torn.  II.,  p.  420. 


158  H.   W.   CODRINGTON. 

Albuquerque  again  visited  Hormuz  and  firmly  established 
the  Portuguese  power,  but  without  interference  in  the 
internal  administration  of  the  kingdom.  Some  years 
later,  however,  Portuguese  officials  were  placed  in  charge 
of  the  customs  and  a  general  revolt  broke  out :  on  its 
failure  Torunxa  fled  to  Kishm  and  was  poisoned  by  his 
minister,  who  raised  Mahamed  Xa  or  Patxa  Mahmet  Xa 
(Padshah  Muhammad  Shah),  son  of  Ceifadim,  to  the 
throne  early  in  1522  (A.H.  928).  This  prince  dying  in 
1534  (A.H.  940-1),  his  son,  a  child  of  eight,  succeeded, 
but  was  soon  poisoned  by  his  "  uncle  "  Rayx  Ale  (Rais 
'Ali),  who  assumed  the  sovereignty.4  Deposed  in  1541, 
according  to  Correa  he  was  restored  early  in  1544  and 
died  of  poison  shortly  afterwards.5  He  is  doubtless 
identical  with  Xargol  Xa  (Salghar  Shah),  son  of  Torunxa, 
who,  according  to  de  Couto,  succeeded  Mahamed  Xa  and 
died  in  November,  1543  (A.H.  950).  It  was  this  prince 
who  surrendered  the  customs  to  the  King  of  Portugal  in 
Muharram  A.H.  948.6  His  son  Torunxa,  a  boy  of  twelve, 
was  sent  from  Goa7  to  take  his  place,  and  died  about  1563 
(A.H.  970-1),  when  the  throne  was  occupied  for  a  few 
months  by  his  aged  uncle  Babu  Xa  or  Mamu  Xa.  The 
next  ruler  was  this  prince's  son  Ferrago  Xa  (Farrukh 
Shah),  who  began  his  reign  in  1564  or  1565  (A.H.  971- 
973),  and  dying  about  1601  (A.H.  1010),  was  succeeded  in 
turn  by  his  sons  Firruxa  (?  Firoz  Shall),  who  governed 
until  his  death  in  February,  1609  (A.H.  1071),  and 
Mamede  Xa  (Muhammad  Shah),  during  whose  reign  the 

4  Castanheda,  Liv.  VIII.,  cap.  76. 

5  Correa,   torn.  IV.,   capp.  16,  23,  47,   and   49.     His   name   is  not 
mentioned. 

6  De  Couto,  Dec.  V.,  liv.  IX.,  cap.  5,  and  liv.  X.,  cap.  1. 

7  According  to  Correa,  cap.  53,  he  was  in  Hormuz  at  his  father's 
death. 


COINS   OF   SOME   KINGS   OF   HORMUZ.  159 

capital  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  allied  English  and 
Persians  in  1622  (A.H.  1031).8  Hormuz  thereafter  ceased 
to  be  of  importance  and  its  trade  passed  to  Bandar 
'Abbas. 

The  Shi'ah  formula  appearing  on  these  coins  also  points 
to  Persia  or  the  Persian  Gulf  as  a  probable  locality  of 
the  mint  of  issue.  According  to  Teixeira  the  people  of 
Hormuz  were  Shi'ahs  and  Sunnis,  the  kings  belonging 
to  the  latter  sect : 9  Pyrard,  however,  states  that  the 
kings  "  sont  Mahometans  comme  les  Perses."10  If  they 
were  not  Shi'ahs,  the  political  dependence  of  Hormuz  on 
Persia  may  perhaps  account  for  the  presence  of  the 
formula.11  Further,  the  weight  of  the  coins  is  not  incom- 
patible with  their  identification  as  Hormuz  xerafins  of 
300  reis  each,  when  compared  with  the  Venetian  sequin 
of  420  and  the  pagoda  of  360  reis.  The  general  con- 
clusion, therefore,  is  that  these  gold  coins  are  ashrafis  or 
xerafins  of  Hormuz,  struck  by  the  kings  of  that  place 
under  the  suzerainty  of  the  Portuguese. 

The  Commentaries  of  Afonso  Dalboquerque  show  that  in 
the  early  years  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  xerafim  was 
the  chief  coin  of  the  countries  bordering  the  Persian  Gulf 


8  The  historical  sketch  given  above  is  chiefly  from  Mr.  Donald 
Ferguson's  notes  to  the  Kings  of  Hormuz.  Mr.  Ferguson,  however,  is 
not  quite  correct  in  attributing  to  de  Couto  the  statement  that  on  the 
death  of  Ceifadim  there  succeeded  Xargol  Xa,  son  of  Torunxa.  The 
original  Portuguese  has  :  "  For  morte  deste  (sc.  Mahamed  Xa,  que 
reinou  nove  annos,  e  era  filho  de  Ceifadim)  succedeo  Xargol  Xa,  filho 
de  Torunxa."  He  adds,  however  :  "  Este  Xargol  mandou  depois  Nuno 
da  Cunha  ir  succedir  no  Beyno,  vindo-lhe  novas  da  morte  d'El-Bey 
Ceifadim,"  an  obvious  error  (Dec.  V.,  liv.  IX.,  cap.  10). 
9  Kings  of  Hormuz,  p.  168. 

10  Paris  edition  of  1679,  Vol.  II.,  cap.  18,  p.  155. 

11  In  1513  Ceifadim  accepted  "  the  cap  and  prayer  of  the  Xeque 
Ismael  "  (Sh&h  Ism'ail  I)  and  admitted  his  supremacy  :  he  apparently 
became  a  Shi'ah.     Comm.  Dalboq.,  Part  IV.,  capp.  18  and  30. 


160  H.   W.   CODRINGTON. 

and  the  Arabian  Sea.  Correa  12  mentions  "  xerafins  e 
tangas  de  prata  "  at  Hormuz  under  the  date  1507,  and 
in  the  same  year  the  tribute  extorted  from  the  king  of 
that  place  was  paid  in  xerafins,  as  was  the  ransom  of 
Muscat,  a  town  then  in  his  dominions.13 

Nunes,  describing  the  moneys  of  India  in  his  Lyvro 
dos  pesos  da  Ymdia,  written  in  1554,  puts  the  value  of  the 
xerafim  of  Aden  at  360  reis  and  gives  the  following 
detailed  account  of  the  Hormuz  currency  :  — 


Faluz  of  10  dinares      .         .         .         1^  reis  (nearly) 
gadim  (^+*>  «  100  ")  of  100  dinares  13|i    „ 
Azar  (jtJA  «  1000  ")  of  10  cadis   .     139f*     ;, 
Pardao  de  ?adis  of  2  azares  .         .     279^     ,,         „ 
Xerafim  douro  (xerafim  of  gold  =  21^  cadis  of  good 
money  or  300  reis  in  Hormuz.     In  India  its  value  was 
2  or  3  per  cent,  higher  through  shroffage,  but  by  the 
author's  time  had  fallen  to  300  reis,  gold  of  less  fineness 
being  used  for  the  coin. 

Tanga  de  prata  (silver  tanga  or  larin)=4^  gadis  (62^ 
reis),  but  in  1554  had  risen  to  5  9adis  (69|§  reis),  five 
making  the  pardao  of  360  reis. 

Of  these  denominations  the  dinar  was  the  unit,  for  in 
the  surrender  of  the  customs  to  the  King  of  Portugal  by 
Salghar  Shah  already  referred  to,  40  lakhs  are  said  to 
be  equal  to  1800  xerafins  of  gold  and  250  lakhs  to  9036 
pardaos  of  gold  (pardaos  douro).14  A  payment  of  2000 
"faluzes"  is  recorded  as  having  been  made  by  Albuquerque 
at  Kalhat,  then  under  Hormuz.15 

12  Tom.  I.,  p.  239,  quoted  by  Aragiio,  Mocdas  cunhadas  em  name  dos 
reis,  &c.,  Vol.  III.,  p.  93. 

13  Comm.  Dalboq.,  Part  I.,  capp.  34  and  24. 

14  De  Couto,  Dec.  V.,  Liv.  IX.,  cap.  5. 

15  Comm.  Dalboq.,  Part  I.,  cap.  59. 


COINS   OF  SOME   KINGS   OF   HORMUZ.  161 

In  Aragao's  Document,  No.  96  of  1668,  mention  is  made 
of  coinage  at  Goa  from  "  sadis,"  "  abacis,"  and  other  silver 
pieces,  taken  as  prize  from  the  Arab  fleet  by  D.  Jeronymo 
Manuel.  The  silver  of  the  sadi  was  very  base,  for  to 
every  mark  of  it  two  ounces  of  refined  silver  had  to  be 
added  to  make  ten  ounces  of  standard  silver,  namely,  that 
of  the  current  xerafins.  This  piece  is  said  by  Teixeira 
in  his  Kings  of  Persia,  written  at  Hormuz,  to  have  been 
"just  half  a  real."16  Da  Cunha  in  Contributions  to  the 
Study  of  Indo- Portuguese  Numismatics,  also  mentions 
under  the  year  1618  "  Salares,"  Persian  coins  from 
Hormuz,  in  value  about  90  reis  each. 

In  the  first  half  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  Venetian 
sequin  was  valued  at  seven  tangas,  of  60  reis  each,  the 
pardao  douro  or  pagoda  at  six,  and  the  xerafim  of  Hormuz 
at  five  :  the  two  last  with  the  silver  tanga  continued  to 
form  the  bulk  of  the  gold  and  silver  currency  in  Goa 
until  the  minting  of  the  gold  S.  Thome  between  1545 
and  1548.17  The  first  disturbance  of  these  values  appears 
to  have  been  caused  by  the  issue  of  a  patacao  of  bad 
silver  in  1550  as  the  equivalent  of  the  pagoda ;  its 
coinage  was  stopped  in  1566,  but  the  relief  obtained  was 
short  as  two  years  later  debased  silver  xerafins  of  300 
reis  were  struck  in  Cochin  (Aragao  Doct.,  No.  9). 


16  Teixeira's  Travels,  p.  214.     The  sh&hi  at  Basra  was  of  the  value  of 
the  real  sexille,  ibid.,  p.  30.     Thus  100  Hormuz  dmfirs  equalled  approxi- 
mately 25  Persian. 

17  [1510-?1545]  "e  por  auer  muita  moeda  de  pard&os  douro,  xerafins, 
tangas  laaris,  que  vinhao  dormuz,  nfio  quisera  mandar  laurar  mais  que 
esta  moeda  de  cobre  pela  muita  abastanga  que  da  outra  auia." 

"  e  nunca  ate  entiio  [1545-8]  nhu  destes  Visorreis  e  governadores 
entenderao  no  lauramento  da  moeda  douro  nem  prata,  vendo  que  auia 
muita  bastan§a  della,  e  vallia  hu  pardao  redondo  seis  tangas  laarins, 
e  hu  xerafim  dormuz  cinquo,  e  hu  venezeano  sete."  (Aragao,  Doct., 
No.  9,  pp.  459,  460.) 

NUM.  CHRON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES   IV.  M 


162  H.   W.   CODKINGTON. 

By  a  letter  of  the  king  D.  Sebastiao  dated  June  16, 
1569,  the  coining  of  the  Cochin  xerafim  was  forbidden 
and  the  old  values  restored :  accordingly  the  pardao 
douro  redondo  and  the  S.  Thome  were  to  run  at  six 
tangas  of  60  reis  each,  and  the  Venetian  at  seven,  while 
five  larins  of  silver  were  to  equal  one  pardao  douro  of 
six  tangas  ;  all  other  gold  coins,  presumably  including 
the  Hormuz  xerafim,  were  to  be  valued  in  proportion 
according  to  their  weight  and  fineness  (ibid.,  Doct.,  No.  9). 
However,  in  August  of  the  same  year  the  Viceroy  D.  Luiz 
de  Athayde  struck  new  silver  xerafims  of  11  dinheiros 
fine  to  be  current  at  300  reis  each  (ibid.,  Doct.,  Nos.  10 
and  11),  and  in  his  second  term  of  office  (1578-1581) 
issued  others,  but  so  debased  that  the  Venetian  rose 
from  seven  tangas  to  ten,  the  pardao  redondo  from  six 
to  nine,  and  the  xerafin  douro  from  five  to  seven  and  a 
half  (ibid.,  Doct.,  No.  16). 

From  the  above  it  would  appear  that  the  xerafim  of 
Hormuz  was  identical  with  the  xerafim  douro  and  was 
the  prototype  of  the  Indo-Portuguese  silver  coin  of  the 
same  designation  and  nominal  value. 

The  larins,  Nos.  8-12,  described  below  bear  the  same 
design  as  the  gold  coins  :  on  two  is  the  name  of  Turan 
Shah,  and  on  three  that  of  Farrukh  Shah.  The  "  tangas 
laaris  "  of  Hormuz,  already  mentioned  by  Correa  in  1507 
under  the  name  of  "  tangas  de  prata,"  were  current  in 
Goa  with  the  gold  pardao  and  xerafim  apparently  from 
the  conquest  of  that  city  in  1510,  and  so  continued  at 
least  until  1569  (ibid.,  Doct.,  No.  9,  pp.  459,  463). 
Pyrard  in  the  early  years  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
speaking  of  the  silver  larin,  says  :  "  C'est  une  sorte  de 
monnoye  qui  court  par  toutes  les  Indes,  &  il  s'en  fait  en 
beaucoup  d'endroits,  mais  la  meilleure  se  forge  a  Qrmaz  " 


COINS   OF  SOME  KINGS   OP   HORMUZ.  163 

(vol.  I.  chap.  27) ;  and  again  in  his  account  of  that  place  : 
"  II  en  vient  aussi  quantite  de  monnoye  d'argent  que  1'on 
appelle  Larins,  qui  est  le  rneilleur  argent  du  monde,  & 
on  les  nomme  Larins  d'Ormus  "  (vol.  II.  chap.  18). 

This  coin,  in  common  use  on  the  west  coast  of  India, 
was  current  for  many  years  at  60  reis.  Thus  in  1525  at 
Diu  5^  fedeas  or  one  tanga,  and  in  Cambaya  one  tanga 
lary,  were  equal  to  this  sum  (Lembrancas  das  cousas  da 
India,  in  Subsidies  para  a  historidia  da  India-Portugueza, 
pp.  36,  38),  and  a  letter  of  the  king,  dated  February  18 
of  the  same  year,  reprehends  the  practice  of  giving  five 
tangas  in  silver  for  the  gold  pardao,  which  it  states 
was  generally  worth  six  (Aragao,  p.  123).  In  1534-1535 
at  the  building  of  the  fortress  of  Diu,  the  chief  money 
was  the  tanga  de  prata,  five  going  to  the  pardao  of  300 
reis  and  six  to  the  pardao  douro,  and  although  it  after- 
wards rose  in  value  as  bullion  until  five  went  to  the  gold 
pardao,  it  continued  until  1557  to  be  reckoned  locally  at 
60  reis  (ibid.,  Doct.,  No.  4). 

That  this  tanga  was  the  larin  is  shown  by  the  letter 
of  the  king  D.  Sebastiao  already  referred  to,  in  which  it 
is  stated  that  before  the  governorship  of  D.  Joao  de 
Castro  (1545-1548)  the  pardao  redondo  was  worth  six 
"tangas  laarius,"  the  xerafim  of  Hormuz  five  and  the 
Venetian  seven  (v,  note  17).  At  Goa  in  the  time  of 
Nunes,  though  the  old  valuation  remained  in  force  in 
some  places,  the  silver  tanga  was  current  for  60  leaes  or 
72  reis,  namely,  at  the  rate  of  five  to  the  pardao  douro : 
this  circulation,  however,  was  forced,  as  on  the  mainland 
it  was  valued  at  80  leaes  (96  reis)  or  more  (Aragao,  Doct., 
No.  9). 

The  first  Portuguese  tangas  of  60  reis  each  appear 
to  have  been  struck  with  the  silver  patacoes,  though 


164  H.   W.   CODKINGTON. 

probably  not  at  their  first  issue  in  1550,  and  were  styled 
"  tangas  redondas "  or  round  tangas,  presumably  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  wire  larin  (ibid.)  ;  there  can 
be  but  little  doubt  that  they  were  derived  from  it 
through  the  medium  of  a  tanga  of  account.  It  would 
thus  seem  probable  that  the  currency  system  finally 
adopted  by  the  Portuguese,  namely,  of  60  reis  to  the 
tanga  and  5  tangas  to  the  xerafim,  differing  as  it  did 
from  that  of  de  Albuquerque  at  Goa,18  was  based,  at 
least  for  the  higher  denominations,  on  the  two  principal 
trade  coins  of  the  Arabian  Sea,  the  larin  and  the  ashrafi. 
The  design  of  all  the  coins  consists  of  an  area  enclosed 
in  a  square,  the  sides  of  which  are  produced,  and  in  its 
general  appearance  may  be  compared  with  that  of  the 
coins  of  the  Shahs  Ism'ail  I  and  Tahrnasp  I,  where, 
however,  the  sides  of  the  square  are  formed  of  the  name 
<A£  (cf.  British  Museum  Catalogue  of  the  Coins  of  the  Shahs 
of  Persia,  Plate  I,  Nos.  3  and  10).  In  the  area  on  the 
obverse  is  the  date  in  letters  or  ciphers,  and  in  the  reverse 
area,  the  name  of  the  king.  The  legend  in  the  margin  is 
divided  into  four  compartments  by  the  prolonged  sides 
of  the  square,  but  does  not  commence  at  the  same  point 
in  all  the  coins  :  that  on  the  obverse  of  most  appears  to 
be  *JJI  ^  ^U  |  AJJI  J5^,  j**~*  |  AJUt  ^1  AM  N)  and  on  the 
fourth  side  ^w  [>«>*>  *->j*b  ?]  the  word  iiw  being  trans- 
ferred to  the  area  when  the  date  is  in  ciphers,  and  on 
the  reverse:  A£U?  AJDI?  jJL*.  |  «li  ^  ?  \^t^\  \  ^UaJLJi 
The  weights  of  the  gold  coins  may  be  compared  with 
those  of  the  Salgharid  Atabegs  of  Fars,  to  whom 
Hormuz,  as  already  stated,  appears  to  have  been  once 
subject. 

18  Based  on   the  local   bazaruco,  barganim,   (barakani)  and  pardao 
douro  or  pagoda. 


COINS   OF   SOME  KINGS   OF   HOBMUZ.  165 


MUHAMMAD  SHAH. 

Obv.  Rev. 

1.  N.  Area:  *~[3]  or  *j[jl]  j^a*^ 

^  j  «li 

^^[Xj]  and  ornament. 

23 

U*-.[3] 
Margins : 

left :  *XM  ^1  A) I  [•}]  right :  [aSX]*  jJU. 

below  :  J^>A»~O  below :  [al]w  ^[j] 

Dated  939  (1532-3)  or  934  (1527-8).     Weight,  38-7 
grains.     Diameter,  0'590  inch.  [PI.  XI.  1.] 


SALGHAR  SHAH. 
2.  N.  Area  :  j  O^' 

jJ-jSUjI 

AJ  and  ornament. 


Margins  : 

above  :  <Uw  ?  illegible. 

Dated  942    (1535-6).     Weight,   38  -5  grains.     Dia- 
meter, 0-570  inch.  [PI.  XI.  2.] 


TURAN  SHAH. 
3.  N.  Area:      ^-o-i. 


Margins  : 

right  :  >[>]  ?  above  :  [^ 

below  :  «-u  [?]  right  :  j^Xi.  or 

Dated  95.     Weight,  37-2  grains.     Diameter,  0'531 

inch.  [PI.  XL  3.] 


166  H.   W.    CODKINGTON. 

Obv.  Rev. 

4.  N.  Area :  Sj 


Margins  : 

right:  <U)[I]  above: 

above  :  not  read.  right  : 

Dated  9Gic.     Weight,  39'  1  grains.     Diameter,  0-531 

inch.  [PI.  XI.  4.] 

5.  N.  Area: 


Margins  : 

right:  ^3   jXc  left: 

Dated   952  (1545-6).     Weight,  38-5  grains.      Dia- 
meter, 0-570  inch.  [PI.  XI.  5.] 

6.  ^V.  Area  :      *^I  s 


Margins  : 

above  :  &*>  and  ?  J-«[^A]    above  : 
Dated  952  (1545-6).     Weight,  38  grains.     Diameter, 
0-531  inch.  [PI.  XI.  6.] 

7.  N.  Area  :   ^  £>  A  o 


Margins  : 

above  :  aJUl  *})[!]  above  :  [ 

below  :   [al].w  ^>[j]  ? 
right :  [**]^ 

Dated  958  (1551).      Weight,  39-4  grains.     Diameter, 
0-531  inch.  [PI.  XI.  7.] 

JR.  Area:  o5  Lf^l 


Margins : 

left  :  dJ  I  *^  ?  above  :  ~» 

right :  [ J>]wj  below  :  ^j 

Weight,  75  grains.  [PI.  XI.  8.] 


COINS   OF   SOME   KINGS   OF   HOKMUZ.  167 

Obv.  Eev. 

9.  JR.  Area :  ?  ?    ^  v  UJ 

Margins  : 

right :  not  read.  left :  <tJU 

Weight,  75-8  grains.  [PI.  XI.  9.] 

FARRUKH  SHAH. 

10.  JR.  Area: 

part  of  square. 

Margins  :  right : 

left :  <ixU  or  jJl*. 
Weight,  69  grains.  [PI.  XI.  10.] 

11.  M.  Area:  [  ?  ^  v]  r  ? 


Margins : 

right:  [*JU]|  ^  above: 

left :  illegible.  below  :  illegible. 

Dated  (?)  972  (1564-5).     Weight,  69-4  grains. 

[PI.  XL  11.] 

12.  JR.  Area:    |  r  19 
Margins : 

above  :  illegible.  left :  illegible, 

below:  [J>]-fj]  right:  OUaJLJI 

Dated  (?)  993  (1585).     Weight,  75  grains  (bent). 

[PI.  XI.  12.] 

H.  W.  CODRINGTON, 
Ceylon  Civil  Service. 

19  i  is  on  the  edge  of  the  larin  and  may  be  part  of  * ,  the  whole  read- 
ing 1 1  r. 


BARCLAY  VINCENT 'HEAD. 

As  we  go  to  press,  the  news  comes  of  the  death,  on 
June  12,  after  a  long  and  painful  illness  patiently 
endured,  of  Barclay  Vincent  Head,  formerly  a  Vice- 
President  of  the  Eoyal  Numismatic  Society  (1908), 
and  from  1869  to  1910  one  of  the  Editors  of  the 
Numismatic  Chronicle.  Mr.  Head  joined  the  staff  of 
the  British  Museum  in  1864;  from  1893  to  1906  he 
was  Keeper  of  the  Department  of  Coins  and  Medals. 
For  readers  of  the  Numismatic  Chronicle  it  is  un- 
necessary to  dwell  upon  the  achievements  of  the  man 
under  whom  the  English  School  of  Greek  Numismatics, 
rose  to  the  first  rank.  Nor  is  this  the  place  to 
characterize  the  personal  qualities  which  endeared 
him  to  those  who  had  the  good  fortune  to  work  with 
or  under  him.  In  our  next  issue  we  hope  to  give 
a  full  bibliography  of  his  numismatic  writings. 

THE  EDITORS. 


NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.  VOL.  XIV.       PL.  VII. 


BRITISH    MUSEUM,    GREEK    ACQUISITIONS,    1913. 


NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.  VOL.  XIV.       PL.  VIII. 


BRITISH    MUSEUM,    GREEK    ACQUISITIONS,    1913. 


NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.  VOL.  XIV.       PL.  IX. 


3.    UNCERTAIN    SPANISH.       4-9  TARRACO.       10-13    CARTHAGE?       14,15    NARB 
16-19   UNCERTAIN    GALLIC    (AUGUSTODUNUM  ?). 


NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.  VOL.  XIV.       PL.  X 


f  i-fp  &) 

v±i 

iv^LtiBy 


1.    UNCERTAIN    GALLIC   (AUGUSTODUNUM  ?) ;    2-6   LUGDUNUM  ; 
7,8    MOGONTIACUM  (?);    9   VETERA   (?) ;    10-16    ROME. 


NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.  VOL.  XIV.       PL.  XI. 


COINS    OF    KINGS    OF    HORMUZ. 


IX. 
NICHOLAS  BKIOT  AND  THE  CIVIL   WAE. 

(See  Plates  XII.-XV.) 

IT  is  many  years  since  Thomas  Carlyle  sketched  in 
rapid  strokes  an  episode  in  the  life  of  Thomas  Simon, 
connected  with  the  history  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  dismiss- 
ing the  affairs  of  the  eminent  engraver  and  his  pre- 
decessor, Nicholas  Briot,  as  only  worthy  of  mention  in 
that  "  they  have  the  honour  of  passing  relation  to  the 
Lord  General,  and  still  enjoy,  or  suffer  a  kind  of  ghost- 
existence  in  the  Dilettante  memory." l 

The  noted  historian  quotes  from  Harris's  Life  of 
Cromwell  Oliver's  letter  of  thanks  to  the  Committee  of 
the  Army,  which  refers  to  Simon's  journey  to  Scotland, 
undertaken  for  the  purpose  of  modelling  the  General's 
portrait,  for  reproduction  upon  the  Dunbar  medal.  This 
is  a  letter  which  contains  a  recommendation  that  the 
artist  should  succeed  to  the  "  imploym1  in  yor  service  wh 
Nicholas  Briot  had  before  him," 2  and  Carlyle  terminated 

1  Letters   and   Speeches  of   Oliver   Cromwell,  by  Thomas  Carlyle, 
edition  of  1845,  vol.  ii.  p.  110. 

2  Letter  dated  Edinburgh,  February  4,  1650,  printed  in  the  Life  of 
Cromwell,  by  Dr.  W.  Harris,  ed.  1762,  pp.  538-539 ;   see  also  Vertue's 
Medals,  Coins,  &c.,  of  Thomas  Simon,  Gough's  edition  of  1780,  p.  74, 
where  it  is  noted  that  the  name  of  Briot  is  inscribed  in  the  original 
MS.  in  another  hand,  Cromwell  merely  desiring  the  vacant  place  for 
Simon  and  apparently  leaving  a  blank  to  be  filled  by  one  more  con- 
versant with  Mint  affairs. 

NUM.  CHRON.,  VOL.   XIV.,  SEEIES  IV.  N 


170  HELEN    FARQUHAR. 

his  brief  review  with  the  words  "  Symonds,  we  see,  did 
get  the  place  of  Nicholas  Briot,  and  found  it  like  other 
brave  men's  places  full  of  hard  work  and  short  rations — 
Enough  of  Symonds  and  the  Seals  and  Effigies."  • 
Deeming  it,  however,  necessary  to  explain  the  nature  of 
the  appointment,  requested  for  Simon  by  Cromwell,  as 
a  personal  favour  to  himself,  Carlyle  devotes  a  few 
sentences  to  Nicholas  Briot,  quoting  an  order  printed  in 
the  Commons'  Journals  under  date  August  20,  1642, 
with  regard  to  the  retention  of  a  cargo  of  mint  material 
shipped  by  him  from  London  to  the  King's  assistance.4 
We  read  "that  the  Earl  of  Warwick  be  desired,  that 
Monsieur  Bryatt  may  have  Delivery  of  his  Wearing 
Apparel,  and  all  other  his  goods,  stayed  at  Scarborough, 
not  belonging  to  Minting  and  Coining  Monies." 

Carlyle  thereupon  disposes  of  the  life-story  of  Charles 
I's  favourite  graver  in  a  few  characteristic  words  as 
follows  :  "  This  Nicholas  Briot,  or  Bryatt  then  must  have 
been  Chief  Engraver  for  the  Mint  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Civil  Wars.  We  perceive  he  has  gone  to  the  King 
Northward,  but  is  here  stopt  at  Scarborough  with  all  his 
baggage,  by  Warwick,  the  Lord  High  Admiral ;  and  is 
to  get  away.  What  became  of  him  afterwards  or  what 
was  his  history  before,  no  man  and  hardly  any  Dilettante 
knows."  5 

But  although  the  artist  may  occupy  a  less  important 
position  in  the  world's  chronicles  than  that  filled  by 
Oliver  Cromwell,  the  student  of  history  admits  that  the 
various  coinages  of  Charles  I  offer  an  interesting  itinerary 
of  the  King's  travels.  Let  me  therefore  assume  the  part 

3  Carlyle,  ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  113. 

4  Commons'  Journals,  vol.  ii.  p.  728. 
3  Carlyle,  ibid.,  p.  111. 


NICHOLAS   BBIOT   AND   THE    CIVIL    WAR.  171 

of  Carlyle's  "  Dilettante,"  availing  myself  of  the  help 
afforded  by  many  writers,  who  have  outlined  the  portrait 
of  Nicholas  Briot,  since  the  time  of  the  Scottish  historian, 
—yes,  and  before,  had  he  cared  to  acquaint  himself  with 
their  publications.6  I  crave  forgiveness  for  unavoidably 
repeating  an  oft-told  tale,  on  the  plea  that  some  manu- 
scripts have  fallen  in  my  way,  which  although  ably 
calendared  at  the  Public  Eecord  Office,  were  necessarily 
curtailed  in  the  printed  indices.  I  hope  by  their  aid  to 
throw  light  upon  questions  which  have  hitherto  puzzled 
us  with  regard  to  Briot's  career,  especially  in  reference 
to  the  coinages  of  York  and  Oxford. 

We  need  not  carefully  review  the  early  history  of  the 
man,  for  Monsieur  Mazerolle 7  and  other  foreign  writers  8 
have  patiently  elucidated  the  details  of  his  life.  More 
recently  Mr.  Henry  Symonds  has  brought  before  us 
episodes  concerning  our  artist's  struggle  for  supremacy 
at  the  Tower  Mint,9  and  has  cleared  away  a  certain 
mystery  which  hung  about  the  date  and  place  of  his 
death.10  Moreover,  I,  myself,  have  ventured  to  deal  with 


H  Snelling's  View  of  the  Silver  Coins,  p.  37,  Folkes"  A  Table  of  English 
Silver  Coins,  p.  79,  and  Buding's  Annals  of  the  Coinage,  vol.  i.  pp. 
395  to  397,  dealing  with  Briot's  history,  were  all  published  some  time 
before  the  first  edition  (1845)  of  Carlyle's  Letters  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

'  Les  Mtdailletirs  Franqais  du  XViime  au  XVIIiime  Siecle,  par 
F.  Mazerolle,  and  Nicolas  Briot  Tailleur  General  des  Monnaies,  in  the 
Revue  Beige  de  Numismatique,  1904,  pp.  191  to  203  and  295  to  314. 

8  Les  Medailleurs  et  les  G-raveurs  de  Monnaies,  par  N.  Bondot,  6dite 
par  H.  de  la  Tour,  pp.  261-5,  &c. ;  L'CEuvre  du  Medailleur  Nicolas 
Briot,  par  J.  Bouyer,  Revue  Beige,  1895,  pp.  132  to  136,  371  to  399,  and 
508  to  553  ;  also  A.  Dauban  in  the  Revue  Numismatique,  N.S.  1857, 
Tom  2,  pp.  14  to  64. 

•  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  pp.  363  to  367:  "  English  Mint 
Engravers,"  by  Henry  Symonds. 

19  Ntim.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  X.  p.  397,  note  3  :  "  Charles  I.  Trials 
of  the  Pyx." 

N2 


172  HELEN   FARQUHAR. 

Briot's  history  in  an  early  volume  of  the  British  Numis- 
matic Journal.11  Were  it  not  for  some  chronological  diffi- 
culties, therefore,  we  need  not  discuss  his  career  in  detail 
previously  to  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  But  suffice 
it  for  our  immediate  purpose  that  a  member  of  a  noted 
Protestant  family  of  engravers  and  medallists,  Nicholas, 
or  rather  Nicolas,  according  to  the  original  spelling  of 
his  name,  was  born  a  French  subject,  circa  1579  or  1580, 
at  Damblain  in  Bassigny  in  the  Duchy  of  Bar ;  that 
although  Tailleur  General  des  Monnaies  de  France  from 
1606  to  1625,  he  was  unsuccessful  in  his  endeavours  to 
establish  a  milled  currency,  in  spite  of  being  upheld  by 
Louis  XIV  in  his  desires.  His  constant  insubordination 
to  the  Cour  des  Monnaies  and  his  visits  without  leave 
to  Nancy,  the  capital  of  Lorraine,  where  he  intermittently 
superintended  the  mint,  militated  against  a  peaceful 
settlement  of  all  questions  which  related  to  his  position.12 
From  1622  to  1625  his  methods  of  coining  were  under 
constant  discussion,  but  in  July,  1624,  he  as  Fermier 
General  de  la  Monnaie  owed  six  months'  wages  to  his 
workmen,  and  could  no  longer  battle  with  the  situation. 
In  May,  1625,  he  offered  his  place  for  sale,  and  although 
the  King  granted  him  a  delay  for  the  settlement  of  his 
affairs,  his  situation  in  France  became  untenable  and  he 
fled  to  England.13  His  presence  is  attested  in  Paris  so 


11  British  Numismatic  Journal,  vol.  v. :  "  Portraiture  of  our  Stuart 
Monarchs  on  their  Coins  and  Medals,"  Part  I. 

12  Briot  became  Tailleur  Ge'ne'ral  to  the  Due  de  Lorraine  in  1611, 
but  in  1616,  in  consequence  of  his  frequent  absences  from  Paris,  he 
was  forbidden  by  the  Cour  des  Monnaies  to  work  "  pour  aucuns  princes 
et  monnoys   estrangeres,"  but  some   exceptions  were,  however,  made 
later.     See   Mazerolle's   Briot  Tailleur  General,  p.  198,  and  Medail- 
leurs,  vol.  i.  pp.  cxii  to  cxiv. 

13  See  Mazerolle's  Medailleurs,  cxxi  to  cxxv,  and  Tailleur  General, 
pp.  303  to  309.     Monsieur  Mazerolle  writes  :  "  Le  roi  le  15  Mai  accorda 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT   AND   THE    CIVIL   WAR.  173 

late  as  July  9  (N.S.),  1625,14  and  Monsieur  Mazerolle 
places  his  departure  between  September  16  and 
October  31  (N.S.),  1625,15  and  to  these  dates  I  shall 
have  occasion  to  refer  later. 

It  does  not  concern  us  to  follow  the  controversies  of 
French  writers  as  to  how  much  the  mechanical  ap- 
pliances, which  our  Briot  had  fruitlessly  tried  to  impose 
upon  the  Paris  mint,  were  his  own,  or  only  a  revival 
of  those  used  in  the  Monnaie  du  Moulin  by  Bechot,16  or 
more  probably  the  result  of  his  studies  in  Germany.17 
Be  this  as  it  may,  to  Charles  I  his  methods  were  wel- 
come. 

cependant  un  delai  a  Briot  pour  quitter  1'hotel  des  Monnaies  de  Paris. 
Un  nouveau  fermier  Gabriel  Davin  etait  nomme  le  3  Juin  suivant " 
(Tailleur  General,  p.  309). 
u  Mazerolle's  Medailleurs,  vol.  i.  p.  472. 

15  Briot  Tailleur  General,  p.  309,  and  Hedailleurs,  vol.  i.  p.  484,  and 
Introduction,  p.  cxxvi. 

16  The   Monnaie  du  Moulin  was  established  in  Prance  for  a  short 
time  under  Henri  II,  but  with  few  exceptions  milled  coins  were  not 
made  between   the  death  of   Henri   in  1559,  and    1639  when  Varin 
revived  the  method.     See   Num.   Chron.,   4th   Ser.,   Vol.  IX.  pp.   68 
and  83. 

17  It  is  only  necessary  to  remember  that  his  method  included  the 
use  of  two  engraved  cylinders,  a  machine  then  employed  in  Germany 
but  which  had  the  defect  of  producing  somewhat  bent  pieces.    This 
unintentional  curve   is  discernible  both   on   the   Scottish  and   York 
coinages,  but  was  avoided  by  the  care  bestowed  on  the  Tower  pieces 
(see  Medailleurs,  vol.  i.  p.  384).     By  the  adoption  of  a  double  crank 
to  his  press  he  partly  remedied  this  curvature  in  France  in    1613, 
but  not  being  entirely  successful,  he  added  a  flattening  press  in  1624. 
His  flattening  mill  was  moved  by  horse  power,  whilst  his  "  monnoyoir  " 
was  an  instrument  which  must  somewhat  have  resembled  the  seven- 
teenth-century  Spanish    press    described    by  Mr.  Hill    at  our    last 
February  meeting  (see  Num.  Chron.,  1914,  Part  I.  pp.  90-92).     Briot's 
invention  was  worked  by  two   men   only,  and   superior  to   the   old 
Monnaie  du  Moulin,  in  that  "  la  monnoye  ne  s'y  marque  pas  entiere- 
ment  et  tout  d'un  coup  entre  deux  carreaux,  comme  faisoit  celle  du 
Moulin,  ains  en  coulant  entre  deux  rouleaux   d'acier  sur  lesquels  la 
figure  de  1'espece  de  monnoye  est  gravee."     See  Mazerolle's  Medail- 
leurs, vol.  i.  pp.  cxiv  and  399. 


174  HELEN   FARQUHAR. 

It  is  not  known  whether  Theodore  de  Mayerne,  who, 
filling  the  office  of  physician  to  James  I,  had  continued 
his  ministrations  under  his  successor,  suggested  that 
his  confrere  should  be  invited  to  the  Court,  but  it  is 
stated  that  Briot  practised  as  a  doctor  on  his  arrival  in 
England,18  and  it  is  possible  that  the  two  Frenchmen 
met  in  the  exercise  of  their  profession.  That  they 
were  acquainted  is  clear,  for  Briot 's  first  dated  medal  iu 
this  country  portrays  de  Mayerne  in  1625.  Amongst 
the  Miscellanea  in  the  Numismatic  Chronicle  is  men- 
tioned a  writ  for  a  large  payment  due  to  the  French 
artist  in  April,  1626,  for  working  in  the  King's  employ 
only  a  few  months  after  his  arrival,  resulting  in  the  sum 
of  £100  being  paid  to  him  under  an  order  of  the 
following  November.  It  appears  that  Briot  had  pro- 
vided "  sundry  particulars  by  him  brought  by  His 
Majesty's  commandement  needful  and  necessary  for  the 
making  of  stamps  to  stamp  certain  pieces  of  largess  of 
gold  and  silver  in  memory  of  His  Majesty's  Coronation, 
as  also  for  his  labour  and  pains,  taken  in  making  and 
graving  certain  puncheons  for  the  shaping  of  His 
Majesty's  picture  and  the  other  devices  upon  the  said 
pieces  of  largess ;  and  likewise  for  making  a  little 
signet  for  his  Majesty,  remaining  in  his  own  custody," 
&c.,  &c.19 

From  this  time  forward  the  history  of  Briot  is  mainly 
a  repetition  of  the  antagonism  outlined  in  France. 


18  "  Nicolas  Briot   estoit   retir6   en   Angleterre.     II   exergoit  audict 
royaume  la  mMecine  et  avoit  faict  de  belles  cures,  mesme  qu'il  avoit 
faict  et  grav6   les   sceaux  du   roy  d'Angleterre."     Evidence  given  in 
January,  1628,  before  the  Cour  des  Monnaies.     See  Mazerolle's  Mtdail- 
leurs,  vol.  i.  pp.  484-5  and  cxxvi. 

19  Printed  from  the  Pell  Records  in  Num.  Chron.,  1st  Ser.,  Vol.  IV. 
p.  182. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND   THE    CIVIL    WAR.  175 

Accepted  by  the  King,  unacceptable  at  the  Mint,  the 
foreign  artist  was,  however,  permitted  more  freedom  in 
London  than  in  Paris,  and  although  his  position  at  first 
received  less  official  sanction  than  in  his  own  country, 
the  comparatively  large  issue  of  milled  currency  attri- 
butable to  him  attests  the  success  of  his  methods. 

But  we  cannot  follow  him  now  through  the  period  of 
his  semi-recognition  ;  there  are  frequent  grants  under 
the  Privy  Seal  from  1626  onward — there  is  a  definite 
appointment  bestowed  by  Charles  I  in  December,  1628  ^ 
—there  is  evidence  of  his  constant  employment  from 
that  time  forward.  His  official  status  was  assured  as 
"  one  of  the  chief  gravers "  on  January  22,  1633-4.21 
In  Scotland  also  his  position  was  regularly  defined  in 
1635,22  but  he  had  already  given  passing  attention  to  the 
northern  mint  for  a  considerable  time,  reporting  upon 
desired  alterations  in  1632-5,  when  opposition  to  the 
introduction  of  the  milled  methods  alone  caused  delay.23 

Let  these  facts  suffice,  and  let  me  refer  my  readers  in 
search  of  details  concerning  his  private  contracts  with 
the  King  for  the  making  of  seals  and  other  matters 
to  my  articles  on  Stuart  portraiture  in  the  British 


20  Printed  in  abstract  by  Rymer  (see  Fcedera,  vol.  xix.  p.  40),  but 
for   the   first  time  published  in  extenso  by  Mr.  Symonds  in   Num. 
Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  pp.  364-365. 

21  This    grant  was  of    an  annuity   of   £50  from  Christmas,   1632, 
during  pleasure  (see  Num.  Chron.,  as  above,  p.  367). 

-  His  appointment  to  the  Scottish  Mint  was  of  August  7,  1635.  His 
superintendence  of  the  northern  currency  was  principally  in  1637  (see 
Burns,  The  Coinage  of  Scotland,  vol.  ii.  pp.  446-451).  He  was,  how- 
ever, temporarily  in  Scotland  in  1633  (see  British  Numismatic  Journal, 
vol.  v.  pp.  172-173)  ;  and  had  been  commended  to  the  Scottish  mint 
to  "sett  up  "  the  required  "instruments"  for  making  copper  money 
in  the  year  1631  (see  Cochran-Patrick's  Records  of  the  Coinage  of 
Scotland,  vol.  ii.  pp.  75-88). 

23  Burns,  ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  448. 


176  HELEN    FARQUHAR. 

Numismatic  Journal?*  where  references  will  be  found  to 
various  State  Papers  ;  or  rather  let  them  turn  to  the  more 
recent  publication  in  the  Numismatic  Chronicle*5  on  the 
"  English  Mint  Engravers  "  by  Mr.  Henry  Symonds,  who 
generously  placed  his  proof  sheets  at  my  disposal  for 
reference,  and  has  constantly  afforded  me  much  assist- 
ance from  the  time  when  we  first  found  ourselves 
engaged  on  the  same  line  of  research  at  the  Public 
Record  Office  last  year. 

Let  us  take  Briot  then  as  we  find  him  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War,  the  servant  of  the  State  at  a 
yearly  salary  of  £50,26  but  owing  his  position  to  the 
steady  patronage  of  the  King,  whose  patent,  as  we  have 
just  learned  from  Mr.  Symonds,  had  granted  him  the 
far  larger  fee  of  £250.27 

The  political  situation  in  the  early  months  of  1642 
had  become  so  strained  that  the  King  deemed  it  prudent 
to  quit  the  capital  and  gather  his  more  loyal  subjects 
about  him  in  the  North.  He  made  his  way  to  York 
on  March  19,  1641-2,  and  used  this  city  as  head-quarters 
and  the  rendezvous  of  his  party  for  five  months.  He 
sent  for  and  obtained  the  Great  Seal,  but  before  long, 
considerations  concerning  money  for  carrying  out  his 
war  preparations  obtruded  themselves  upon  his  mind. 
According  to  tradition,  as  held  by  Folkes  and  Ruding, 
York  had  enjoyed  minting  privileges  under  Charles  I 


24  British  Numismatic.  Journal,  vol.  ii.,  "  Portraiture  of  the  Stuarts 
on  the   Royalist   Badges,"   and   vol.   v.,  "  Portraiture   of  our  Stuart 
Monarchs  on  their  Coins  and  Medals." 

25  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  X.,  "  Charles  I.    Trials  of  the  Pyx  "  ; 
and  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.,  "  English  Mint  Engravers  of 
the  Tudor  and  Stuart  Periods,  1485  to  1688." 

26  See  note  21  above. 

27  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  p.  365. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT   AND  THE    CIVIL    WAR.  177 

since  1629.28  Be  this  as  it  may,  the  well-designed,  well- 
minted  coins  issued  from  this  city  have  always  been 
attributed  to  Briot. 

What  could  be  more  natural  than  that  the  King,  who 
had  always  patronized  this  engraver,  should  require  his 
presence  in  the  north  ?  It  would  seem  that  the  Mint, 
if  it  existed  at  all  at  that  date,  was  deficient  in  instru- 
ments and  accommodation,  and  was  not  prepared  for  the 
task  thrown  upon  it.  Plate  was  contributed  to  the  royal 
cause,  and  no  time  was  to  be  lost  in  converting  it  into 
currency.  The  difficulty  of  conveying  money  to  the 
King  was  great,  although  the  Tower  mint  was  still 
nominally  in  his  hands,  and  we  may  wonder  whether 
the  emergency  of  the  moment  and  the  temptation  held 
out  by  the  possibility  of  coining  upon  the  spot  without 
supervision,  caused  the  monarch's  advisers  to  revive  a 
proposition  of  making  coins  of  inferior  quality  or  lighter 
weight  than  those  then  current,  a  proposal  which  had 
been  negatived  by  Charles  at  the  instance  of  Sir  Thomas 
Roe  in  the  previous  year.29  Possibly  this  was  the  case, 


28  Ruding's  Annals,  vol.  i.  p.  385,  edit.  1840,  and  Folkes'  A  Table  of 
English  Silver  Coins,  p.  79,  edit.  1763.     "It  is  said  that  a  mint  was 
erected  at  York  when  the  great  Earl  Strafford  was  president  of  the  North, 
which  office  he  entered  upon  about  the  beginning  of  the  year  "  [1629]. 
Folkes  and   Ruding  suggest  that  the  well-rounded  York  coins  were 
probably  due  to  Briot's  presence  with  the  King  in  his  progress  to  Scot- 
land in   1633.     Doubt   has,  however,  been  thrown   upon   so  early  a 
foundation  for  this  mint,  as  we  shall  see  later. 

29  Rushworth,  in  his  Collections  (vol.  iii.  p.  183,  edit.  1706),  after 
speaking  of  the  King's  lack  of  money  in  July,  1640,  writes :  "  It  was 
therefore  propos'd  in  Council  to  mix  Silver  and  Copper  together  and 
to  coin  300000Z.,  three  Pence  in  silver  added  to  a  quantity  of  Copper 
being  to  go  for  Twelve  pence,  which  by  proclamation  should  be  declar'd 
current  Money  to  pay  the  Army  marching  to  Newcastle  "  [to  oppose 
the  Scots].     "  After  several  days  debate  his  Majesty  and  the  Council 
thought  fit  to   hear  Sir   Thomas  Row's  opinion   (a  member  of  the 
Council)  who  was  well  skill'd  in  coins  and  spake  to  this  effect.     He 


178  HELEN   FARQUHAR. 

for,  judging  from  a  correspondence  which  passed  between 
Secretary  Nicholas30  and  our  friend  the  engraver,  who 
was  still  at  the  Tower,  some  such  suggestion  must  have 
been  made,  greatly  to  the  chagrin  of  Briot.  The  first 
letter  belonging  to  this  series,  preserved  at  the  Public 
Record  Office,  is  assigned  to  May  1,  1642,  and  Briot 
therein  requests  the  King  to  appoint  deputies  to  hear  a 
proposal  from  himself  that  the  currency  be  not  debased.31 
He  writes  in  French  and  at  some  length,  but  does  not 
state  what  plan  he  wishes  to  bring  forward  further 
than  to  suggest  his  conviction  that  thereby  the  King  is 
sure  to  find  persons  who  will  lend  the  required  money, 
until  such  time  as  he  shall  enjoy  his  own  again.  He 
argues  against  any  idea  of  raising  the  nominal  value 
of  the  gold  or  silver  coins  extant,  and  deprecates  the 
entire  recoinage  which  would  be  necessary  if  the  standard 
and  alloy  were  altered.  "  S'il  plaist  au  Roy  somniettre 
et  deputter  Tel  de  ses  Conseillers  on  autres  quil  luy 
plaira  pour  Entendre  Briot  sur  la  proposition  et  reigle- 
ment  quil  entend  de  proposer  Concernant  Les  Monnoyes 
de  Sa  d  Majeste,  au  moyen  duquel  il  fera  veoir,  que 


conceiv'd  the  intended  Project  of  enfeebling  the  Coin,  would  intrench 
very  far  upon  the  Honour,  Justice  and  Profit  of  the  King,"  &c.,  &c. 

30  Sir    Edward  Nicholas   (1593-1669)   was  appointed   Secretary  of 
State   by  Charles   I  in  1641,  and  acted   as   one  of  the  King's  Com- 
missioners at  the   Treaty   of   Uxbridge  (1644-5).     He  remained  with 
Charles   I   until  the  surrender  of  Oxford  in  1645,  and  then  resided 
abroad  until  the  Restoration,  when  he  served  Charles  II  in  the  same 
capacity  until  August,  1662. 

31  MS.   State  Papers,  Domestic,   Carl.   I,   Vol.   DXXXIX.  No.  87. 
Without  suggesting   that   experiments  were   made   with   the  King's 
consent  in   a  base   coinage   at  York,  I   may   call  attention   to    the 
occasional  occurrence  of  specimens  of   Hks.  types  1  to  4  of   inferior 
quality,  whilst  types  5  to  7  are  usually  remarkably  fine.     It  is,  how- 
ever, not  unlikely  that  the  pieces  of  poorer  metal  are  contemporary 
forgeries. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND    THE    CIVIL    WAR.  179 

Legitimement  et  prompternent  il  se  trouvera  personnes, 
qui  feront  des  auances  de  Sornmes  nottables  a  Sa  d  Majeste 
pour  Entrer  en  ses  droicts  Sans  augmentation  de  prix, 
des  Especes  de  poid,  diminution  d'alloy  et  en  se 
faisant  le  revenu  annuel  de  Sa  d  Majeste  sera  hausse. 
Ausquels  Sieurs  Comissaires  deputtez,  Le  d  Briot  fera 
Cognoistre  plus  particulierement,  Les  Consequences  et 
pertes  que  Sa  d  Majeste  et  Estats  feront,  en  receuant 
La  proposition  a  eux  faictte  pour  augmenter  le  prix 
De  L'or  et  de  L'argent  Ensemble  L'jmpossibilite  De 
L'Execution  de  la  d  proposition  et  La  Longeur  du  Temps 
quil  faut  pour  jouir  du  pretendu  proffit,  de  la  reffontte 
generalle  des  monnoyes  de  tous  les  Roys  Ses  predeces- 
seurs,  et  par  la  Supputation  qui  peust  estre  faitte  de 
la  somme,  dont  Sa  d  Majeste  peust  proffiter,  en  usant  de 
Cette  Extremitte  N'Excedera  de  beaucoup,  ce  qui  luy 
peust  reuenir  de  bon  En  receuant  L'advisdu  d  Briot  qui  est 
un  reiglement,  Lequel  sera  juge  juste,  bon  et  raisonable." 
We  have  noticed  that  in  the  year  1640  a  suggestion 
had  been  made  and  rejected  for  the  issue  of  a  debased 
shilling — three-quarters  copper  to  one  quarter  only  in 
silver — but  this  was  not  the  first  time  during  the  reign 
of  Charles  that  thoughts  of  altering  the  standard  had 
been  mooted,  Buckingham  being  held  responsible  for 
a  similar  project  in  1626.32  It  is,  perhaps,  for  this 
reason  that  the  calendarer  of  the  State  Papers  Domestic 
of  Charles  I  has  assigned,  with  a  query,  to  an  early 


K  See  Disraeli's  Life  and  Times  of  Charles  I,  vol.  i.  pp.  194-5. 
Mr.  Disraeli  states  that  by  the  advice  of  Buckingham  £60,000  worth  of 
shillings,  half  silver  and  half  alloy,  were  coined,  but  were  recalled  by 
the  King  on  the  advice  of  Mr.  Robert  Cotton,  whose  memorial  on  the 
subject  dated  September,  1626,  was  seen  by  Mr.  Disraeli  in  the  original 
MS.  form,  and  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  protest  of  Roe  in 
1640. 


180  HELEN   FAEQUHAE. 

date,  i.e.  1628,  certain  undated  documents  referring  to 
a  proposed  debasement  of  the  coinage.  These  papers 
express  at  great  length  Briot's  views  on  such  matters. 
It  has  crossed  my  mind  that  possibly  one  at  least  of 
these  protests  would  be  more  correctly  placed  somewhat 
later  than  1628,  because  allusion  is  therein  made  to 
recent  alterations  in  the  French  currency,  and  between 
the  years  1636  and  1641  material  changes  took  place 
in  the  Paris  mint,  whereas  in  1628  no  special  reduction 
in  money-values  appears  to  correspond  with  a  proclama- 
tion to  which  Briot  refers  as  having  been  "  newly  made 
in  France."33  Indeed,  so  far  as  my  small  knowledge 
of  French  numismatics  suggests,  the  radical  alterations 
of  1636,  which  ultimately  caused  the  reforms  of  1640-1, 
would  be  more  in  consonance  with  a  remark  made  by  our 
engraver  on  the  "  raising  of  the  prise  of  the  monyes  by  a 
fourth  part."  Be  this  as  it  may,  this  document  and  another 
of  the  same  nature,34  although,  perhaps,  of  the  earlier 
indicated  date,  embody  alternative  schemes  considered 
by  Briot  as  permissible.  He  urged  "that  the  forging 
of  gold  coins  shalbee  continued  with  the  same  finesse 
weight  and  value  as  it  is  at  this  present",  but  in  the 
one  argument35  advised  the  King  "to  raise  silver  and 
to  sheare  it  upon  66  peeces  by  the  pound  weight  which 
are  fower  peeces  of  augmention  in  one  pound  weight ", 
whilst  in  the  second  ^  he  limits  this  computation  to 
"Sixty  fower  shillings,  which  is  the  proportion  of  12J 
of  Silver  to  the  Gold,"  but  wishes  "  to  make  litle  peeces 


33  MS.  State  Papers,  Domestic,  Carl.  I,  Vol.  DXXIX.  No.  97.     The 
French   edict  had,  it   appeared,  been  registered    at    the    "  Court    of 
Monnyes  "  without  the  consent  of  the  "  Chamber  of  Accounts." 

34  MS.  State  Papers,  Carl.  I,  Vol.  CXXIV.  No.  68. 
33  Ibid. 

38  State  Papers  Domestic,  Carl.  I,  Vol.  DXXIX.  No.  97. 


NICHOLAS    BRIOT    AND    THE    CIVIL    WAR.  181 

of  Mony  cutt  upon  66  to  the  pound  weight  as  greatly 
necessary  for  the  Comodiousness  of  the  People  and 
Trade."  The  concluding  paragraphs  of  his  extremely 
long  arguments  are  directed  against  the  state  of  the 
copper  coinage  which  should,  he  thought,  remain  in  the 
King's  hands,  and  besides  the  making  of  the  smaller 
silver  coins  "  of  4.  3.  2.  and  1  penny  the  pound  weight 
being  cutt  upon  3u-8s-4  pennie,"  he  advocates  the  use  of 
"Brass  or  copper  coine  in  peices  of  2.  1.  and  a  halfe- 
farding,"  suggesting  that  these  "  may  be  made  six  times 
more  heavie  and  strong  then  the  fardings  wch  now  are 
currant  and  yett  his  Matie  may  profitt  in  it  33.  in  the 
hundred.  The  small  Copper  money  ought  not  to  come 
into  greate  payments  but  only  is  stablished  by  Soveraigne 
Princes  for  the  buying  of  small  Wares  or  giving  of 
Almes." 37 

Without  in  any  way  believing  that  either  of  these 
two  papers  is  the  actual  "proposition"  which  Briot  in 
May,  1642,  desired  to  lay  before  the  King,  I  venture 
to  think  he  perhaps  wished  to  reiterate  his  calculations 
and  to  impress  upon  Charles  that  it  was  wiser,  as  he 
expressed  it, "  to  remayne  by  the  goodness  of  the  Mouyes 
as  they  goe  at  present,  wth  a  conformity  of  price  and 
sorts  within  his  Ma'3  three  Kingdomes,  unto  whom  the 
glory,  and  to  the  Subiects  the  proffitt  shall  redound."  ^ 

On  the  other  hand,  Briot  may  have  been  anxious  to 
suggest  to  Charles  the  advisability  of  opening  country 
mints — of  coining  his  own  plate — of  borrowing  that  of 
his  supporters — especially  of  requesting  the  aid  of 
the  Universities 89 — for  we  shall  see  that  shortly  after 

37  State  Papers  Domestic,  Carl.  I,  Vol.  CXXIV.  No.  68. 

J"  Ibid.,  Vol.  DXXIX.  No.  97. 

39  Ruding,  vol.   i.   p.   397,  mentions    the    despatch   by   Charles  of 


182  HELEN    FARQUHAR. 

communications  had  commenced  between  the  King  and  his 
engraver  these  projects  matured  in  the  mind  of  Charles. 
May  we  not  suppose  that  Briot  was  thinking  of  the 
College  silver  when  in  the  French  letter  which  I  have 
quoted  above  he  proclaimed  his  certainty  that,  were 
security  given  that  the  currency  would  remain  pure, 
persons  would  be  found  who  would  advance  considerable 
sums  to  enable  his  Majesty  to  regain  his  rights  ?  40 

But  a  truce  to  speculation  :  Briot's  "  proposition  "  was 
answered  on  May  6  from  the  city  of  York  by  Edward 
Nicholas,  who  desired  the  engraver's  immediate  presence 
to  confer  with  the  King.41 

The  letter  runs  as  follows :  "  Monsieur,  Sa  Maw  me 
comande  Vous  mander  icy,  le  plustost  que  Vostre 
comodite  le  pourra  permettre,  et  ce  sur  le  Sujet  de 
Vostre  Lettre  escrite  a  S.M.  qu'Elle  receut  quelques 
iours  passez,  dont  Vous  ne  manquerez  sur  la  Notice  qui 
vous  en  vient  faicte  par  Monsr  Vostre  bien  affectionne  a 
vous  seruir  Edw.  Nicholas— A  York  ce  6me  May  1642." 
"  A  Monsieur,  Monsieur  Briot.  A  Londres."  On  May  26, 
however,  as  Ruding 42  notices,  a  Commission  was  deputed 


messengers  to  request  plate  from  the  University  as  being  "  when  he 
was  at  Nottingham,"  and  the  date  of  his  residence  in  that  city  as 
"from  July  10th  till  about  the  middle  of  September"  (see  note  2  to 
above).  The  first  letter  from  Charles  I  which  I  have  seen  on  the 
subject  is  one  of  thanks  on  the  reception  of  a  consignment  from 
Oxford,  dated  from  "  our  Court  at  Beverly  July  18th  1642 "  (see 
Works  of  that  Great  Monarch  and  glorious  Martyr  Charles  I,  published 
at  the  Hague,  1648,  p.  191).  A  letter  from  the  Mayor  of  Oxford,  under 
date  July  22,  1642,  at  Nottingham,  refers  to  the  "  very  ample  testi- 
monie  the  King  had  received  in  subscriptions  from  the  University." 
We,  however,  note  an  order  of  Parliament  on  July  12,  1642,  that 
the  highways  to  Oxford  should  be  watched,  owing  to  the  King's  request 
to  the  Universities  that  plate  should  be  sent  to  York. 

40  State  Papers  Domestic,  Carl.  I,  Vol.  DXXXIX.  No.  87. 

«l  Ibid.,  Vol.  CCCCXC.  No.  33. 

42  Ruding's  Annals,  vol.  i.  p.  395. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND   THE    CIVIL    WAR.  183 

to  inquire  concerning  the  bullion  in  the  Mint,  and  one 
of  their  number,  Sir  Walter  Erie,  the  following  day  re- 
peated to  the  House  of  Commons  some  information  that 
he  had  consequently  obtained  from  Monsieur  Briot,  the 
King's  graver.43  His  presence  at  the  Mint  is  therefore 
established,  and  in  his  report  to  the  Commission  he  men- 
tioned transactions  at  the  Tower  both  of  the  18th  and 
26th.  We  might,  however,  suppose  that  he  made  a 
hurried  journey  to  York  and  had  returned,  but  from  the 
next  letter  despatched  to  the  north  it  seems  likely  that 
indisposition  had  prevented  his  departure,  for  the  State 
Secretary  wrote  on  the  30th  of  the  month  begging  him 
not  to  hurry  his  journey  unduly.44  "  Monsieur,"  writes 
Sir  Edward :  "  Je  souhaite  que  la  presente  vienne 
encore  a  temp  car  ie  viens  de  recevoir  tout  a  cestheure 
celle  de  Monsr  Parkhurst  du  25me  courant,  par  laquelle 
i'apprens  vre  resolution  de  Vous  mettre  en  chemin  vers 
la  Cour  nonobstant  la  debilite  qui  Vous  reste  d'une 
derniere  Maladie.  C'est  porquoy  ie  vous  avise  par  celle 
cy  que  Sa  Ma16  se  passera  pour  apresent  de  1'occasion 
qu'Elle  avoit  pour  vous  employer  icy  :  en  sorte  que 
pouvez  demeurer,  pour  Vous  bien  remettre  chez  Vous,  en 
la  sante  que  je  vous  souhaitte,  estant  Monsr  Vostre  tres 
affectione  a  vons  servir  Edw.  Nicholas.  A  York  ce 
30  May  1642.  Mons.  Briot."  This  letter  is  addressed 
fully :  "  A  Monsieur — Monsr  Briot,  Graveur  du  Eoy,  en 
son  logis  dans  la  Tour  de  Londres,"  and  clearly  Nicholas 
was  satisfied  that  the  engraver  was  still  in  residence  at 
the  Tower  Mint,  not  yet  confiscated  by  the  Parliament. 
This  was  indeed  apparent  rather  later,  for  on  June  21 


43  Commons'  Journals,  vol.  ii.  pp.  587  and  588. 

"  State  Papers  Domestic,  Carl.  I,  Vol.  CCCCXC.  No.  74. 


184  HELEN   FAEQUHAB. 

another  missive  was  despatched  "To  my  verie  good 
friend  Mr.  Briot,  his  Maties  Graver  of  his  Mint,  At  his  house 
in  the  Tower," 15  Nicholas  being,  it  seems,  convinced 
that  by  this  time  convalescence  was  assured  and  a  speedy 
departure  would  be  possible.  "  Monsieur,"  writes  the 
Secretary,  "  J'ay  a  ce  matin  receu  coniandem1  de  Sa 
Maw  de  vous  mander  icy  en  toute  diligence  possible,  et 
Vous  avertir  qu'avez  a  mener  avec  Vous  les  Eoues  et 
toutes  autres  sortes  d'instrunV8  requis  et  necessaires  pour 
icy  battre  de  la  Monnoye  que  S  Ma"  aura  occasion 
d'ordonner  dez  que  vous  serez  arrive.  Ce  qu'ayant 
notifie  je  me  dis  Monsr  Vostre  tres  affectione  serviteur 
Edw.  Nicholas.  A  York  ce  21me  Juin  1642.  Mons. 
Briot." 

On  June  30  a  further  communication  was  sent  to  the 
same  address  to  the  effect  that  Sir  William  Parkhurst 
would  provide  money  for  the  journey,  and  that  the 
Secretary  expected  Briot's  immediate  attendance.46 
"  Monsieur,  J'ay  par  comandemt  du  Roy  escript  a  Monsr 
Le  Chevalier  Parkhurst  qu'il  vous  face  avoir  telle  some  de 
deniers  en  avance  que  vous  sera  necessaire  pour  expedier 
ce  qui  faudra  aux  provisions  pour  Vostre  Voiage  icy.  Je 
ne  veux  douter  done  de  vostre  bonne  diligence  pour 
vous  rendre  icy  au  plustost  possible  pourvu  selon  que  la 
presente  occasion  le  requiert.  Entretant  je  me  dis 
Monsieur  Vostre  bien  affectionne  a  vous  servir  Edw. 
Nicholas  a  la  Cour  a  York  30  Juin  1642.  Monsieur 
Briot." 

The  next  move  in  the  game  is  to  be  recognized  in  a 


45  State  Papers  Domestic,  Vol.  CCCCXCI.  No.  27. 
M  Ibid.,  Vol.  CCCCXCI.  No.  43.     Addressed :   "  A  Monsieur  Briot, 
Graveur  du  Boy  dcmeurant  a  la  Tour  dc  Londres." 


NICHOLAS   BKIOT    AND   THE   CIVIL    WAR.  185 

long  parchment  roll — a  statement  of  Mint  accounts — 
undecipherable  in  parts,  to  which  nevertheless  Mr. 
Henry  Symonds  directed  my  attention,  he  having  found 
many  interesting  pieces  of  information  therein,  of  which 
he  gave  an  abstract  in  his  "  Trials  of  the  Pyx "  and 
his  "  English  Engravers."  This  document  contains 
entries  of  various  disbursements  carrying  us  up  to,  or 
in  some  cases  beyond,  November,  1642.47 

One  of  the  payments  chronicled  in  the  Warden's 
account  is  to  "Nicholas  Briot,"  and  amounts  to  £100 
for  some  service  performed  in  the  autumn  of  1642,  but 
the  obliterated  state  of  the  entry  renders  it  useless, 
taken  as  evidence  of  the  movements  of  the  engraver 
on  September  30,  1642,  the  day  indicated  by  this 
Privy  Seal,  and  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  Briot 
was  paid  by  order  under  the  King's  hand  for  dies 
made  for  Charles  I's  use  in  the  country  mints  as  we 
should  deem  likely  at  so  late  a  date.48  It  is,  however, 
clear  that  the  Parliamentarians,  although  the  Tower 
was  in  September,  1642,  in  their  hands,  recognized  the 
obligations  thrown  upon  them  by  the  King's  orders,  in 
spite  of  the  fact  that  they  speak  of  his  authority  in  the 
past  tense. 

The  same  parchment  mentions  the  disbursement  in 
1642  of  £115  to  "  Thomas  Kichardson,  clothworker,  for 


47  Declared  Accounts  (Audit  Office)  Ble.  1599,  No.  42.  By  an  error 
in  the  calendar  this  account  is  printed  as  terminating  in  March,  1642, 
but  Mr.  Symonds  discovered  entries  up  to  the  month  of  November, 
after  which  time  the  manuscript  becomes  still  more  illegible. 

«  Declared  Accounts  (Audit  Office),  Ble.  1599,  No.  42,  at  the  Public 
Record  Office.  The  few  legible  words  run :  "  Nicholas  Bryot  .... 
assist  him  in  such  (?)  seruice  as  the  late  king  expected  to  him  perform'1 
of  him  ...  by  warrant  under  the  Signe  Manuel  dated  the  30th  day  of 
September  1642  for  allowance  thereof  and  signification  under  ...  of 
one  of  the  Secretaries  of  State  .  .  .  100"." 

NUM.  CHKON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES  IV.  O 


186  HELEN   FARQUHAK. 

eleven  iron  presses  for  coinage  of  moneys  and  one  great 
iron  rnorter  and  pestle  by  one  bill,  cxv"."  49 

Whether  these  were  instruments  ordered  by  Briot 
under  the  authority  of  the  letter  from  Nicholas  to  Park- 
hurst  it  is  hard  to  say,  but  if  so  they  would  have  suffered 
the  same  detention  as  the  other  objects  "belonging  to 
Minting  and  Coining  Monies  "  at  Scarborough,  and  it 
would  be  only  fair  that  they  should  be  paid  for  by  the 
government.  We  must,  however,  remember  that  certain 
mills  were  made  for  the  Tower  Mint  at  Intervals,  and 
we  find  reference  to  these  "  about  the  year  1633,"  50  and 
again  in  1638,  for  Briot's  trial  of  skill,  and  in  1640  when 
the  King  required  "five  presses  and  other  Instruments 
to  be  used  about  his  Mats  Coins,  his  Highnes  having 
caused  some  alteracon  to  be  made  in  them."  The 
expenses  of  these  presses  reached  £65,  which  sum  was 
paid  to  Edward  Greene,  the  chief  graver,51  whilst  £1700 
was  spent  on  setting  up  the  apparatus  for  Briot.  It 
is,  therefore,  somewhat  doubtful  how  far  Eichardson  was 
employed  for  the  work  at  the  ordinary  mint  establishment. 

Another  note  in  the  roll  refers  to  David  Kamage, 
and  may  in  part  pertain  to  the  ill-starred  consignment 
sent  to  the  King's  assistance,  for  we  have  seen  by  the 
Secretary  of  State's  letters  that  Briot  was  to  bring  or 
send  instruments  for  coining  with  which  York  was 
evidently  not  sufficiently  provided. 

49  Quoted  by  Mr.  Symonds  in  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  p. 
367,  and  this  writer  takes  the  above  as  evidence  that  Briot's  appliances 
were  used  in  1642.  With  this  opinion  I  am  agreed,  but  I  think  it  was 
more  likely  that  the  consignment  was  for  York,  where  they  would  be 
required  for  the  milled  coinages.  See  Num.  Chron.,  as  above. 

30  State  Papers  Domestic,  Interregnum,  May  7,  1651,  Vol.  XV. 
No.  69. 

51  Declared  Accounts  (Audit  Office),  Ble.  1599,  No.  42,  19th  Aug., 
1640. 


NICHOLAS    BRIOT    AND    THE    CIVIL    WAR.  187 

31  r.  Syiiionds  has  quoted  this  item  in  his  "  Trials 
of  the  Pyx,"52  and  kindly  showed  it  to  me  in  the 
original  Audit  Office  Accounts,53  at  the  Record  Office, 
that  I  might  print  it  verbatim  if  I  so  desired.  The 
words  showing  the  payment  made  on  July  7,  1642,  are 
as  follows  :  "  David  Eamagh  for  monies  by  him  disbursed 
in  providing  several  instruments  for  the  two  mints  at 
Yorke  and  Shrewsbury,  as  by  one  bill  dated  the  vil  of 

July  1642  appeareth.  nfj.y.5  [£85  10s.]-"  Now  David 
Kamage  was,  as  we  know,  custodian  under  the  Common- 
wealth of  the  "  mills,  presses,  cutters,  and  other  engines 
for  making  monyes "  at  the  Mint, 54  and  was  confirmed 
in  this  place  by  Charles  II,  and  the  plea  that  he  had 
as  above  supplied  the  King  in  his  necessity  would 
no  doubt  be  regarded  as  a  reason  for  retaining  his 
services  after  the  Eestoration. 

He  held,  it  seems,  no  official  position  at  the  Tower 
under  Charles  I,  and  we  find  Blondeau  informing  Par- 
liament in  June,  1650,  that  the  Master  of  the  Mint 
"hath  brought  in  an  Irish  Lock  Smith,  one  David 
Eamage  a  man  ill-affected  to  the  present  Government, 
who  hath  been  Servant  formerly  [to]  the  late  deceased 
Master  Briot,  for  whom  he  forged  his  tools  and  marked 
his  Brass  Counters."55  Blondeau  complained  that  the 
Mint  Master  had  "caused  the  said  Irish  Smith  to  be 
associated  with  the  workmen  of  the  Mint,"  apparently 
in  consequence  of  his  knowledge  of  Briot's  methods. 
We  cannot  enter  here  upon  the  differences  between 
the  milled  coinages  of  Briot  and  Blondeau,  but  we  see 

52  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  X.  p.  396, 

53  Audit  Office  Accounts,  1599-42. 

44  See  Treasury  Books,  T.  51. 1.  July  7,  1660. 

55  See  Thomason  Tracts,  669,  f.  15  (33),  Brit.  Mus. 

o  2 


188  HELEN   FARQUHAR. 

that  at  the  time  of  the  Civil  War  Kamage  was  only 
in  the  employ  of  the  former,  and  held  no  official 
status,  although  he  appears  amongst  the  Moneyers 
in  November,  1651,  and  again  in  1652.56  That  Eamage, 
although  worsted  in  his  competition  with  Blondeau, 
obtained  a  post  as  superintendent  of  mills  is  seen 
from  the  confirmation  under  Charles  II  above  noticed. 
But  to  us  the  important  matter  is  that  the  payment 
given  to  Kamage  in  1642  was  evidently  for  instruments 
such  as  he  was  in  the  habit  of  making  for  Briot. 

I  am  informed  by  Mr.  Symonds  that  he  has  not— 
and  neither  have  I — found  his  name  in  any  list  of 
officials  of  so  early  a  date  as  the  reign  of  Charles  I,  but 
he  was  obviously  in  the  habit  of  supplying  the  instru- 
ments as  required  for  this  King,  for  a  remonstrance 
framed  by  the  wardens  of  the  Mint  in  the  commencement 
of  Charles  II's  reign  refers  to  his  having  so  done.57  It  is 
stated  that  several  sorts  of  engines,  presses,  mills,  rollers, 
and  other  instruments  for  the  fabric  of  his  medals  and 
Tryals  for  his  monies  "  were  ordered  by  Charles  I "  at 
great  expense,  and  that  the  "  Money  Tryals  not  answer- 
ing his  Matvs  expectation,  Those  Instruments  were 
comitted  after  to  the  care  of  David  Kamadge  (the 
Artificer  who  made  them)  for  preservation  in  the  Mint." 
The  wardens  thought  these  tools  were  likely  to  encourage 
false  coining  unless  kept  for  safety  in  the  Tower,  and 
objected  "  that  since  the  late  distempered  tymes  divers 
of  those  Instruments  and  Tooles  have  beene  by  warrants 
and  other  meanes  comanded  of  out  of  the  Mynt."  It 
seems  possible  that  Kamage — or,  if  not  he,  Parkhurst 

56  Thomason  Tracts,  E.  1070,  10,  No.  2 ;   and  Henfrey,  Coins  and 
Medals  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  p.  63. 

57  State  Papers  Domestic,  Carl.  II,  Vol.  XXII.  No.  182. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND    THE    CIVIL    WAR.  189 

or  some  other — succeeded  in  sending  some  puncheons 
to  Shrewsbury,  for  some  rare  pound  and  half-pound 
pieces  (Hawkins,  type  1)  bear  the  same  horse  as  we 
find  on  the  Tower  half-crowns,  type  SA,  mint-marks 
Portcullis  to  Star,  a  puncheon  which  was  just  going  out 
of  use,  and  would  therefore  be  spared  the  more  easily. 
I  am  not  suggesting  that  they  are  the  work  of  Eamage, 
having  nothing  in  common  with  his  known  productions, 
whilst  we  know  that  Briot  was  the  recognized  designer 
of  the  obverses  for  the  Tower  coinage  of  1628  onwards. 
The  puncheons  intended  for  the  hammered  coinage 
would  be  delivered  to  the  mint  and  remain  at  the 
disposal  of  the  Warden,  in  whosesoever  charge  they 
might  be,  and  the  jurisdiction  still  lay  in  the  hands 
of  Parkhurst,  who,  as  we  know,  was  commissioned  to 
supply  the  York  Mint,  and  clearly  "instrumts"  for 
Shrewsbury  were  despatched  at  similar  date. 

About  the  beginning  of  July,  then,  the  less  fortunate 
shipload,  carrying  Briot's  personal  baggage  and  heavy 
presses,  started  for  Scarborough,  and  was  held  up  on 
the  15th  of  the  month  by  the  Parliamentary  patrol. 
Let  us  turn  to  the  Commons'  Journals,  and  under  date 
of  July  23,  1642,  we  may  read  the  matter  in  greater 
detail  than  in  the  version  given  by  Carlyle.58  "  A 
letter,"  so  runs  the  report,  "  from  Mr.  Jo.  Stevens, 
Captain  of  one  of  the  ships  of  the  Fleet  now  at  Sea, 
and  riding  about  Scarborough,  of  the  15th  of  July. 
Ordered  that  the  Committee  for  the  Navy  do  send  for 
Monsieur  Bryatt  of  the  Minte,  and  examine  the  Business 
concerning  the  Materials  belonging  to  the  Minte  sent 
by  him  and  stayed  at  Scarborough  by  Captain  Stevens : 

58  Commons'  Journals,  Vol.  II.  p.  687. 


190  HELEN   FARQUHAK. 

and  that  they  give  order  to  Captain  Steevens  to  detain 
them  in  his  hands,  till  he  receives  further  order  from 
the  House.  Resolved,  That  Mr.  Steevens,  Master  of 
the  Ship  that  rides  about  Scarborough,  that  stayed  the 
Materials  of  all  Sorts  belonging  to  the  Mint  (no  Authority 
appearing  for  Transporting  of  them)  has  done  well  in 
Staying  of  them."  From  an  entry  commanding  the 
attendance  of  Briot  before  the  Committee,  Ruding 
infers  that  he  was  at  this  moment — i.e.  on  Saturday, 
July  23— in  London,59  probably  deeming  that  were  it 
otherwise  some  notice  would  have  been  taken  of  his 
non-attendance,  and  also  the  remark  that  the  words 
"  sent  by  him  "  as  applied  to  the  mint  material  suggests 
that  if  he  went  north  at  all  at  this  moment  his  presence 
escaped  detection  at  this  period,  and  he  made  his  way 
back  to  London.  Concerning  this  voyage  we  shall  have 
more  to  say  presently,  but  we  have  now  reached  the 
moment  in  the  month  of  August,  outlined  by  Carlyle 
at  the  beginning  of  our  narrative,  when  on  the  20th 
the  order  for  the  restoration  of  Briot's  wearing  apparel 
was  issued  by  the  Commons.60  On  July  23,  1642,  a 
decree  had  been  pronounced  that  thenceforward  neither 
arms  nor  war  material  should  be  shipped  from  the 
Tower  without  the  Lieutenant's  permission,61  but 
curiously  enough  it  was  not  until  October  5  that 
the  prohibition  was  formally  extended  to  the  Mint. 
Under  this  date  we  read  :  "  Ordered  that  the  Officers 
of  the  Minte  be  required  not  to  suffer  any  Officer,  Work- 
man, or  Instrument,  belonging  to  the  Minte,  or  Coining, 
or  Graving  to  quit  their  Charge  or  to  be  carried  from 


59  Ruding,  vol.  i.  p.  397. 

60  Commons'  Journals,  Vol.  II.  p.  728. 

61  Ibid.,  Vol.  II.  pp.  687  an*  689. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND   THE    CIVIL    WAR.  191 

thence  without  order  of  this  House." 62  It  seems  likely 
that  this  Parliamentary  ukase  was  issued  on  the  dis- 
covery that  the  King  had  sent  for  Parkhurst  and  other 
officers  to  attend  him ;  but  we  have  reason  to  believe 
that  money  would  be  considered  as  "  War  Material "  at 
an  earlier  period. 

The  seizure  of  the  Tower  was  now  complete,  so  far  as 
the  King  was  concerned,  for  he  could  no  longer  obtain 
help  thence,  unless  secretly.  The  sequestration  of  the 
royal  estates  and  revenues  followed  after  an  interval,  the 
ordinance  of  Parliament  directing  the  spoliation  being 
dated  September  21,  1643,63  but  Mr.  Symonds  informs 
me  that  he  has  made  extracts  from  an  account  furnished 
by  a  Parliamentarian  receiver  of  mint  revenues,  which 
runs  from  November  25,  1642,  and  that  from  entries  in 
this  document  it  appears  that  the  Mint  was  actually 
seized  as  from  August  10,  1642.64 

From  thenceforth  therefore — certainly  from  the  date 
of  the  above  order  of  October  5 — if  Nicholas  Briot 
supplied  the  King  with  dies  he  did  so  at  considerable 
risk,  and  the  question  has  been  raised  whether  he 
abandoned  his  master  or  whether  he,  as  tradition  asserts, 
threw  wife  and  children,  habitation  and  salary,  to  the 
winds  in  pursuit  of  loyalty. 


62  Commons'  Journals,  Vol.  II.  p.  795. 

63  Ibid.,  Vol.  in.  p.  250. 

64  On  this  day  a  Committee  was  appointed  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons to  look  after  some  monies  which  had  been  seized  (see  Commons' 
Journals,  vol.  ii.  pp.  712-713).   Nevertheless,  so  late  as  December  3, 1642, 
we  still  find  the  King's  Gentleman  of  the  Robes,  George  Kirk,  appealing 
for  £1000  out  of  coinage  money  in  the  Tower  for  the  King's  apparel. 
This  sum  had  been  authorized  by  Parliament,  but  by  another  order 
had   been  devoted  to  the  expenses  of  H.M.'s  children,  who  had  re- 
mained  in   London,   and   had   not  been   used   for  the  King's   robes. 
Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  Report  V.,  House  of  Lords  MSS.,  p.  59. 


192  HELEN    FARQUHAR. 

In  the  light  of  recent  discoveries  it  seems  to  me  that 
he  perhaps  adopted  a  middle  course,  visiting  the  King 
by  stealth  only,  under  pretence  perhaps  of  journeys  to 
France  in  obedience  to  more  than  one  summons,  such  as 
he  had,  we  believe,  received  earlier  from  the  Cour  des 
Monnaies  to  be  again  repeated  in  these  crucial  years.65 
He  might  possibly  supply  the  want  of  dies  by  means  of 
a  messenger  or  give  a  general  superintendence  to  the 
mints  of  York  and  Oxford  in  flying  visits,  as  he  had 
done  in  Scotland,  but  as  we  shall  presently  see,  he  did 
not  pass  wholly  undetected  and  he  suffered  for  his 
loyalty. 

Mr.  Symonds  was  the  fortunate  discoverer  of  evidence 
concerning  the  engraver's  last  days,  of  his  payment  by 
the  Mint  authorities  during  the  concluding  nine  months 
of  his  life,  of  the  date  of  his  last  will  and  testament,  of 
the  place  of  his  death  and  burial,66  disposing  once  for  all 
of  the  theory  held  until  recently  by  myself  and  others 
that  he  died  at  Oxford  actually  at  the  Court  of  Charles. 


as  c(  j}  revint  en  Prance  peutetre  en  1642,  mais  certainement  en  1644. 
Le  2  Sep.  1642  [N.S.],  Jean  Varin  et  un  certain  Briot  durent  comparaitre 
devant  la  Cour  des  Monnaies.  .  .  .  S'agit  il  de  Nicolas  Briot  ou  d'Isaac 
Briot,  son  frere  ?  Le  20  (?)  Avril  [N.S.]  1644.  Nicolas  Briot,  etant  en  dis- 
cussion avec  Jean  Varin,  est  cit6  par  la  Cour  des  Monnaies  "  (Maze- 
rolle's  Mtdailleurs,  vol.  i.  pp.  cxxvii  and  cxxviii).  Mr.  Henfrey,  in  his 
Numismata  Cromwelliana,  p.  5,  whilst  quoting  Walpole's  Anecdotes  of 
Painting  (vol.  i.  p.  256,  edit.  1886)  in  support  of  the  theory  that 
Briot  returned  to  France  in  1642,  discountenances  that  of  George 
Vertue  (Medals,  Coins,  (&c.,  of  Thomas  Simon,  edit.  1780,  p.  61),  that  the 
year  1646  was  that  of  his  return,  deeming  the  date  to  be  "  probably  a 
misprint  as  Briot  appears  to  have  gone  to  France  from  Scarborough  in 
1642."  Mr.  Henfrey  did  not  give  his  authority  for  this  statement. 

66  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  X.  p.  397.  I  understand  by  Mr. 
Symonds'  courtesy  that  this  payment  of  £37  10s.  for  three-quarters  of 
a  year  at  the  annual  fee  of  £50  appears  in  the  Warden's  account  which 
runs  from  April  1,  1646,  to  March  31,  1647.  The  payment  extends 
to  December  25,  1646,  the  actual  day  of  Briot's  burial. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND   THE    CIVIL    WAR.  193 

Mr.  Symonds  tells  us  that  the  engraver's  will  was  dated 
a  considerable  time  after  the  fall  of  the  University  city, 
i.e.  on  December  22,  1646,  and  that  it  was  written  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields  in  London,  but  that 
no  precise  place  of  abode  is  mentioned,  and  finally,  that 
Briot  was  buried  in  St.  Martin's  Church  three  days  later. 
He  further  informed  me  that  Briot  desired  to  be  interred 
in  the  parish  wherein  he  might  die,  from  which  I  think 
we  may  conclude  that  he  did  indeed  suffer  for  his  efforts 
in  the  King's  cause,  being  turned  out  of  his  lodgings  in 
the  Tower.  But  the  natural  inference  was  drawn  by 
Mr.  Symonds  that  Briot,  dying  in  the  pay  of  the  Parlia- 
ment, the  Government  moreover  paying  to  his  widow 
eighteen  months  later  an  additional  sum  67  for  his  tools 
and  presses,  which  remained  at  the  Tower  for  the  use 
of  the  Mint,68  was  the  servant  of  the  Commonwealth 
rather  than  of  the  King,  and  with  this  we  are  agreed. 

When    publishing    some   years   ago   his    "  Trials    of 
the  Pyx,"   in  the  Numismatic  Chronicle,  Mr.  Symonds 


67  By  warrant  of  June  17,  1646,  the  sum  of  £258  10s.  for  his  mills, 
presses,  and  tools  (see  "  Trials  of  the  Pyx"  in  Num.  Chron.,  as  above, 
p.  397). 

68  In  1656  when  the  milled  coinage  was  attempted  by  Oliver  Crom- 
well, Blondeau  was  at  first  allotted  "  that  house  in  the  Tower,  where 
M.  Biott  formerly  worked,"  and  he  was  permitted  the  use  of  "  all  such 
forges  and  tools  as  are  there."     By  his  own  choice,  however,  different 
premises  were  prepared  for  him  (see  British  Numismatic  Journal,  vol. 
v.  p.  238).     This  matter  of  the  mills  used  by  Briot  was  already  in  dis- 
cussion in  May,  1651,  the  provost  and  company  of  moneyers  suggesting 
on  the  7th  of  that  month  that  if  £1000  were  provided  for  repairs  they 
made  "  no  question  of  supplying  "  a  milled  coinage  as  "  faire,  beautiful 
and  cheap  as  any  Frenchman,"  alleging,  however,  that  "  it  will  require 
several  mills  and  horses  and  houses  to  be  sett  up,  the  workhouses  in  ye 
mint  being  within  these  few  years  mightily  decayed,  the  same  being 
done  in  Briott's  time  about  the  year  1633  and  the  charges  thereof  cost 
seventeen  hundred  pounds    before  any  Tryall  could  be  made  by  the 
same  Briott  "  (State  Papers  Domestic,  Interregnum,  Vol.  XV.  No.  69). 


194  HELEN    FARQUHAR. 

remarked  upon  the  "regrettable  gap"  in  the  Warden's 
Mint  accounts  between  1642  and  1645,  and  although  this 
hiatus  was  covered  in  many  cases  by  those  of  the  master- 
worker,  the  graver's  fees  which  would  have  been  paid 
by  the  Warden  were  uuchrouicled.  However,  in  the 
light  of  the  salary  received  in  1646  we  felt  bound  to 
believe  that  Briot,  after  perhaps  endeavouring  to  supply 
the  needs  of  the  King  by  starting  obediently  for  York, 
was  stopped  at  Scarborough,  returned  to  London,  and 
lived  and  died  quietly  in  Government  pay.  Moreover, 
Mr.  Symonds'  research  now  affords  the  further  informa- 
tion, kindly  placed  at  my  disposal,  that  the  Warden's 
account  from  May  13,  1645,  to  March  31,  1646,  discloses 
the  fact  that  Briot,  together  with  other  officers,  within 
that  period  received  three  and  a  quarter  years'  fee  ending 
at  Christmas,  1645,  namely,  £162  10s. ;  therefore  although 
the  accounts  are  missing  for  three  years,  Briot  obtained 
his  arrears  when  payments  were  resumed  The  case 
against  the  engraver  seemed  complete ;  nevertheless 
tradition  is  at  times  a  valuable  adjunct  to  research,  and 
tradition  is  in  favour  of  Briot's  loyalty.  Besides,  the 
evidence  of  the  coinage  in  several  instances  is  against 
the  acceptation  of  the  adverse  theory  unmodified.  There 
are  York  half-crowns  initialled  with  the  letter  B  within 
the  O  of  EBOR  [PI.  XII.  Fig.  1]  which,  by  reason  of  their 
analogy  with  similar  coins  bearing  mint-mark  Star, 
Triangle  in  circle  [PI.  XII.  Fig.  2]  and  (P)  at  the  Tower, 
should  not  be  placed  earlier  than  the  year  1640 — probably 
later,  for  the  mint-mark  Star  shows  several  varieties. 
It  is  most  likely  upon  this  account  that  the  type  is 
catalogued  as  the  last  in  the  York  series  by  Hawkins.69 


69  Hawkins  type  7,  Fig.  498,  but  the  initial   passes   unnoticed   by 
this  author.     The  type  with  the  horse's  tail  visible  between  its  legs 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND   THE    CIVIL   WAR.  195 

There  are  York  shillings  [PI.  XII.  Fig.  3]  70  with  the 
same  signature  and  type  of  reverse,  and  on  these  the  bust 
almost  exactly  reproduces  Briot's  special  coinage  with 
the  mint-mark  Anchor  [PI.  XII.  Fig.  4]  forming  a  con- 
necting link  between  these  beautifully  engraved  coins 
and  the  Tower  issues  of  about  the  same  period,  the  latter 
being,  however,  noticeably  less  well  executed. 

There  are  Oxford  coins  bearing  the  rather  peculiar 
horse  first  designed  by  Briot  on  some  of  his  patterns 
and  used  in  his  London  and  Scottish  coinages,71  whilst 
the  Tower  issues  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War 
show  a  very  diverse  collection  of  dies,  especially  as 
regards  the  half-crowns  and  shillings,  and,  excepting 
in  spasmodic  instances,  a  lamentable  decrease  in  tech- 
nical proficiency  in  the  reproduction  of  established 
types.  Here  again  Mr.  Symonds  comes  to  our  rescue, 
for  we  learn  from  his  English  Mint  Engravers 72  that 

prevailed  on  half-crowns  at  the  Tower  upon  coins  marked  with  the  Star, 
Triangle  in  circle,  and  in  rare  instances  with  (P),  but  on  the  crowns  we 
find  it  in  (P),  (R),  and  Sun,  until  it  is  replaced  with  the  last-mentioned 
mint-mark  by  the  type  usually  attributed  to  Simon  (Hks.  type  5).  It 
appears,  therefore,  that  these  York  half-crowns  cannot  reasonably  be 
placed  earlier  than  1640,  at  the  very  soonest.  I  may  note  that  of  the 
Tower  Mint  I  have  seen  but  one  half-crown  bearing  this  York  horse 
with  the  mint-mark  (P),  that  in  the  British  Museum.  We  may,  there- 
fore, assume  that  the  smaller  horse,  which  had  been  in  evidence  until 
the  introduction  of  the  Star  mint-mark  in  July,  1641,  resumed  its  sway 
about  1644  upon  the  half-crowns. 

70  The  busts  upon  the  York  shillings,  Hks.  type  4  and  5,  reproduce 
Briot's   type   2.     Some   of  the  shillings  assigned  by  Hawkins  to  an 
earlier  date  are  connected  with  the  Briot  issues  by  the  reverse,  having 
a  cross  extending  to  the  edge  of  the  coin  like  Briot's  Hks.  type  1.    The 
coins  numbered  by  Hks.  in  shillings  1  to  3,  in  half-crowns  1  to  4,  are 
less  well  designed  than  the  later  types,  and  the  busts  and  equestrian 
figures  have  no  such  prototypes  at  the  Tower. 

71  Besides  the  Oxford  series  of  half-crowns  dated  1643  to  1646,  there 
is  in  the  British  Museum  a  solitary  pound-piece  of  this  type  bearing 
date  1643. 

7-  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.,  p.  367. 


196  HELEN   FAEQUHAR. 

Nicholas  de  Burgh,  John  Decroso,  and  Abraham  Preston 
were  temporarily  employed  at  the  Tower  at  various  dates 
between  1641  and  1644,  John  East  being  still  under 
graver,  whilst  Edward  Greene,  the  official  chief  graver 
of  many  years'  standing,  died  towards  the  end  of  the 
last-mentioned  year.73  The  coinage  at  Oxford  presents 
more  difficulties,  if  we  attempt  to  judge  by  style,  than 
does  that  of  York,  for  not  only  have  we  to  dismiss  from 
our  mind  the  peculiar  method  of  striking  which  we  are 
accustomed  to  associate  with  the  name  of  Briot,  but  we 
have  a  formidable  rival  in  artistic  merit  with  whom  to 
contend  in  Thomas  Kawlins.  Uncertainty  haunts  our 
steps  when  we  endeavour  to  draw  a  line  between  his 
work  and  that  of  Briot,  for  portraiture,  which  should  be 
our  surest  test,  fails  us,  in  that  identical  medals  were 
made  by  these  two  artists  whilst  the  King  was  at  Oxford 
in  1643,  the  only  difference  being  in  the  artists'  initials 
under  the  bust.74  It  is  believed  that  the  taking  of 


73  Simon  was  at  this  time  also  working  at  the  Mint,  but  his  attention 
appears   to    have   been  principally  absorbed  in    making    seals.     His 
official  appointment  as  maker  of  coins  is  of  April  4,  1645. 

74  Med.  III.,  vol.  i.  pp.  308--309,  Nos.  134,  135,  and  136,  dated  1643. 
We  notice  that  No.  135,  as  catalogued  in   Medallic  Illustrations  of 
British  History,  is  not  signed,  but  a  similar  example  in  the  Hunter 
cabinet  has  .  CO  .  below  the  bust,  and  I  think  a  trace  of  the  signature 
in  this  form  can  be  made  out  on  the  Museum  specimen.     We  find 
some  of  Briot's  dies  still  in  use  after  his  death  (see  Med.  III.,  vol.  i. 
p.  336,  Nos.  179  and  180,  and  p.  309,  No.  136),  some  reverses  bearing 
date  1648  (p.  336,  No.  179),  and  even  1660  (p.  309,  No.  136),  but  marks 
of  rust  on  these  prove  that  the  dies  had  been  laid  aside  for  the  time, 
whilst  I  venture  to  think  the  undated  pieces  (see  No.  180)  belonged 
originally    to    the    issues    of    1643.      The    earlier    issues,   known  in 
Medallic  Illustrations  as   "Peace   or  War,"   are  therein  referred  to 
the  period  of   the  "  taking  of   Bristol  in  consequence  of  the  King's 
expression    of    his  wish    for    peace   as   opposed    to   these    miserable 
bloody  distempers,  which,  as   he   informed   his   Council,   "  have  dis- 
quieted this  poor  kingdom"  (see  Clarendon's  History,  1843,  p.  411). 
On  the  other  hand,  another  likely  occasion  of  yet  earlier  issue  may  have 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND   THE    CIVIL   WAR.  197 

Bristol  by  Prince  Kupert  on  July  27  of  that  year  was 
commemorated  by  these  "Peace  or  War"  medals.  If 
this  indeed  be  the  date  and  occasion  of  this  medal 
rather  than  the  previous  April  when  terms  of  peace 
were  debated  and  rejected,  we  must  remember  that 
Rawlins  produced  also  two  other  very  poor  medals  75  in 
commemoration  of  the  reduction  of  Bristol,  and  their 
extreme  rarity  suggests  that  the  King  did  not  like  the 
portrait,  and  choosing  Briot's  design  made  Rawlins  copy 
the  work  of  his  senior.  These  medals  may,  I  think,  be 
taken  as  evidence  that  whilst  Rawlins  was  working 
steadily  in  Oxford  in  1643,  Briot  either  paid  one  of  his 
flying  visits  to  the  King  about  the  middle  of  that  year 
or  supplied  his  master  with  dies  from  London. 

It  is  not  my  intention,  however,  at  present  to  say 
more  than  I  can  help  concerning  Rawlins,  but  we 
cannot  discuss  the  Oxford  currency  without  reference 
to  his  signed  coinage  of  1644  to  1646,  and  the  impres- 
sion that  he  served  the  King  from  the  beginning  of 
Charles  I's  residence  in  the  University  is  suggested  by 
the  multitude  of  badges  which,  during  the  Civil  War, 
occupied  the  place  of  the  war  medals  of  to-day.  This 
belief  is  further  strengthened  by  a  badge  in  my  own 
collection  which  bears  date  1642.76 ' 

Mr.  Symonds  has  shown  that  the  initialled  coinage 
of  Oxford  was  followed  instead  of  being  preceded  by 
an  official  appointment  as  "  Chiefe  Graver  to  his  Mats 


been  the  meeting  at  Oxford  to  discuss  a  treaty,  the  King  on  April  12, 
1643,  making  a  communication  to  the  Parliamentary  delegates  of  his 
readiness  to  cease  hostilities  (see  Clarendon,  as  above,  p.  379). 

»  Med.  III.,  vol.  i.  p.  307,  Nos.  131-132. 

76  This  badge,  although  unsigned,  is  so  much  like  one  of  Rawlins' 
other  medallions,  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  assign  it  to  any  other 
artist. 


198  HELEN   FARQUHAR. 

mints  in  the  Tower  of  London  and  elswhere  in  England 
and  Wales "  under  a  sign  manual  of  April,  1645,77 
some  months  after  the  death  of  Edward  Greene,  who, 
although  in  the  Parliamentary  employ,  originally  held 
his  appointment  from  the  King.  This  Privy  Seal,  with 
its  grant  to  Rawlins  of  a  position,  which,  as  Mr.  Symonds 
points  out,  it  was  no  longer  in  the  power  of  Charles  to 
bestow,  was  probably  the  only  reward  he  could  offer 
him,  and  was  rather  a  guarantee  of  past  services  than  an 
actual  gift  of  present  preferment. 

Not  unnaturally  the  office  of  chief  graver  was  almost 
simultaneously  filled  by  the  decree  of  King  and  Parlia- 
ment, for  the  letters  patent  granted  by  the  latter78 
bestowing  the  post  upon  Edward  Wade  and  Thomas 
Simon  in  lieu  of  "  Edward  Green  deceased  "  are  dated 
April  4,  1645,79  and  possibly  the  King,  having  learned 
of  these  changes  at  the  Tower,  endowed  Rawlins  with 
the  title  of  chief  graver  as  a  protest. 

We  know  not  where  Kawlins  first  fell  in  with  Charles, 
nor  whether  he  was  an  amateur  throwing  in  his  lot  with 
the  King  as  did  so  many  of  the  cultured  youth  of  the 
day.  He  had  already  distinguished  himself  as  a  play- 
wright and  man  of  letters,  his  proficiency  as  a  writer 
being  acknowledged^  some  years  before  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  War.80 

We  have  no  evidence  to  prove  that  he  had  fallen  in 

77  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  p.  369. 

78  It  appears  from  contemporary  evidence  brought  forward  by  Mr. 
Symonds   from  the   Pipe   Office   Accounts   that    Nicholas  de   Burgh 
temporarily  filled  the  office  after  Greene's  death  until  the  appointment 
of  Simon  and  Wade  was  made. 

78  See  Num.  Chron.,  1st  Ser.,  Vol.  IV.  p.  U,  and  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII. 
p.  368.  Edward  Greene  died  shortly  before  Christmas,  1644. 

80  It  is  believed  that  Bawlins  produced  his  play,  Tlie  Rebellion,  in 
1637,  although  it  was  not  published  until  1640. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT   AND   THE   CIVIL   WAR.  199 

with  Thomas  Bushell,  the  mine-owner  and  mint-master, 
and  came  to  Oxford  with  the  latter  on  his  removal  of 
the  Shrewsbury  mint  to  the  University  town ;  rather 
the  contrary,  for  he  can  hardly  be  held  responsible 
for  the  unfortunate  quadruped  which  appears  on  most 
of  the  Shrewsbury  and  Oxford  coins  at  this  early  date. 
We  do,  however,  believe  that  Kawlins  was  with  Bushell 
before  the  year  1642,  according  to  the  old  style  of 
reckoning,  had  expired,  for  the  pound-piece  coined  at 
the  latter  city  (Hks.  type  4) 81  bears  this  date  together 
with  an  admirably  delineated  horse  much  resembling 
the  signed  crown  of  1644  with  Oxford  in  the  back- 
ground. We  must,  therefore,  rather  attribute  the  ugli- 
ness of  the  early  Oxford  equestrian  figure  in  general  to 
the  fact  that  Rawlins's  activity  was  employed  in  making 
badges,  a  somewhat  lengthy  process,  in  that  they  were 
cast  and  usually  chased,  and  consequently  required  the 
supervision  of  the  artist.  By  the  help  of  these  badges, 
some  of  which  bear  excellent  equestrian  portraits,  and 
of  his  signed  coins  of  1644  to  1646,  it  seems  possible  to 
identify  his  part  in  the  coinage,  assigning  to  his  credit 
the  superior  pieces  both  in  gold  and  silver  from  the 
three-pound  downwards,  beginning,  with  the  exception 
of  the  silver  twenty-shilling  piece  just  mentioned,  in 
the  year  1643.  Our  first  official  notice  that  Rawlins 
was  engraver  of  coins  lies  in  a  warrant  addressed  to  him 
on  June  1,  1643,  concerning  a  gold  badge  to  be  pre- 
sented to  Sir  Kobert  Walsh,  who  had  distinguished 
himself  at  Edgehill  in  the  previous  October.  Eawlins 


81  This  pound-piece  bears  a  Shrewsbury  reverse,  but  the  obverse  has 
the  Oxford  plume.  We  must  therefore  assume  it  is  of  early  Oxford 
issue.  This  equestrian  portrait  is  carried  forward  throughout  1643  and 
1644  with  fresh  reverses,  see  Hks.  types  5  and  7. 


200  HELEN   FARQUHAK. 

is  therein  addressed  as  "our  trusty  and  wellbeloved 
graver  of  Seals,  Stamps  and  Medals."  I  lay  stress  upon 
this  point,  because  on  going  to  the  Herald's  College 
to  examine  this  grant,  I  found  that  the  word  "  stamps," 
i.e.  dies,  appeared  in  the  original  document,  and  had 
been  accidentally  omitted  by  another  writer,  who  had 
published  the  warrant.82  With  regard  to  lettering  a 
curious  anomaly  presents  itself,  and  were  it  invariable 
we  might  find  in  it  a  clue,  for  on  much  of  the  Oxford 
coinage  beginning  in  the  course  of  the  year  1643,  after 
the  change  for  the  better  had  commenced,  we  notice 
a  peculiar  closed  serif  in  the  letter  R,  generally  in 
the  word  Rex,  and  often  throughout  the  legend. 
It  has  the  appearance  of  a  monogram,  although  less 
definitely  than  the  mint-mark  on  certain  coins  upon 
which  some  discussion  has  been  raised  concerning 
their  attribution  to  Bristol  or  to  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford.83 

Our  first  idea  was  that  Briot  might  have  used  this  closed 

82  See  article  on  the  "  Medal  presented  to  Sir  Robert  Walsh,"  Num. 
Chron.,  1st  Ser.,  Vol.  XV.  pp.  80-81. 

83  The  R  with  the  closed  serif  is  not  found  in  the  legend  of  the 
specimens  where  the  monogram  is  used  as  a  mint-mark,  and  they  bear 
an  ugly  horse,  such  as  that  in  use  at  Oxford  until  1643  only.     Whether 
the  removal  of  this  engraver's  dies  to  Bristol,  or  the  desire  to  set  them 
aside  for  a  particular  issue  at  Oxford,  gave  rise  to  the  substitution  of 
Briot's  horse,  is  a  question  which  it  boots  not  to  renew  here,  but  half- 
crowns  exist  with  a  horse  of  the  early  Oxford  type  on  the  obverse, 
combined  with  a  reverse  bearing  the  B.  monogram  as  mint-mark,  and 
when  new  puncheons  were  made  with  a  slightly  differing  equestrian 
figure,  we  observe  that  it  is  still  of  the  same  coarse  workmanship  and 
clumsy  drawing  as  though  from  the  hand  of  the  same  engraver.     It 
is  apparent  from  a  manuscript  in  the  British  Museum  that  Bushell 
was  "  at  great  charge  in  Repairing  the  Castle  [at  Bristol]  and  setting 
up    a   mint    therein."      The   expense   incurred  by  him  in  so   doing 
amounted  to  £1000,  and,  giving  my  opinion  for  what  it  is  worth,  it 
seems  natural  to   assign   his   removal  to   a  period  shortly  after  the 
capture  of  the  city,  i.e.  in  the  late  autumn  of  1643. 


NICHOLAS    BKIOT    AND   THE    CIVIL    WAS.  201* 

serif  in  the  legend  giving  to  the  B.  the  appearance  of 
a  monogram  just  as  he  enclosed  his  initial  within  the 
o  of  EBOR  or  frankly  placed  it  on  his  London  milled 
coinage.  But  this  may  hardly  be,  for  it  is  noticeable  on 
the  Oxford  Pattern  crown  signed  by  Eawlins,  who  for 
such  a  personal  exhibition  of  his  skill  would  hardly 
employ  a  lettering  denoting  partnership  with  another. 
We  might  just  as  easily  suggest  that  this  composite 
letter  stood  for  the  partnership  of  Bushell  and  Rawlins, 
Bushell  as  mint  master,  Kawlins  as  chief  graver,  but 
such  dates  as  we  possess  concerning  Bushell's  move- 
ments are  indicative  of  his  moving  to  Bristol  just  as  this 
strangely  shaped  R  first  meets  our  eye,  also  we  must 
notice  that  the  closed  serif  is  not  upon  any  of  the  war- 
badges  which  Eawlins  first  designed  at  the  suggestion, 
and  in  some  cases,  if  not  all,  at  the  expense  of  Bushell.8* 
It  is  true  that  lettering  is  often  a  help  in  determining 
to  what  artist  a  coin  is  likely  to  be  attributable,  and 
we  notice  in  the  later  half-crowns  at  Oxford  a  certain 
shaping  of  the  letter  A,  a  frequent  use  of  a  lozenge  and 
of  rosettes  and  stops  which,  unlike  the  closed  serif,  are 
reminiscent  of  Briot's  most  careful  early  coinage.  This 
fact  suggests  that  not  only  were  the  puncheons  for  the 
equestrian  figure  from  his  hand,  but  that  he  also 
engraved  the  pattern  dies  or  at  least  that  tools  from  his 
workshop  were  in  use.  It  is,  however,  not  wise  to  lay 
much  stress  on  this  point,  for  the  lettering  is  not 

invariable,  and  was  probably  rather  the  fashion  of  the 

f 

84  Amongst  the  services  enumerated  by  the  King  in  a  testimonial  to 
Thomas  Bushell  under  date  June  12,  1643,  Charles  mentions  "  yor 
invention  for  or  better  knowinge  and  rewardinge  the  Forlorne  Hope 
with  Badges  of  Silver  at  yr  own  Chardge,  when  the  souldiers  were 
readie  to  run  awaye  through  the  instigation  of  some  disafected 
persons  "  (see  Harl.  MS.,  Charters  111,  B.  61). 

NUM.    CHKON.,   VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES  IV.  P 


202 


HELEN   FARQUHAR. 


moment  than  the  exclusive  hall-mark  of  the  man.  It 
is,  moreover,  rare  to  find  the  silver  coins  in  such  condition 
as  would  enable  us  to  judge  fairly  of  the  engraver's  pro- 
ficiency, especially  as  regards  the  half-crowns,  and  I 
must  reluctantly  admit  that  I  have  never  seen  a  specimen 
of  this  denomination  at  Oxford,  in  which  one  could 
recognize  the  precision  of  his  workmanship. 

Oxford  was,  as  York  had  been  at  first,  but  badly  pro- 
vided with  implements  for  coinage  upon  a  large  scale, 
such  as  was  demanded  by  the  melting  of  the  College 
plate.  The  King,  shortly  after  the  seizure  of  the  cargo, 
which  had  been  intended  to  facilitate  his  coining 
operations  in  the  north,  had,  on  setting  up  his  standard 
at  Nottingham  on  August  22,  1642,85  sent  requests  to 
Oxford  and  Cambridge  for  contributions  in  plate,  and 
receiving  the  same,  again  sent  "secret  orders"  to  the 
officers  of  the  Mint  "  to  be  ready  to  come  to  his  Majesty 
as  soon  as  he  should  find  a  place  convenient." 86  Sir 
William  Parkhurst,  the  Warden  of  the  Mint,  obeyed 
the  King's  summons,  and  to  his  superintendence,  in 
co-operation  with  Thomas  Bushell  as  joint  master,  was 
committed  the  Oxford  mint — set  up  at  New  Inn  Hall 
on  January  3,  1642-3,  a  considerable  time  having 

85  This  date  is  usually  accepted  as  that  of  the  setting  up  of  the 
Standard,   being   that   given   by   Rushworth   (edit.   1708,  vol.  iv.   p. 
503) ;  by  Lilly  the  astrologer  (see  Tracts  of  the  Civil  War,  vol.  i.  pp. 
176-177) ;  and  by  Gardiner  in  his  History  of  the  Great  Civil  War,  vol.  i. 
p.  1.     Charles  appointed  this  day  as  a  rendezvous  in  a  proclamation 
written  from  York  on  the  12th  of  August  (see  Works  of  Charles  I,  vol. 
ii.  p.  102).     Clarendon  says  that  the  King  arrived  two  or  three  days 
before  he  had  appointed  to  set  up  the  standard,"  and  he  did  so  on  the 
25th  "  at  about  six  of  the  clock  in  the  evening  of  a  very  stormy  and 
tempestuous  day,"  that  it  was  blown  down,  and  "  could  not  be  fixed 
again  in  a  day  or  two  till  the  tempest  was  allayed  "    (History  of  the 
Rebellion,  edit.  1843,  pp.  288-289). 

86  Clarendon,  edit.  1843,  p.  301,  where  the  account  is  given  of  plate 
arriving  at  Nottingham  from  both  Universities. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND    THE    CIVIL    WAR.  203 

elapsed  since  the  arrival  of  Charles,  who  had  reached 
the  University  city  on  October  29.  Thomas  Bushell, 
whose  mint  at  Aberystwith,  in  operation  since  1637,  had 
produced  a  weekly  output  of  some  £6S,87  carried  his 
experience  and,  so  far  as  in  him  lay,  his  help  to  the 
King  at  Shrewsbury,  but  Clarendon  notes  that  even 
there,  although  bullion  came  in,  the  coining  operations 
were  delayed.  "  Such  proportions  of  Plate  and  Money," 
says  the  historian  of  The  Rebellion,  "  were  voluntarily 
brought  in,  that  the  army  was  fully  and  constantly  paid. 
The  King  having  erected  a  Mint  at  Shrewsbury,  more 
for  reputation  than  use  (for,  for  want  of  workmen  and 
instruments,  they  could  not  coin  a  thousand  pounds  a 
week)  and  causing  all  his  own  plate,  for  the  service  of 
his  household  to  be  delivered,  thus  made  other  men 
think,  theirs  was  the  less  worth  preserving."  ^ 

This  small  apparatus,  then,  reached  Oxford  on  January  3, 
and  so  early  as  the  6th  we  have  records  of  the  King's 
orders  to  All  Souls'  College  to  deliver  plate  to  Parkhurst 
and  Bushell  at  the  rate  of  five  shillings  per  ounce  "  white 
silver  "  and  five  shillings  and  sixpence  per  ounce  "  gilt 
silver,"89  "to  be  repaid,"  as  the  unfortunate  monarch 
sanguinely  promised,  "  when  God  shall  enable  us."  90 


87  "  A  Glance  inside  the  Mint  of  Aberystwith,"  by  Henry  Symonds, 
in  the  British  Numismatic  Journal,  vol.  viii.  p.  205,  where  the  average 
weekly  output  between  January,  1638,  and  September,  1642,  is  calcu- 
lated at  £68  Is.  5d.  by  tale. 

88  Clarendon,  p.  305 ;  see  also  Hawkins'  Silver  Coins,  p.  320. 

89  Ruding,  vol.  ii.  p.  206.     We  must  note  that  the  first  instalments 
of  College  plate  are  thought  by  Ruding  to  have  been  minted  at  York 
(see  Ruding,  pp.  209  and  232),  but  all  the  bullion  despatched  did  not 
reach  the  King  (see  Commons'  Journals,  August  22, 1642,  vol.  ii.  p.  731). 
"  The  Plate  belonging  to  Maudlyn  College  in  Cambridge  stayed  as  it 
was  going  to  Yorke  to  promote  the  war  against  Parliament  shall  be 
forthwith  brought  to  London,"  &c.,  &c. 

90  The  same  form  was  employed  in  asking  for  plate  from  St.  John's 

p2 


204  HELEN    FAKQUHAR. 

Not  only  was  the  Oxford  mint  called  upon  to  melt  the 
cups  and  platters  of  the  Colleges,  but,  judging  from  a 
testimonial  given  by  Charles  to  Bushell,  such  foreign 
money  as  was  contributed  to  the  royalist  cause  had  to 
be  converted  into  English  currency.91  This  document, 
amongst  the  benefits  for  which  the  King  thanks  Bushell, 
mentions  particularly  that  of  "  yr  changinge  the  dollars 
with  wch  we  paid  or  Souldiers  at  Six  Shillings  a  peece, 
when  the  Malignant  partie  cried  them  downe  to  five." 
The  value  of  the  dollar  fluctuated  somewhat,  and 
judging  from  the  specimens  I  have  had  the  opportunity 
of  weighing,  the  issues  of  this  period  did  not  reach  an 
ounce  in  weight,  but  older  pieces  sometimes  turned  the 
scales  at  490  grains ;  if,  therefore,  Bushell  was  enabled 
partly  to  recoup  himself  by  means  of  the  heavier  ex- 
amples in  recoining  the  money,  we  can  believe  his  allega- 
tion that  the  loss  he  sustained  "For  changing  £8000 
dollars  from  6s.  to  5s.  p.  Dollar"  was  £300 — a  computation 
otherwise  somewhat  puzzling  as  the  difference  should  be 
nearer  £400  than  £300. 92  Not  being  able  to  ascertain  at 


College,  Oxford  (see  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  X.  p.  204).  Parlia- 
ment, beforehand  with  the  King  in  requesting  contributions,  had  on 
June  10,  1642,  offered  that  those  who  should  lend  plate  or  ready 
money  to  them  "  shall  have  their  money  repaid  with  Interest  according 
to  Eight  Pounds  per  cent,  and  the  full  value  of  their  Plate  with  Con- 
siderations for  the  Fashion,  not  exceeding  one  Shilling  per  ounce  .  .  . 
and  for  this  both  Houses  of  Parliament  do  engage  the  Public  Faith  " 
(see  Commons'  Journals,  vol.  ii.  p.  618).  I  have  seen  at  the  Record 
Office  (State  Papers  Domestic,  Carl.  I,  Vol.  CCCCXCI.  No.  26)  a 
receipt  for  one  of  these  loans  dated  June  20,  1642. 

91  British  Museum  MS.,  Harleian  Charters,  111,  B.  61.     Mr.  Wroth, 
in  his  article  in  the  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,  gives  extracts 
from  this  testimonial,  which  is  also  published  in  Ellis's  Letters,  2nd 
Ser.,  vol.  iii.  p.  309. 

92  A  crown  or  5s.  piece  weighs  on  an  average  460  grains ;  the  ounce 
of  silver  was,  as  we  have  seen,  valued  at  5s.,  and  weighed  480  grains.   The 
average  dollar  from  1624  to  1630,  as  found  in  the  National  Collection, 


NICHOLAS   BEIOT    AND   THE    CIVIL    WAE.  205 

what  moment  the  Parliament  effected  this  manoeuvre  to 
hamper  Charles  in  the  use  of  foreign  money,  I  referred 
to  another  Harleian  document,  BushelFs  own  statement 
of  his  claims  after  the  Restoration,  and  find  amongst  the 
many  testimonies  given  by  Parkhurst  and  others  to  his 
loyalty,  "  that  at  Shrewsbury  he  was  at  a  charge  of  about 
300Z.  for  changing  Dollers,  by  his  Ma13  appointment 
and  proclamation." 93  The  Queen  had  probably  sent 
over  the  dollars  from  Holland,  whither  she  had  journeyed 
on  February  23,  1641-2,  to  escort  her  little  daughter 
Mary  to  the  Dutch  husband,  to  whom  she  had  been 
married  in  the  previous  May.  Young  William  II 
generously  supported  his  father-in-law's  cause,  and  when 
Henrietta  returned  to  England  in  February,  1642-3,  he 
advanced  her  £1,200,000.  The  Queen  had  taken  jewels 
to  pawn  to  supply  the  King's  immediate  needs,  but  it 
is  obvious  that  the  large  quantity  of  dollars  arriving  in 
1643  would  have  to  be  treated  as  bullion  by  the  King  at 
Oxford  and  by  the  Queen  at  York,  whither  she  almost 
immediately  repaired  on  landing."  94 

I  cannot  pause  here  to   tell   in   detail   of  Bushell's 
many  services   to   the   King.      He    not  only   provided 

turns  the  scale  at  420  grains,  the  preceding  issue,  on  the  other 
hand,  came  out  at  490  grains.  In  the  reign  of  Anne  it  was  decided 
not  to  recoin  the  dollars  taken  at  Vigo,  because  they  passed  at  5s.  9d., 
and  if  melted  did  not  realize  5s.  6d.  in  bars  (see  Treasury  Papers, 
Vol.  LXXXIX.  No.  32). 

93  Harl.  6833,  f.  71b,  Brit.  Mus.,  letter  from  Sir  William  Parkhurst  to 
the  Lord  High  Treasurer  under  date  16th  March,  1662.   Parkhurst  states 
that  the  various  services  performed  by  Bushell  without  remuneration 
cost  him  £36,000. 

94  March   7,    1642-3.      "The   Queen    came    to  York,  attended  by 
the  Duke  of  Richmond,"  &c.,  &c.  .  .  .  after  "  staying  about  a  Fort- 
night at  Bridlington  to  refresh   herself  "  (see  Christopher  Hildyard's 
Antiquities  of  York,  edit.   1664,   p.   54).     She   had   left   Holland   on 
February  25,  and  encountered  very  bad  weather.     She  remained  at 
York  until  June  1. 


206  HELEN    FARQUHAR. 

Charles  with  "a  thousand  stoute  Myners  in  tenn  days 
time,  for  his  said  Mats.  Life  Guarde,"  but  dissuaded 
another  2000  men  from  going  over  to  the  side  of  the 
Parliament  in  Yorkshire.95 

By  the  sight  of  his  mint  and  "  the  store  of  Plate  and 
Bullion,  which  he  procured,"  he  prevailed  on  the  army 
to  encounter  the  enemy  at  Edgehill,  distributing  coins 
at  his  own  expense,  but  in  the  King's  name  at  Wolver- 
hampton,  "  with  a  motto  on  the  Reverse  to  show,  what 
they  fought  for,  which  soe  incouraged  them  when  pay 
was  wanting,  that  the  next  Day  they  gott  the  Field."  % 

He  fortified  the  castles  of  Bristol  and  Lundy  at  a  cost 
of  £1000  for  each  place, "  repayring  "  the  first,  and  in  the 
case  of  the  latter  building  "  a  Chapell  and  Castle  from 
the  ground."  He  established  a  mint  actually  within  the 
castle  in  the  midst  of  Bristol,  which  he  supplied  with 
pure  silver  from  his  own  mine  "to  equall  the  allay  of 
soldered  plate  ...  to  uphold  his  Majestie's  Standard, 

95  Bushell  not  only  provided  the  Forlorn  Hope  medals  at  his  own 
expense  at  a  cost  of  £100  (see  p.  201,  note  84),  but  gave  3600  pounds  of 
tobacco  when  there  was  a  difficulty  about  the  men's  pay,  and  frequently 
provided  the  clothing  of  entire  regiments  (see  Harl.  6833,  Brit.  Mus.). 

88  Bushell's  own  statement  (Harl.  6833).  According  to  another 
deposition  made  by  Richard  Nichols,  a  London  moneyer  under  Charles 
II,  who  was  in  the  employ  of  Bushell  at  Shrewsbury,  Oxford  and 
Bristol,  we  must  not  confuse  these  gifts  with  the  medals  given  for  the 
Forlorn  Hope,  although  in  parts  of  the  MS.  they  are  spoken  of  as  "  a 
Medail  of  Silver  with  a  motto  "  or  "  a  medaile  of  20s.,"  &c.  Nichols 
says  Bushell  presented  "  each  Colonel  with  a  twenty  shilling  piece  of 

f*f 

Gold  and  all  other  officers  ten  or  five  and  every  Comon  Soldier  half 
a  Crowne  with  this  mottoe  upon  the  band  Cross  in  the  Middle  vizt 
(Relig.  Protest.  Leg.  Ang.  Libert.  Parliam.)  that  the  Enemy  might 
know  ye  Cause  to  bee  Just  and  what  they  faught  for,  as  well  as 
themselves  find  money  in  their  pocket,  which  prudent  policy  gaue 
them  all  such  Content  coming  from  a  Kings  guift  as  if  they  had 
had  ye  whole  of  their  arrears  paid."  Bushell  gives  the  legend  as 
Religo  Prot  Legi  Angll"  Libert  Parlia,  but  we  have  found  no  coin 
reading  exactly  thus. 


NICHOLAS  3RIOT    AND    THE    CIVIL    WAR.  207 

.  .  .  until  the  Parliament  had   seased   his   Mynes "  in 
Wales.97 

The  date  of  the  Bristol  coinage  is  not  specified  more 
precisely,  neither  have  I  been  able  to  ascertain  exactly 
when  the  seizure  of  the  Welsh  mines  rendered  his 
active  co-operation  impossible ;  but  the  evidence  of 
one  Pigott,  a  Major  in  Lord  Inchiquin's  Irish  con- 
tingent of  troops,  proves  that  Bushell  there  clothed 
his  and  Lord  Broghill's  regiments  in  the  year  1643, 
whilst  another  order  to  the  same  effect  is  addressed  by 
the  King  "to  our  trusty  and  well  beloued  Thomas 
Bushell  Esqre,  one  of  the  Wardens  of  our  Mint  at 
Bristoll,"  so  late  as  3Iay  17,  1644.98 

If  we  assume  that  Bushell  removed  the  dies  of  poor 
design  so  soon  as  the  castle  was  ready  for  the  recep- 
tion of  his  mints,  we  should  be  inclined  to  think  that 
the  year  1643  was  drawing  towards  its  close,  for  the 
inferior  quadruped  on  the  half-crown  is  commoner  at 
Oxford  than  its  successor  with  the  "Briot  horse." 
Bristol  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Royalists  from  July  26, 
1043,  to  September  11,  1645 ;  but  before  the  time  when 
Eupert  evacuated  the  stronghold,  Bushell  had  shut 

97  Parkhurst  states  that  but  for  the  £100  weekly  sent  to  Bushell  "  out 
of  Wales  in  Cakes,  for  a  Long  time  we  could  hardly  have  made  money 
at  Shrewsbury  and  Oxford  for  after  he  caried  his  silver  to  Bristol  I 
was  forced,"  writes  Sir  William,  "to  refine  much  soldered  plate  to 
uphold  his  Majestie's  Standard."     By  Bushell's  own  showing  the  fine 
silver  weekly  supplied  by  him  in  1642,  1643,  and  1644  to  the  mints  of 
"  Salop  [i.e.  Shrewsbury]  Oxford  and  Bristol "  amounted  in  the  end 
to  £15,000. 

98  The    King    on    November   10,    1643,    accepted   the   offer  made 
by  Lord   Taaffe  that  2000  Irishmen  should  be  sent  over.     The  first 
Irish  contingent  was  defeated  by  Fairfax  on  January  25,  1643/4,  and 
by  Thomas  Pigott's  evidence  it  appears  that  "  1000  suites  of  cloathes  " 
were  delivered  for  the  use  of  his  regiment  in  the  course  of  the  year 
1643.     Inchiquin,   Pawlett,  and    others    give   similar   testimony   (see 
Harl.  6833,  Brit.  Mus.). 


208  HELEN   FARQUHAE. 

himself  up  in  Lundy  Island,  which  he  defended  for 
three  years.  One  of  the  conditions  offered  in  January, 
1645-6,  for  its  surrender — a  bait  rejected  by  him  until 
September,  1647,  more  than  a  year  after  he  had 
received  permission  from  the  King  to  capitulate — 
was  that  his  mines  should  be  restored  to  him  by  the 
Parliamentarians,  but  how  long  they  had  been  in  the 
hands  of  his  enemies  is  not  clear. 

But  our  interest  in  Bushell  and  his  probable  trans- 
ference of  his  dies  to  Bristol  has  carried  us  too  far  from 
the  earlier  working  of  the  Oxford  mint,  and  we  must 
close  our  recital  of  the  benefits  he  conferred  on  Charles 
by  a  quotation  from  the  King's  testimonial — special 
thanks  being  due  to  the  proprietor  of  the  Aberystwith 
mines  for  "supplyinge  us  at  Shrewsburie  and  Oxford 
with  yr  mint  for  the  payment  of  our  armie  when  all 
the  officers  in  the  Mint  of  or  Tower  in  London  forsook 
their  Attendance  except  Sr  William  Parkhurst."  " 

We  might  be  inclined  to  assume  from  the  above 
that  Briot  was  not  with  the  King  in  the  beginning  of 
the  war,  for  the  medals  figuring  the  Sword  and  Olive 
Branch,  symbolical  of  "  War  and  Peace  "  (Med.  III.,  vol.  i. 
pp.  308-309,  Nos.  135-136),  present  the  first  signed 
indication  we  have  of  his  working  for  Charles  during 
the  monarch's  residence  in  the  University  town  in  1643, 
and  in  1642  we  have  no  evidence  of  his  handiwork  at 
Oxford.  We  know,  however,  that  he  had  already 
endeavoured  to  send  puncheons  to  York  at  the  desire 
of  Charles ;  possibly  the  non-arrival  of  the  cargo 


89  Harl.  Charters  111,  B.  61.  We  learn,  moreover,  from  Harl.  MS. 
6833,  that  Bushell  brought  with  him  out  of  Wales  to  Shrewsbury  his 
"  Mint,  Instruments  and  Moneyers,  when  neither  men  nor  Tooles 
could  bee  had  from  London." 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT   AND   THE    CIVIL   WAR.  209 

diminished  the  monarch's  appreciation  of  his  services 
in  the  north.  The  letter  to  Bushell,  dated  from 
Oxford  June  12,  1643,  moreover  precedes  the  capture 
of  Bristol  by  a  short  period,  but  is  an  indication  that 
he  was  about  to  start  on  one  of  the  expeditions  on 
which  the  King  from  time  to  time  employed  him.  So 
much  uncertainty  is  attached  to  the  movements  of  all 
these  persons  that  it  seemed  well  to  me  to  examine 
more  carefully  two  petitions  which  were  put  forth 
by  Briot's  widow,  the  one  mentioned  by  the  late 
Mr.  Henfrey  in  his  medallic  history  of  Oliver  Cromwell,100 
the  other  of  later  date,  which  I  had  cursorily  read  some 
years  ago,  when  the  matter  of  Briot's  loyalty  had  not 
been  called  in  question,  and  which  I  then  quoted  in 
abstract  from  the  Calendars  of  State  Papers,  in  the 
British  Numismatic  Journal.101 

The  petition  to  the  Protector  throws  little  light  on 
the  subject,  for  it  reads  but  briefly :  "  Hester  Briott 
relict  of  Nich.  Briott  ref1.102  Her  Husband  serv*  to  ye 
late  K.  in  ye  Mint  had  his  patent  for  250'  p.  ann.  2800' 
due  at  his  death  whereof  litle  rec'1.  Prays  a  considerable 
sum  in  Lieu  therof  or  competent  pension  till  discharged, 
22  Jan  (1655-6)  submitted."  103 

100  Numismata  Cromwelliana,  Appendix,  p.  224,  note  2  to  page  3,  line 
7,  "  We   find   among  the  Abstracts  of  Interregnum  Petitions  in   the 
Public  Record  Office  mention  of  a  petition  to  the  Protector  from  Hester 
Briot,  relict  of  Nich.  Briot,  dated  the  22nd  of  January  1655-6.     It 
states  that  £2806  was  due  to  Briot  at  his  death  and  his  widow  prays  a 
considerable   sum  in  lieu  thereof   or   a   competent  pension  till  dis- 
charged."    I  think  £2806  is  a  misprint  for  £2800,  for  so  the  last  figure 
reads  in  the  original  State  Papers. 

101  British  Numismatic  Journal,vol.  v.,  "  Portraiture  of  the  Stuarts," 
part  i.  p.  186. 

104  The  abbreviated  word  "  ref*1 "  here  introduced  means,  of  course, 
"  referred,"  this  petition  being  marked  as  "  submitted,"  although  no 
indication  is  given  of  the  Protector's  decision. 

103  State  Papers  Domestic,  Interregnum,  I.  Vol.  92,  No.  443. 


210  HELEN   FAEQUHAR. 

We  may  assume  that  Oliver  turned  a  deaf  ear  to  the 
widow's  appeal,  for  it  comes  again  before  us  at  the 
Restoration — the  sum  then  demanded  being  just  so 
much  larger  as  to  imply  that  Esther  104  had  asked  the 
Protector  only  for  the  overdue  salary ;  but  in  her 
request  to  the  son  of  the  late  King  she  added  the  price 
of  services  privately  performed  for  the  latter. 

Endeavouring,  then,  to  sift  at  the  Public  Eecord  Office 
the  grounds  on  which  the  widow  based  her  undated 
petition  to  Charles  II,  I  found  it  so  interesting  that 
I  think  I  may  be  excused  for  quoting  the  entire 
manuscript  verbatim,  for  we  shall  find  proofs  that 
the  foreigner  was  more  loyal  to  the  monarch  of  his 
adoption  than  were  many  of  Charles  I's  own  subjects.105 

"  To  the  King's  most  Excellent  Majesty.  The  humble 
Petition  of  Esther  Briott  the  Relict  of  the  deceased 
Nicholas  Briott  Sheweth 

"  That  yor  Petls  late  Husband  was  a  Servant  to  the 
late  King  yor  Majesty's  Royall  ffather  of  blessed  memory, 
for  the  space  of  25  years,  both  as  Maker  of  his  Effigies 
and  great  Scales,  and  as  chief  Graver  of  his  Maty8  Mint 


104  Esther  (or  as  she  is  called  in  the  Interregnum  Papers,  Hester)  Briot 
was  the  second  wife  of  our  artist,  married  in  1611.     He  married  firstly 
Pauline  Nisse,  who  died  in  1608  (see  Ferrer's  Dictionary  of  Medallists, 
and  Mazerolle's  Medailleurs,  p.  cxxviii).     Esther  was  the  daughter  of 
James  Pintaut  (sometimes  spelt  Petau),  and  I  am  kindly  informed  by 
Mr.  Symonds,  who  has  made   notes   concerning  Briot's   will,  dated 
December  22,  1646,  that  he  left  her  his  sole  heir,  subject  to  legacies  to 
the  children  of  his  deceased  son  "  Phillip,"  and  to  the  testator's  other 
children,  the  payment  to  the  two  youngest  of  these  being  dependent  on 
the  discharge!  of  the  King's  debt  (see  Num.  Chron.,  Ser.  4,  Vol.  X., 
"  Trials  of  the  Pyx,"  p.  397).     Philippe  was  the  eldest  son,  and  we  find 
him  giving  evidence  in  Paris  in  1628  of  his  father's  employment  in 
England,  whence  he  himself  had  just  returned  (Mazerolle's  Midailleurs, 
p.  485). 

105  State  Papers  Domestic,  Carl.  II.  Vol.  LV.  No.  100. 


NICHOLAS    BRIOT    AND   THE    CIVIL    WAR.  211 

of  England,  for  wh  his  Matv  allowed  him  the  yearly 
salary  of  250U. 

"  That  during  the  late  Warres,  he  not  only  continued 
in  his  Loyalty  to  his  Maty,  for  wch  he  suffered  very  much, 
and  lost  all  his  fortune,  but  even  in  the  worse  of  times, 
as  long  as  he  lived,  he  from  time  to  time  did  goe  to 
York,  and  Oxford  at  his  Matv's  commaund  (and  during  his 
absence  the  Mint  Tools  were  seised  upon  out  of  the  Ship 
and  his  Wife  and  Children  thrown  out  of  their  dwelling 
in  the  Tower  [)?]  and  'notwithstanding,  with  very  great 
danger  to  his  person,  he  furnished  still  the  Mint  at 
Oxford,  with  the  necessary  Stamps  and  Puncheons,  as 
it  is  well  known  both  to  Sr  Edward  Nicholas  and  to 
Sr  Wm.  Parkhurst. 

"  That  the  said  Briott  dying  in  the  yeare  1646,  left  yr 
Petr  in  a  very  disconsolate  condition,  who  hath  ever 
since  been  forced  to  live  with  her  children,106  a  poore 
Widdow  and  Stranger,  in  an  indigent  estate,  under 
many  straights  and  wants,  not  having  been  able  to  gett 
satisfaction  for  300011  that  then  remained  due  by  his 
Maty  to  her  sd  husband  for  his  Wages  and  are  unpayd 
toe  this  day. 

106  Besides  Philippe  (who  was  most  likely  the  son  of  the  first  wife, 
since  he  appeared  to  be  independent  of  his  father  so  early  as  1628),  the 
will  mentions  Esther,  married  in  Scotland,  therefore  probably  the 
wife  of  Falconer  the  Master  of  the  Scottish  Mint ;  Anne,  also  married, 
and  Judith  and  Theodore,  evidently  still  residing  with  their  mother. 
At  least  one  other  son  must  have  existed,  for  one  Vasson,  in  evidence 
before  the  Cour  des  Monnaies  in  1628,  said  that  on  Christmas  Day, 
1626,  he  took  some  shoes  home  to  Briot,  then  resident  in  London,  and 
that  "  il  vit  aussy  avecq  ledit  Bryot  1'un  de  ses  fils,  noapas  l'ain£  ni  le 
plus  jeune."  Whether  Theodore  was  the  youngest  here  mentioned,  or 
was  born  later  in  England,  is  not  apparent,  but  I  have  not  found  his 
name  amongst  the  baptismal  registers  of  the  French  Protestant 
Church  in  London,  published  by  the  Huguenot  Society,  so  that  it  is 
likely  he  was  born  before  Briot's  journey  to  England.  Judith  acted  as 
witness  at  a  christening  at  the  above  church  in  November,  1640. 


212  HELEN    FAKQUHAK. 

"And  that  yor  Petr  is  now  informed  that  yr  Malv 
hath  been  graciously  pleased  to  order  the  paying  of  a 
certaine  proportion  to  all  his  said  late  Maty's  Servants, 
for  supplying  of  their  present  necessitys. 

"  Yor  Petr  therefore  doth  most  humbly  pray  yor  Maty 
graciously  to  be  pleased  in  commiseration  of  her  sad 
condition,  and  of  her  great  age  (being  now  above  72  years 
old)  to  commande  that  her  name  be  inserted  in  the  List 
of  those  of  his  Maty'9  Servants,  whom  yor  Maty  intends 
now  to  be  relieved :  Or  else  to  give  order  that  she  may 
have  a  present  reliefe,  and  that  a  Pension  bee  given 
her  yearly  for  her  subsistence  as  yor  Maty  shall  think 
fitt,  the  same  to  be  deducted  out  of  the  said  Summe  of 
300011  due,  as  aforesaid,  to  her  said  late  husband. 

"  And  yor  Pet1  will  ever  pray  as  in  duty  bound,"  &c. 

Unfortunately  the  petition  is  undated,  but  we  may, 
I  think,  assume  that  the  calendarer  is  correct  in  cata- 
loguing it  to  the  early  Restoration  period,  and  its  exact 
date  is  immaterial,  the  reference  to  Sir  Edward  Nicholas 
rendering  it  likely  that  it  was  put  forth  before  August, 
1662,  when  he  retired  from  office.107  That  which  is  far 
more  regrettable  is  that  I  personally  have  been  unable 
to  discover  in  the  State  Papers  any  response  proving 
that  the  widow's  claims  were  admitted,  but  the  late 
Mr.  Wroth,  a  thoroughly  reliable  authority,  in  his 
article  on  Briot  in  the  Dictionary  of  National  Biography, 
says  that  Esther's  name  "  was  one  of  those,  which  were 
ordered  to  be  placed  on  the  list  for  relieving  the  servants 
of  Charles  I."108 


ior  This  petition  is  calendared  in  abstract  in  the  State  Papers 
Domestic,  1661-1662,  p.  383,  amongst  a  number  of  miscellaneous 
petitions,  mostly  of  May,  1662. 

108  Mr.  Forrer,  in  his  Dictionary  of  Medallists,  also  assumes  that  the 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND   THE    CIVIL    WAR.  213 

This  is  much  in  favour  of  the  petitioner's  veracity, 
for  Charles  II  was  unable,  although  willing,  to  meet 
the  many  demands  made  upon  him  at  the  Restoration, 
when  he  was  obliged  not  only  to  return  to  his  father's 
adherents  such  of  the  sequestered  estate  as  he  could 
restore,  but  also  to  leave  in  possession  those  who  had 
replaced  him  in  power. 

In  calling  her  husband  "  chief  Graver  of  his  Maty8 
Mint  of  England,"  Madame  Briot  arrogated  to  him  a 
position  which  belonged  rightly  to  Edward  Greene,  but  as 
his  patent  from  the  King  entitled  him  to  usurp  the  privi- 
leges of  his  official  chief  the  expression  may  well  pass 
muster.  It  is  but  lately  that  the  terms  of  the  grant 
made  to  Briot  have  come  to  our  ears,  through  the 
fortunate  discovery  by  Mr.  Symonds  of  the  particulars 
published  by  him  in  the  Numismatic  Chronicle.109 

This  patent  carrying  the  permission  to  make  "  the 
first  designs  and  effigies  of  the  king's  image  ...  to  be 
put  into  the  hands  of  our  engraver,  thereby  to  conform 
the  work  together,"  was  exclusively  limited  to  the  ob- 
verse design,  clear  evidence  that  it  was  from  the  King's 
desire  to  encourage  an  artistic  style  of  portraiture  alone 
that  he  offered  so  large  a  salary.  It  is  probable  that 
had  Briot  obtained  the  place  of  "  mr  workman  "  which 
as  I  find  in  the  State  Papers  he  at  one  time  craved,  he 
would  have  made  special  terms  with  his  sovereign,  and 
the  £250  might  have  been  withdrawn,  for  Windebank, 

arrears  were  indeed  paid,  following  no   doubt  the  authority  of  Mr. 
Wroth. 

10B  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.,  "  English  Mint  Engravers," 
pp.  364-365,  giving  reference  to  Patent  Roll,  4  Carl.  I,  Part  11.  m.  5. 
We  may  also  note  that  the  Scottish  documents  designate  Briot  as 
"  Chief  grauer  to  his  Majestie  in  the  Mynt  in  England  "  (Cochran- 
Patrick,  vol.  ii.  p.  52). 


214  HELEN   FARQUHAR. 

the  Secretary  of  State,  noted  that  our  engraver  was  dis- 
posed to  be  more  moderate  than  others  "that  shall  stand 
for  the  place."  He  mentions  that  Briot  was  ready  "to 
pduce  sufficient  and  able  men  for  the  seruice  "  and  had 
"  lately  deliuered  to  the  King  at  Greenwich  by  his  Mats 
expresse  command  certayne  notes  concerning  the  mr 
workman's  place  and  fabrications  of  his  Mat8  Mint  upon 
conditions  for  his  Mats  benefitt  and  advantage."  no 

It  is,  however,  apparent  that  long  before  the  outbreak 
of  hostilities  had  depleted  the  royal  treasury  the  pay- 
ment of  the  salary  had  fallen  in  arrears,  but  we  know  it 
was  continued  until  or  even  after  the  Scottish  Mint  ap- 
pointment in  1635,  for  it  was  already  within  our  know- 
ledge that  Briot  in  refusing  to  be  bound  to  constant 
residence  at  Edinburgh  alleged  that  this  would  interfere 
with  the  £300  derived  from  his  employment  in  London 
— a  matter  now  explicable  by  his  salary  of  £50  from 
1633  onward  at  the  Tower  plus  the  King's  grant.111  I 
had,  moreover,  noticed  amongst  some  Exchequer  re- 
ceipts in  the  State  Papers  "  from  Sep.  4  1630  until  the 


110  State    Papers   Domestic,    Carl.    I,    Vol.    DXXXVII.    No.    143, 
where  it  is  calendared,  I  think  mistakenly  to  Briot's  trial  of  skill  of 
that  date,  June,  1638.     Presumably  the  place  desired  by  Briot  was 
that  of  Master  of  the  Mint,  but  possibly  he  only  aspired  to  that  of 
Provost  of  the  Moneyers— which  was  not  a  Court  appointment.     The 
Provost  was  elected  by  the  Company  of  Moneyers  by  whom  under  the 
Mint  Master   (usually  known  at  that   time  as   Master   Worker)  the 
coinage  was  effected.     If  it  was  the  place  of  Master  Worker  that  Briot 
desired,  it  is  more  likely  that  the  application  was  made  in  August, 
1635,  when  Sir  Ralph  Freeman  and  Sir  Thomas  Aylesbury  temporarily 
succeeded  Sir  Robert  Harley,  who  assumed  office  a  second  time  in 
1643   (see   Mint   Catalogue,  vol.   ii.   p.   231).     Again,   were   the   date 
earlier,  the  request  might  have  referred  to  Scotland,  but  Briot  became 
Master-Coiner  of  the  Edinburgh  Mint  in  1636. 

111  Burns'  Coinage  of  Scotland,  vol.  iii.  p.  445,  June  11,  1636 ;  and 
Num.  Chron.,  New  Ser.,  Vol.  XIV.  p.  254,  article  on  the  Annals  of 
the  Scottish  Coinage,  by  R.  W.  Cochran- Patrick. 


NICHOLAS    BRIOT   AND   THE    CIVIL    WAR.  215 

28th  of  the  same  being  Michas  Eve  "  that  "  Mr.  Bryott " 
received  "  62H10," 112  ergo,  the  quarterly  payment  was 
evidently  paid  for  a  certain  period.  Apparently  it  was 
admitted,  although  less  punctually  discharged,  after 
the  more  certain  salary  from  the  Warden  of  the  Mint 
came  into  force  in  1633.  It  is  evident  that  Briot  when 
making  his  will  considered  his  arrears  in  the  light  of 
a  legal  claim  to  be  made  good  in  course  of  time,  but 
that  very  little  of  the  yearly  £250  had  reached  him 
since  the  date  above  mentioned. 

But  how  truthful  soever  Esther  may  have  been  con- 
cerning the  amount  of  money  due  to  her  husband,  her 
arithmetic  was  at  fault  when  she  told  Charles  II  that 
Briot  "  was  a  Servant  to  the  late  king  yor  Majesty's 
Hoy  all  ffather  of  blessed  memory  for  the  space  of  25 
years."  In  her  favour  we  may  say  that  the  number  in 
the  copy  of  her  petition  at  the  Record  Office  is  in  figures 
merely,  and  the  possibility  of  a  clerical  error  must  be 
taken  into  consideration.  We  have  seen  that  the  artist 
came  to  England  in  the  September  or  October  of  1625,113 
and,  moreover,  Briot  himself  made  no  assertion  of  so 
long  a  residence  in  England,  although  he,  in  a  petition 
minuted  by  Aylesbury  at  Hampton  Court  on  October  2, 
1630,  seems  to  magnify  a  few  weeks  into  the  space  of  a 
year.  In  this  appeal  for  the  hastening  of  a  trial  of  skill, 
authorized  by  an  edict  of  February  2,  1629-30,  Briot 
complains  of  the  delays  of  the  Mint  officials,  and  speaks 


112  State  Papers  Domestic,  Carl.  I,  Vol.  CLXXIII.  No.  74. 

lu  See  p.  173,  also  Mazerolle's  Mddailleurs,  vol.  i.  pp.  470  and  472, 
where  evidence  is  printed  that  Nicholas  Briot  signed  a  power  of 
attorney  in  favour  of  his  brother  Isaac  Briot,  who  acted  consistently 
on  his  behalf  before  the  Cour  des  Monnaies  from  the  2nd  October,  N.S., 
onward,  answering  to  our  September  22,  for  the  old  style  was  still  in 
use  in  England. 


216  HELEN    FAEQUHAE. 

of  having  "  allready  lost  about  six  yeares  since  upon  yor 
Mats  expresse  comande  "  he  came  over.114 

A  definite  pronouncement  is  given  by  Charles  I  in 
the  patent  roll  of  December  16,  1628,  that  he  had  a 
"particular  knowledge  of  his  dexterity  .  .  .  during 
the  space  of  three  years  of  divers  works  perfected  by 
him  at  the  royal  command."115 

On  the  whole  it  is  safer  to  adopt  the  end  of  1625  as 
the  time  of  Briot's  advent,  allowing,  however,  for  the 
possibility  that  the  artist  may  have  performed  some 
work  for  Charles  when  in  1623  the  latter  passed  through 
Paris  in  the  month  of  February  on  his  way  to  Spain,  for 
the  words  that  "upon  yo1  Mat*  expresse  comande"  he 
came  over  are  suggestive  that  the  King  had  some 
knowledge  of  his  powers.  But  of  whatever  slips  or 
exaggeration  the  widow  may  have  been  guilty  she  brings 
forward  two  unimpeachable  witnesses  in  Mr.  Secretary 
Nicholas  and  Sir  William  Parkhurst  in  support  of  her 
assertion  that  her  husband  "  with  very  great  danger  to 
his  person  furnished  still  the  Mint  at  Oxford  with  the 
necessary  Stamps  and  Puncheons." 

She  also  shows  forth  that  "  as  long  as  he  lived,"  i.e. 
until  the  end  of  1646,  "  he  from  time  to  time  did  goe 
to  York  and  Oxford  at  his  Matys  commaund,"  and  there- 
fore we  look  not  only  for  coins  bearing  his  designs,  but 
personal,  if  temporary  supervision. 

The  fact  that  on  the  death  of  Edward  Greene,  the  chief 
engraver  at  the  Tower  at  the  end  of  1644,  Briot  was  not 
elevated  to  his  post,  is  indicative  that  either  he  was 
still  absent  in  France,  where  his  presence  is  attested  in 

114  State  Papers  Domestic,  Carl.  I,  Vol.  CLXXIV.  No.  4. 

115  Patent  Boll  4,  Carl.  I,  Part  11,  No.  5,  as  quoted  by  Mr.  Symonds 
in  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  p.  364. 


NICHOLAS    BRIOT    AND    THE    CIVIL    WAR.  217 

the  April 116  of  that  year,  or  else  that  he  had  lost  the 
confidence — although  we  know  that  he  had  not  forfeited 
the  pay — of  the  Parliament. 

This  seems  likely,  for  we  note  Esther's  words — 
"  during  his  absence  the  Mint  Tools  were  seised  upon 
out  of  the  Ship,"  suggesting  that  Briot  was  actually  at 
York  on  July  15,  1642,  when  the  goods  which  were  not 
sufficiently  portable  to  be  concealed  about  his  person 
were  detained  at  Scarborough. 

It  is  possible  that  Briot  was  not  himself  a  traveller 
by  the  sea  route,  and  contrived  to  escape  the  vigilance 
of  Captain  Stevens  and  returned  hurriedly  to  London, 
perhaps  in  time  to  answer  for  his  proceedings  before 
Parliament. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  it  is  clear  that  his  absence  then  or  at 
some  other  time  was  noticed  and  "  his  Wife  and  Children 
thrown  out  of  their  dwelling  in  the  Tower "  in  conse- 
quence, whilst  the  fact  that  he  died  in  the  parish  of 
St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields  shows  that  his  reinstatement 
was  never  complete.  Although  his  action  in  going  to 
the  King's  assistance  in  July,  1642,  was  not  illegal,  and 
the  responsibility  for  it  lay  with  Parkhurst,  it  would 
naturally  produce  annoyance  in  London,  and  whether 
the  expulsion  took  place  before  or  after  the  Mint 
sequestration,  there  is  justice  in  Esther  Briot's  plaint 
that  he  "  suffered  very  much  and  lost  all  his  fortune," 
risking  even  his  life  in  pursuing  his  policy  of  loyalty 
after  the  removal  of  Mint  property  was  forbidden  by 
Parliament. 

Let  us  now  turn  again  to  the  coins  and  endeavour  to 

116  April  20,  1644,  in  new  style,  according  to  the  French  record, 
ergo,  April  10  old  style,  as  used  in  England.  See  note  65  to  our 
p.  192. 

NUM.   CHRON.,   VOL.  XIV.,   SERIES   IV.  Q 


218  HELEN    FARQUHAB. 

recognize  Briot's  handiwork.  May  I,  however,  express 
a  hope  that  others  more  competent  than  myself  to  deal 
technically  with  the  subject  may  employ  some  leisure 
moments  in  comparing  the  varieties  of  workmanship  of 
York  and  Oxford?  The  busts  perhaps  afford  the  most 
accurate  opportunity  of  tracing  the  sequence  of  the 
coins,  but  I  have  already  too  long  trespassed  on  my 
readers'  patience  to  detail  the  probabilities  which  occur 
to  me  especially  with  regard  to  the  Oxford  portraiture, 
and  I  purpose  accordingly  to  follow  a  shorter  and  more 
suggestive  route,  using  the  equestrian  figure  of  the  King 
solely  as  my  basis. 

We  need  not  be  long  tempted  aside  to  discuss  the 
York  pieces,  because  Briot  has  always  been  virtually 
held  responsible  for  the  whole  coinage  of  that  city, 
but  the  date  of  its  commencement  demands  strict 
scrutiny.117 

Unfortunately  the  early  history  of  the  York  mint  is 
hidden  in  the  obscurity  of  tradition ;  Folkes,118  Kuding, 
and  other  writers,  following  in  their  footsteps,  carry  back 
its  foundation  to  the  year  1629  when  Strafford  became 
Governor  of  the  North,  and  mention  a  probable  coinage 
in  1633  when  the  King  was  on  his  progress  to  Scotland 
for  his  coronation.  I  have  met  with  no  success  in 
searching  for  any  record  of  this  event  amongst  the 
State  Papers,  and  by  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Baldwin, 


117  I  am  not  suggesting  that   Briot   engraved   all   the  York  coins 
himself    any  more    than   he   did  the    Scottish,   which    were    copied 
admirably  by  Falconer    and    mauled    by    Dickeson,   but    the   York 
coinage,  like  the  Scottish,  is  the  product  of  Briot's  roller-mills,  and 
just  as  Briot  delivered  his  patterns  to  be  copied  at  the  Tower,  even  for 
pieces  not  struck  according  to  his  process,  so  his  dies  must  often  have 
been  copied  at  York. 

118  Folkes'  English  Silver  Coins,  p.  79 ;  Kuding,  vol.  ii.  p.  365. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND   THE    CIVIL    WAR.  219 

who  procured  some  information  for  me  from  Mr.  George 
Benson,  at  present  resident  in  York,  I  understand  that 
no  local  research  has  so  far  corroborated  this  tradition, 
whilst  my  courteous  informant  writes  that  the  city 
records  of  the  reign  of  King  Charles  previously  to  1645 
have  not  been  published.119  Mr.  Benson  referred  me  to 
the  printed  writings  of  Mr.  Robert  Davies,120  who  in 
1854  produced  an  article  on  the  York  mints,  telling  me 
that  so  noted  an  antiquary  could  not  have  overlooked 
any  obtainable  information,  and  I  find  that  Mr.  Davies 
discredits  the  early  foundation  of  the  mint.  In  support 
of  his  argument  he  quotes  one  Christopher  Hildyard, 
Becorder  of  Hedon  and  Steward  of  St.  Mary's  Court, 
York,  and  member  of  an  old  Yorkshire  family.  This 
Hildyard  was  born  in  1615  and  died  in  1694,  having 
published  a  small  chronological  work  on  the  affairs  of 
York  in  1664,  wherein  he  stated  that  "  about  the  latter 
end  "of  January  1642-3  the  King's  Mint  began  to  coin 
in  Sir  Henry  Jenkins'  house  in  the  Minster  yard." 121 

Mr.  Davies,  who  as  town  clerk  must  have  had  access 
to  the  unpublished  city  records,  regarded  this  evidence 
as  conclusive  that  no  former  coinage  had  been  effected, 
and  inferred  that  "the  York  mint  was  first  erected 
immediately  after  the  Earl  of  Newcastle  entered  the 
city  as  Lieutenant  General  of  the  north,"  and  held  from 

118  Amongst  the  documents  briefly  catalogued  by  the  Hist.  MS. 
Com.  (Appendix  I.  p.  108)  is  a  volume  chronicling  the  affairs  of  York 
from  July,  1645,  to  January,  1652. 

120  Davies's  Historical  Notices  of  the  Royal  and  Archiepiscopa  I  Mints 
and  Coinages  of  York,  published  1854. 

121  Antiquities  of  York  City,  p.  54,  published  by  C.  H.  in  1664,  and  re- 
published,  with  additions  by  James  Torr  in  1719,  p.  104.     All  events  of 
importance  are  briefly  chronicled,  such  as  the  setting  up  of  the  King's 
printing-press  in  the  same  house  in  the  previous  March,  less  than  a 
week  after  his  Majesty's  arrival.     Edit.  1664,  p.  53  ;  edit.  1719,  p.  103. 

Q2 


220  HELEN   FAEQUHAK. 

the  variety  of  the  types  that  "  its  operations  were  con- 
tinued during  the  whole  time  he  held  the  city  for  the 
King  namely  from  January  1642-3  to  July  1644  when 
his  defeat  at  the  battle  of  Marston  Moor  placed  the 
Government  in  the  hands  of  the  parliamentarians." 122 

He  clearly  deemed  that  Ending  is  mistaken  in  be- 
lieving that  the  first  consignment  of  plate  dispatched 
from  Oxford  was  coined  at  York,123  and  assumed  that 
the  delay  caused  by  the  embargo  laid  on  the  ship  at 
Scarborough  resulted  in  the  earliest  coinage  being  that 
at  Shrewsbury.  This  pronouncement,  which  revolutionizes 
the  whole  of  Mr.  Hawkins's  arrangement  of  types,  is  so 
startling  that  although  I  am  myself  inclined  to  think 
that  in  the  absence  of  any  record  in  London  or  York 
of  the  early  establishment  we  may  accept  Hildyard's 
evidence,  we  must  yet  look  at  it  critically.  He  clearly 
regards  Strafford's  governorship  of  the  north  as  unworthy 
of  notice,  giving  no  details  of  the  year  1629  beyond  the 
name  of  the  Mayor,  nor  of  1633  saving  the  mention  of 
the  King's  visit,  namely,  that  he  "  lay  at  the  Mannor  four 
nights"  in  the  month  of  May,  and  he  may  have  only 
recorded  the  removal  of  an  old  mint  to  more  commodious 
premises.  Here,  according  to  this  seventeenth-century 
chronicler,  "  His  Majestie's  Printers  set  up  their  Presses 
in  the  House  belonging  to  Sir  Henry  Jenkings  in  the 
Minster  Yard  "  on  the  24th  of  the  previous  March,  and 
the  idea  presents  itself  that  possibly  the  roller  mills 
required  for  coining  might  be  moved  by  the  same  horse 
power  as  the  lever  press  used  in  printing.  It  is  notice- 
able that  Sir  Henry  Jenkins's  house,  which  is  on  the 


122  Historical  Notices,  p.  54. 

'"  Buding,  vol.  i.  p.  398,  and  Historical  Notices,  pp.  51  and  53. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND   THE    CIVIL   WAR.  221 

east  of  the  Minster,  is  not  the  place  where  the  coinage 
was  performed  in  the  sixteenth  century,  neither  is  it 
the  locale  chosen  by  the  advisors  of  William  III  who 
coined  at  the  Koyal  residence — the  Manor — in  1696-8, 
although  King  Charles  I's  mint  in  the  Minster  Yard, 
which  has  resumed  its  original  name  as  S.  William's 
College,  still  stands  to  the  present  day.124 

It  is,  therefore,  only  fair  to  suggest  that  previously  to 
January,  1642-3,  operations  may  have  been  carried  on 
in  St.  Leonard's  Hospital  in  the  premises  still  known  as 
the  Mint  Yard  on  the  north-west  side  of  the  Minster, 
held  by  Mr.  Davies  to  be  the  site  of  the  Crown  mint 
under  Henry  VIII.125  That  this  Mint  Yard  was 
sequestrated  after  the  fall  of  York  as  the  property  of 
Sir  William  Saville,  "  a  delinquent  in  arms,"  is  proved 
by  extracts  given  by  Mr.  William  Giles 126  from  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Committee  of  the  City  and  County  of 
York  between  the  years  1645  and  1651,127  and  it  seems 

124  Information  kindly  supplied  by  Mr.  Benson,  who  tells  me  that 
Jenkins'  house  has  recently  been  restored  as  the  home  for  the  Houses 
of  Convocation  for  the   Northern  Province.      It  had  upon  the  dis- 
solution of  the  religious  houses,  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Stan- 
hopes, and  thence  into  those  of  Jenkins.      See  also  Pictures  of  Old 
fork,  by  A.  Purey  Gust,  p.  52. 

125  Historical  Notices,  p.  69.   Mr.  Davies  herein  differs  from  an  earlier 
writer,  Mr.  Drake,  who  in  his  Eboracum,  published  in  1727,  p.  337, 
carries  back  the  name  of  Mint  Yard  to  the  Episcopal  mints.    Francis 
Drake's  book  is  compiled  from  various  contemporary  MSS.,  but  he  does 
not  throw  any  light  upon  the  establishment  of  Charles  I's  mint  at 
Jenkins's  house,  although  he  mentions  the  printing-press  there. 

126  rpkg  notices  referring  to  Mint  Yard  are  of  November  23,  1646, 
May  10,  1647,  and  March  30,  1648,  and  comprise  an  order  to  deliver 
sequestrated  timber  in  the   Mint  Yard  for  public   use,  another  for 
preserving  portions   of  the   structure,   and    a  third    concerning    the 
reception  of  the  rents  and  profits  of  the  lands  and  tenements.     The 
Mint  Yard,  including  the  site  of  St.  Leonard's  Hospital,  was  sold  in 
1675  by  George  Lord  Savile  to  the  Mayor  and  Commoners  of  York,  and 
a  portion  of  the  building  still  remains. 

127  Published  in  the  Yorkshire  Weekly  Herald  from  November  30, 


222  HELEN   FAKQUHAR. 

just  possible  that  the  old  mint  did  in  truth  exist,  as 
tradition  asserts,  but  being  inadequate  to  the  strain 
cast  upon  it,  it  was  supplemented  in  1643  by  the 
presses  in  the  King's  printing  house.  Of  an  earlier 
issue  of  coins  than  the  Civil  War  period,  the  types  of 
many  York  pieces  are  suggestive,  but  this  evidence  is 
not  conclusive,  because  they  often  have  no  exact  prototype 
at  the  Tower,  and  even  if  they  had  it  was  more  easy  to 
abstract  and  send  to  the  North  puncheons  already  out 
of  use  than  those  likely  to  be  required.  But  to  whatever 
date  we  attribute  the  bulk  of  the  York  dies  the  excellence 
of  their  graving  in  most  cases,  and  the  process  of 
manufacture  by  roller  mills,  point  to  the  occasional 
presence  and  general  if  intermittent  superintendence  of 
Briot  over  the  coinage. 

Some  of  the  York  coins  are  very  fine,  and  certain 
examples  such  as  a  half-crown  in  my  collection  (in  very 
high  relief,  but  otherwise  resembling  Hawkins  No.  497), 
are  suggestive  of  expert  striking. 

We  are  reluctant  to  cast  away  the  belief  that  our 
friend.  Nicholas  Briot  had  in  truth  superintended  the 
erection  of  a  York  Mint  in  1629,  or  more  probably,  as 
the  coins  suggest,  in  1633  on  his  way  to  Scotland.  But 
even  putting  this  matter  aside  as  "  non  proven "  we 
should  still  think  it  likely  that  he  visited  Charles 
during  the  King's  occupation  of  the  city,  and  granting 
this  premise  we  may  then  more  easily  follow  Mr.  Davies's 
chronology  and  allow  for  the  time  taken  in  necessary 


1912,  to  March  8,  1913,  and  concerning  which  the  author,  Mr.  William 
Giles,  the  present  deputy  Town  Clerk,  has  kindly  supplied  me  with 
further  information,  promising  also  to  search  amongst  the  records  for 
earlier  information,  a  quest  which  has,  I  fear,  so  far  proved  un- 
availing. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND  THE    CIVIL  WAR.  223 

preparations,  and  defer  the  opening  of  the  mint  until 
the  time  of  the  Queen's  residence  and  Newcastle's 
governorship.  We  may  wonder  why  the  artist  respon- 
sible for  the  entire  coinage  should  have  signed  two  dies 
in  particular,  the  one  for  a  shilling,  the  other  for  a  half- 
crown  [PI.  XII.  Fig.  1],  from  the  latter  of  which  the 
impressions  are  very  rare,  probably  for  the  reason  that 
it  cracked  immediately,  as  is  shown  by  the  flaw  on  the 
few  specimens  known  to  me  ? 128 

The  shilling  bearing  Briot's  signature  [PI.  XII.  Fig.  3] 
is  less  rare,  but  by  no  means  common.  The  answer  to 
the  problem  perhaps  lies  in  the  fact  that  these  initialled 
dies  would  establish  the  engraver's  claim  upon  the  King, 
were  proof  needed  of  his  loyalty,  whilst  the  minute 
letter  would  pass  unnoticed  unless  special  attention  were 
directed  to  it,  and  would  not  therefore  endanger  his 
position  at  the  Tower.  We  have  seen,  moreover,  that 
on  May  30,  Sir  Edward  Nicholas  had  written,  informing 
Briot  that  in  view  of  his  illness  his  Majesty  would 
dispense  for  the  moment  with  his  attendance  on  "the 
requirement  he  had  for  your  employment  here,"  thus 
suggesting  that  a  substitute  had  been  found.  Neverthe- 
less Briot  despatched  his  heavier  instruments  and 
apparently  smuggled  through  on  his  person  some  dies 


128  There  is  one  specimen  of  the  half-crown  in  the  British  Museum, 
one  was  in  the  collection  of  the  late  Mr.  Bliss,  there  is  my  own,  once 
the  property  of  Mr.  Lawrence,  and  one  in  the  late  Mr.  Dudman's  sale 
of  December,  1913.  I  ought  to  mention  that  some  collectors  (amongst 
others  Mr.  Bliss,  who  kindly  showed  me  his  example)  have  been  inclined 
to  read  the  letter  as  an  R  rather  than  a  B,  the  return  of  the  letter 
being  lost  in  the  circle  of  the  O,  but  on  the  exhibition  of  the  coin  to 
the  Society  the  majority  were  in  favour  of  B,  and  it  was  so  catalogued 
at  the  Museum ;  the  specimen  in  the  Dudman  collection  reads  B  more 
clearly.  We  need,  therefore,  not  discuss  their  transference  to  Rawlins 
or  Ramage,  with  whose  workmanship  they  are  not  agreed. 


224  HELEN    FAKQUHAK. 

and  puncheons,  or  made  them  on  his  arrival.  The 
presence  of  a  rival  at  York  would  account  for  the 
signature,  and  the  fact  that  this  type — the  horse  with 
forward  mane  and  the  tail  visible  between  the  legs, 
Hks.  type  7 — is  usually  found  unsigned,  denotes  that 
more  dies  were  subsequently  made  from  Briot's  puncheon, 
and  that  undergravers  must  have  been  present  at  York 
as  at  the  Tower.129 

But  the  Tiame  of  no  rival  rises  to  our  lips  when  we 
review  the  possible  engravers,  capable  of  making  so 
good  a  coinage  as  that  of  York ;  for  even  if  we  accept 
the  tradition,  now  mostly  discredited,130  that  Simon 
was  a  Yorkshireman,'  and  was  first  trained  by  Briot 
in  that  city,  it  seems  improbable  that  Thomas  Simon, 
a  Puritan,  should  have  been  on  the  side  of  Charles.131 
His  work  from  the  making  of  an  Admiralty  Seal  in 
1636  is  well  known,  and  we  have  the  certainty  that  he 
was  already  in  the  Parliament's  employ  in  July,  1643, 
when  he  received  an  order  to  make  a  new  great  seal  to 

129  ^6  have  already  shown  that  the  equestrian  figure  on  these  signed 
half-crowns  agrees  with  the  type  principally,  although  not  invariably, 
in  use  at  the  Tower  from  mint-mark  Star  to  (P)  on  the  half-crown  [see 
PI.  XII.  Fig.  2J,  and  throughout  the  later  period  of  (P)  to  Sun  on  the 
crowns.     A  type  attributed  usually  to  Simon  commences  with  Sun  on 
these  large  pieces,  and  on  the  half-crowns  extends  to  Sceptre — there- 
fore beyond  the  date  of  Briot's  work — his  death  taking  place  during 
the  period  marked  by  the  Sun. 

130  See  Vertue's  Simon,  edit.  1780,  p.  60 ;  see,  however,  Mr.  Wroth's 
article  in  Dictionary  of  National  Biography ;  Num.  Chron.,  1st  Ser., 
Vol.  IV.  p.  213,  and  Vol.  V.  p.  165. 

131  Simon's  Seals,  Medals,  and  Coins,  by  George  Vertue,  p.  60.     It 
is  there  suggested  that  Briot  obtained  the  services  of  Simon  when 
establishing  the  mint  at  York  on  his  way  to  Scotland  in  1633,  but 
Simon,  if  born,  as  we  believe,  in  1623,  could  not  have  been  of  great  use 
at  so  early  a  period,  and  the  doubt  as  to  the  foundation  of  the  York 
mint  prior  to  the  Civil  War  renders  the  question  still  more  difficult 
of  solution.     It  is  now  considered  more  likely  that  Simon  was  of  a 
Guernsey  family,  settled  first  in  Canterbury  and  then  in  London. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT   AND   THE    CIVIL   WAR.  225 

replace  that  taken  to  the  King  at  York  in  May,  1642,132 
and  we  have  no  evidence  later  than  a  medal  of  1639 
of  his  following  the  fortunes  of  Charles.133  Were  Briot's 
signed  coins  at  Oxford  they  might  result  from  a  rivalry 
with  Eawlins.  Let  us  now  turn  to  the  University  city. 

At  Oxford  we  must  dismiss  from  our  minds  the  precise 
rounded  shape  so  characteristic  of  Briot's  coinage,  and 
yet  retain  in  our  memory  the  peculiar  style  of  equestrian 
portrait,  which  he  most  affected  and  which  had  appeared 
on  patterns  in  his  early  years,  recurring  on  the  coinages 
known  by  his  name,  with  mint-marks  Flower  and  B,  and 
Anchor.  It  was  in  use  in  Scotland,  it  re-appeared  as  a 
familiar  type  at  Oxford,  filtered  thence  to  the  Exeter 
mint,  and  in  the  form  of  a  very  inferior  imitation  to 
Wey mouth.  Let  us  arrange  these  coins  in  proper 
sequence. 

Mr.  Symonds  tells  us  that  amongst  the  disbursements 
ending  November  30,  during  the  year  1632,  there  is  a 
charge  for  a  dinner  for  the  officers  of  the  mint  "  when 
Bryott  did  work,  it  being  no  mint  day." 134  Also,  he 
informs  us  that  Sir  Thomas  Aylesbury135  somewhat 
later  delivered  to  the  King  "  fair  silver  moneys,"  viz. 
three  crowns  and  three  half-crowns  of  Briot's  moneys 
and  three  crowns,  three  half-crowns,  and  ten  shillings 


132  Simon  delivered  this  seal  to  Parliament  on  September  28,  1643. 

133  The  medals   on   the   Scottish   Rebellion   (Med.   III.,   vol.    i.   pp. 
282-283,  Nos.  91,  93,  and  94)  are  signed  by  Simon. 

134  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  XIII.  p.  366. 

135  Sir  Thomas  Aylesbury  was  Master  of  the  Mint  from  1627  to  1643, 
but  appears  to  have  held  the  post  in  conjunction  with   Sir   Robert 
Harley,   whose   first   tenure   of  office  was   from  November,  1626,  to 
August,  1635.      Sir  Ralph   Freeman  then  shared  the  position  with 
Aylesbury  from  1635  to  May,  1643,  when  Harley  returned,  until  1649, 
when  differences  with  the  Parliamentary  party  caused  his  final  retire- 
ment (see  Mint  Catalogue,  vol.  ii.  p.  232).    Aylesbury,  being  a  Royalist, 
was  deprived  of  his  place  during  the  Civil  War. 


226  HELEN    FARQUHAK. 

of  the  moneyer's  making,  in  all  55s.136  He  further 
explains  that  Briot  must  have  "  worked  at  his  own 
coinage  on  certain  unnamed  days  within  two  stated 
periods  only,  viz.  (1)  between  November  30,  1631,  and 
the  same  date  in  1632,  when  the  mint-marks  Eose  and 
Harp  were  successively  used,  and  (2)  between  July  31, 
1638,  and  the  same  date  in  1639,  when  the  Anchor  and 
Triangle  were  the  current  marks,  the  latter  being  in  use 
for  about  three  weeks."  137 

I  would  like  to  suggest  further  that,  apart  from  the 
special  coins  which  we  call  by  Briot's  name,  apart  also 
from  the  patterns  which  differ  from  the  currency,  there 
are  some  very  beautiful  specimens  of  busts  upon  the 
current  coin,  with  Rose  and  Harp  mint-marks,  which, 
although  they  have  not  the  artist's  signature,  show 
forth  the  stamp  of  his  handiwork.  We  must  remember 
that  Briot  was  called  upon  to  deliver  obverse  designs 
to  be  copied  on  the  currency,  and  again  we  find 
specially  well-engraved  pieces  with  these  and  other 
mint-marks,  which  were  no  doubt  made  for  this  purpose, 
but  from  their  rarity  we  assume  were  not  approved. 
Amongst  these  possibly  is  a  half  unite  (Kenyon  type  3) 
in  the  British  Museum  with  mint-mark  Eose,  suggesting 
the  innovation  of  a  turned-down  collar  in  the  place  of 
the  King's  ruff.  Be  this  as  it  may,  the  varieties  bearing 
the  mint-mark  Eose  are  many,  and  I  must  thank  Mr. 
Symonds,  in  that  he  has  cleared  from  the  path  many 
difficulties  in  arranging  the  sequence  of  Briot's  coins  of 
all  kinds,  and  incidentally  the  crowns  and  half-crowns 
to  which  I  now  purpose  to  call  attention. 

136  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Series,  Vol.  XIII.  p.  366.     See  also  Walpole's 
Anecdotes  of  Painting,  vol.  i.  p.  256. 

137  Num.  Chron.,  as  above,  Vol.  XIII.  p.  366 ;  also  Vol.  X.  p.  393. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND    THE  CIVIL    WAR.  227 

These  coins  are  adorned  upon  the  obverse  with  an 
equestrian  design,  which  for  the  moment  I  name  the 
Briot  horse,  in  that  he  gave  it  the  preference  on  his 
special  milled  coinage. 

First,  then,  we  must  place  the  rare  pattern  crowns, 
signed  by  the  artist's  initials,  one  of  these  bearing  on 
the  obverse  a  crowned  bust,  the  other  bareheaded 
[PI.  XIII.  Fig.  1]  ;  both  have  the  equestrian  figure  on  the 
reverse,  somewhat  larger  than  the  ultimate  presentment, 
but  reminiscent  of  Van  Dyck's  pictures  in  the  stately 
pose  of  both  man  and  beast. 

Then  follow  the  crown  [PI.  XIII.  Fig.  2]  and  half- 
crown  with  the  Flower  and  B  as  mint-mark,  the  anemone 
being,  perhaps,  later  re-echoed  in  the  stops  on  some  of 
the  Oxford  coins.  The  curious  A's,  so  peculiar  to  Briot 
and  Simon,  have  made  their  appearance,  although 
neither  these  nor  the  diamond-shaped  stops  are  abso- 
lutely invariable.  Whether  upon  the  occasion  of  placing 
three  crowns  and  three  half-crowns  before  the  King, 
our  artist  offered  him  the  choice  between  the  patterns 
specified  above  and  the  third,  afterwards  circulated, 
who  shall  say?  Neither  can  we  pause  to  speak  of 
alternative  half-crowns,  which  are  not  of  equestrian 
type — we  must  follow  the  authorized  issues. 

We  then  pursue  Briot  to  Scotland,  and  remind  our 
readers  of  the  coins  of  1637  (Crown  on  PI.  XIII.  Fig.  3) 
with  mint-mark  Thistle  and  B,  afterwards  copied  by 
Falconer. 

PI.  XIV.  Fig.  1  brings  before  us  the  half-crown  of 
the  artist's  special  coinage  with  mint-mark  Anchor  and 
B  at  the  Tower  for  which  in  1638-9  Mr.  Symonds 
has  prepared  us,  and  at  this  moment,  strangely  enough, 
begins  a  rougher  and  extremely  rare  series  of  coins 


228  HELEN   FARQUHAR. 

bearing  Briot's  horse,  lettering,  and  stops,  but  struck 
with  the  hammer  and  little  better  in  execution 
than  the  ordinary  Tower  issue  of  the  day,  being 
apparently  an  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  engraver  to 
introduce  his  favourite  design  into  popular  use  with  the 
mint-marks  Anchor  and  Triangle.  Ruding,  in  figuring 
in  his  Plate  F,  No.  3,  a  somewhat  curious  half-crown 
which  I  illustrate  on  our  PI.  XIV.  as  Fig.  2,  ascribed  it, 
on  account  no  doubt  of  its  peculiar  square-topped  shield, 
to  an  unknown  country  mint.  But  its  mint-marks  on 
both  sides  of  prostrate  Anchor  suggest  the  Tower 
sequence,  and  we  may  note  that  my  specimen  of  this 
curious  type  has  the  recumbent  Anchor  altered  to  a  Tri- 
angle, both  upon  obverse  and  reverse  [PL  XIV.  Fig.  3] ; 
a  second  example  struck  from  this  die  is  in  the 
Museum,  and  a  third  is  in  Colonel  Morrieson's  cabinet. 
This  carries  us  on  to  another  half-crown  in  my  collec- 
tion [PI.  XIV.  Fig.  4],  still  with  the  Triangle  altered 
from  an  Anchor,  and  in  this  instance  again  on  both 
sides,  whilst  the  reverse  is  decorated  with  the  ordinary 
Tower  shield.  Colonel  Morrieson  also  has  a  specimen 
of  the  coin.  The  British  Museum  contains  two  examples 
of  Euding  F.  3,  and  we  have  seen  that  there  are  at 
least  the  same  number  of  specimens  of  our  Tower  issue 
[PI.  XIV.  Fig.  4],  perhaps  more,  for  one  appeared  in  the 
Murdoch  sale,  and  neither  is  Colonel  Morrieson  nor  am 
I  aware  whether  our  respective  coins  passed  through 
the  hands  of  that  collector,  but  several  pieces  with 
minute  differences  must  have  been  struck.  It  would 
seem  as  though  a  continuous  movement  had  been  made 
by  Briot  to  introduce  his  favourite  design  at  the  Tower 
between  1639  and  1643,  for  not  only  are  the  above 
suggestive  of  such  an  effort,  but  a  curious  and  very  rare 


NICHOLAS    BRIOT    AND   THE    CIVIL    WAR.  229 

crown — so  far  as  we  know  from  a  unique  puncheon — so 
decorated  is  brought  before  us  at  the  Museum  with  the 
mint-mark,  Triangle-in-circle.  This  must  have  been 
struck  between  July  15,  1641,  and  May  29,  1643 138 
[PI.  XIII.  Fig.  4]. 

Now  let  us  turn  to  Oxford,  and  we  shall  find  a  solitary 
pound  piece  [PJ.  XIV.  Fig.  5]  in  the  National  Collection  139 
struck  in  1643,  the  year  in  which  "the  Briot  horse"  first 
makes  its  appearance  in  the  University  city,  supplanting 
its  less  correctly  modelled  predecessor.  This  graceful 
type  did  not  come  into  regular  use  upon  the  silver 
pounds  nor  appear  at  all  upon  the  Oxford  crowns,  and 
so  far  as  we  know  this  twenty -shilling  piece  is  unique, 
but  the  half-crown  of  this  obverse  design  is  so  common 
that  the  animal  is  usually  known  as  the  "  Oxford  horse," 
and  holds  sway  throughout  the  years  1643,  1644, 
1645,  and  1646  [PI.  XV.  Figs.  1,  2,  3,  and  4].  The 
changes  in  dies  with  small  differences  in  the  stops  prove 
how  large  was  the  issue  of  these  coins,  and  the  puncheons, 
attributable  to  Briot's  design,  show  in  many  instances 
increasing  signs  of  wear.  How  often  these  were  renewed, 
how  often  fresh  dies  were  engraved  with  the  co-operation 
of  inferior  workmen,  it  is  hard  to  say,  for  sometimes, 
although  not  often,  we  find  a  better  specimen  in  the 
later  than  in  the  earlier  years,  proving  that  new 
puncheons  must  have  been  made.  In  all  cases  the 
striking  is  extremely  faulty,  and  it  is  difficult  to  dis- 
cover pieces  sufficiently  well  struck  for  observation  of 
such  minutiae.  I  hope  I  am  not  unduly  pressing  my 


138  See  Mr.  Symonds'  table  of  Mint-marks  in  Num.  Chron.,  4th  Ser., 
Vol.  X.  p.  393.     So  far  as  I  am  aware  no  crowns  bearing  this  mint- 
mark  have  been  seen  in  other  types. 

139  Prom  the  Montagu  Collection,  lot  493. 


230  HELEN    FAKQUHAR. 

point  in  suggesting  that  Briot  probably  selected  in 
London  his  own  puncheons,  they  not  being  in  demand, 
or  perhaps  engraved  such  on  purpose,  and  sent  or  took 
them  and  some  specimen  dies  to  Oxford.  It  will  be 
admitted  that  these  equestrian  portraits  with  their  direct 
descent  from  his  early  patterns  are  more  reminiscent 
than  any  other  Oxford  coins  of  the  French  engraver's 
handiwork.  But  I  am  bound  to  confess  that  one  obstacle 
presents  itself  in  the  fact  that  this  type  reappeared 
almost  exactly  in  three  forms  at  Exeter  14°  :  undated  with 
two  differing  reverses  [PI.  XV.  Figs.  6  and  7],  and  dated 
[PI.  XV.  Fig.  5]  the  numerals  1644  being  visible  in  the 
legend.  We  have  no  documentary  evidence  of  Briot's 
presence  at  that  place,  but  a  possible  explanation  may 
be  found  in  the  Queen's  movements.  She  joined  her 
husband  at  Oxford  in  July,  1643,  and  remained  in  the 
University  city  from  the  13th  of  that  month  until 
April  2,  1644,  residing  at  Merton  College.  From  thence 
she  made  her  way  to  Exeter,  £2500  being  provided  for 
the  purpose  of  her  journey  by  Bushell.  Is  it  not 
possible  that  part  of  this  money  consisted  of  half-crowns 
with  the  Briot  horse,  and  in  compliment  to  her  the 
Exeter  mint  produced  a  fairly  faithful  copy  of  the  obverse 
design  ?  There  were  many  varieties  of  coins  struck  at 
Exeter,  some  being  of  excellent  workmanship,  but  I 
am  not  prepared  to  suggest  that  Briot  visited  the  place, 
neither  know  we  who  produced  the  superior  pieces.  But 
if  we  prefer  to  assign  the  undated  specimens  with  "  the 
Briot  horse"  to  the  earliest  probable  date,  i.e.  1643,141 


horse  is  slightly  more  bushy,  otherwise  the  copy  is 
fairly  exact. 

111  Exeter  was   at  first  in  the  hands  of  the  Parliament,  but   sur- 
rendered to  Prince  Maurice  in  September,  1643.     Unless  it  was  struck 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT   AND   THE    CIVIL    WAR.  231 

may  we  not  believe  that  Charles  I  in  issuing  to  "Sir 
Richard  Vyvyan  Knt "  an  authority  to  open  mints 
within  the  counties  of  Devon  and  Cornwall,  "and  to 
make  and  engrave  irons  and  stamps  with  his  Majesty's 
effigies,"  may  have  sent  him  certain  puncheons  and  dies 
as  patterns  ? 142 

Our  list  is  not  quite  finished,  and  those  who  disagree 
with  the  line  of  argument  I  have  tentatively  advanced 
may  say :  What  of  those  curious  Weymouth  coins  with 
various  reverses  [PI.  XII.  Fig.  5]  sometimes  confounded 
with  the  Exeter  issues  in  that  for  mint-mark  they  bear 
a  small  rosette,  whilst  the  type  of  the  shields  proclaims 
their  Weymouth  origin  ?  My  answer  is  that  so  poor  a 
copy  bespeaks  a  very  inferior  workman,  endeavouring  to 
reproduce  the  Oxford-Exeter  horse,  and  that  in  describ- 
ing an  example  of  this  rare  coin  now  in  my  collection 
the  cataloguer  wrote :  "  This  coin  has  been  ascribed  to 
Exeter  :  specimens  struck  from  the  same  obverse  die 
and  with  an  unmistakable  Exeter  reverse  are  said  to 
exist."  143 

We  need,  therefore,  carry  the  Briot  horse  no  further 
afield  than  Exeter  in  the  year  1644,  whilst  it  remained 

for  the  Parliamentarians  or  as  a  complimentary  medal  with  no  reference 
to  Exeter,  the  so-called  half-crown  bearing  date  1642  is  an  unexplained 
problem.  The  man  who  engraved  this  free  copy  of  Simon's  Scottish 
rebellion  medals  (Med.  III.,  vol.  i.  pp.  282-283,  Nos.  90-94)  was  no  mean 
artist.  The  same  type  recurs  in  1644,  at  which  time  the  town  was  held 
by  the  Royalists.  We  cannot,  therefore,  easily  transfer  the  type  to  the 
side  of  the  Parliament.  Folkes  placed  it  amongst  the  coins  struck  at 
York,  but  Hawkins  discountenanced  this  attribution  on  account  of  the 
Rose  mint-mark.  If,  moreover,  a  specimen  really  exists  dated  1645, 
the  same  difficulty  would  reappear,  for  York  fell  in  1644.  Exeter 
finally  capitulated  to  Fairfax  on  April  9,  1646. 

142  Document  in  the  Bodleian  Library,  quoted  by  Mr.  Symonds  in 
Num.    Chron.,  4th   Ser.,  Vol.   XIII.  p.   370.     This  warrant  is  dated 
January  3,  1643-4. 

143  Catalogue  of  the  Hamilton  Smith  Sale,  No.  125,  June  21,  1913. 


232  HELEN   FARQUHAR. 

in  use  at  Oxford  until  such  time  as  the  city  surrendered 
on  June  20,  1646— fully  six  months  before  the  death  of 
Briot.  The  King  had  left  for  the  north  on  April  27 ;  the 
engraver's  sphere  of  usefulness  was  closed. 

And  now  to  sum  up  chronologically  the  whole  matter, 
stripped  of  the  somewhat  clumsy  evidence. 

In  1625  Briot  comes  to  England. 

In  1626  he  begins  to  work  for  Charles. 

In  1628  Briot  receives  a  grant  of  £250  yearly  from 
the  King  to  engrave  the  obverse  pattern  dies  of  all  his 
coins. 

In  1633  Briot  obtains  the  appointment  at  the  Tower 
of  "  one  of  the  gravers  "  at  £50  per  annum. 

On  May  1,  1642,  Briot  communicates  from  the  Tower 
with  Charles  who  is  at  York,  deprecating  a  suggested 
debasement  of  coin. 

On  May  6  Briot  is  commanded  by  the  King  to  attend 
him  at  York. 

On  the  22nd  of  May  the  King's  great  seal  is  taken  to 
York,  but  is  not  replaced  in  London  until  July  19, 1643, 
when  Simon  is  ordered  to  engrave  a  copy — the  new  seal 
is  completed  on  September  28,  1643.  This  suggests  the 
absence  of  Briot  from  London  in  the  middle  of  1643. 

On  May  26  Briot  is  in  London  giving  evidence  on 
mint  matters  before  Parliament. 

On  May  30  Nicholas,  the  Secretary  of  State,  begs 
Briot  not  to  hurry  to  York,  having  heard  that  he  is 
ill,  but  has  received  a  letter  dated  the  25th  from  Park- 
hurst  notifying  Briot's  intended  departure. 

On  June  21  Nicholas  writes  to  desire  the  engraver's 
immediate  presence  bringing  dies  and  puncheons  to  York. 

On   June   30    a    further    communication   concerning 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT   AND   THE    CIVIL    WAR.  233 

financial  arrangements  for  the  journey  is  made  by 
Nicholas. 

On  July  7  Ramage  is  paid  at  the  Tower  for  supplying 
minting  materials  for  York  and  Shrewsbury. 

On  July  12  Parliament  orders  the  highways  round 
Oxford  to  be  watched,  the  King  having  commanded  the 
University  to  send  treasure  to  York. 

On  July  15  the  ship  containing  mint  materials  is 
stopped  at  Scarborough. 

On  July  23  the  Commons  commend  this  detention 
and  command  Briot  to  appear  before  the  House. 

On  August  20  his  private  possessions  are  returned, 
but  not  such  as  belong  to  minting. 

On  October  5  the  Commons  prohibit  "any  Officer, 
Workman  or  Instrument,  belonging  to  the  Mint  or 
coining  or  graving  to  quit  their  charge."  It  is  likely 
that  it  was  during  the  absence  of  Briot  after  and  not 
before  this  event  that  his  wife  and  children  were  turned 
out  of  his  house  in  the  Tower,  inasmuch  as  such  absence 
before  would  not  have  been  illegal. 

On  January  3, 1642-3,  the  Oxford  mint  is  opened  by  the 
help  of  apparatus  brought  from  Shrewsbury  by  Bushell, 
who  had  taken  his  men  and  tools  thither  from  Aberyst- 
with.  The  King  in  the  following  June,  in  a  letter  of 
thanks  to  Bushell  says  that  his  help  was  given  "  when 
all  the  Officers  in  the  Mint  of  or  Tower  of  London  for- 
sooke  their  attendance  except  Sir  William  Parkhurst "  : 
this  probably  refers  to  the  opening  of  the  Shrewsbury 
mint,  for  Briot  attended  the  King  both  at  York  and 
Oxford. 

"  About  the  latter  end  of  January  164|,"  it  is  recorded 
that  "  the  King's  Mint  began  to  coin  in  Sir  Henry 
Jenkins'  house  in  the  Minster  Yard  "  at  York. 

NUM.  CHRON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES   IV.  R 


234  HELEN    FARQUHAR. 

Before  the  end  of  the  year  1642,  according  to  old 
style,  ergo,  before  March  25,  1643,  Eawlins  makes 
badges  for  the  King,  and  the  new  large  horse  is 
seen  on  a  £1  piece  (Hks.  type  4). 

A  warrant  for  making  a  badge  is  dated  Oxford, 
May  18,  1643,  and  another  under  date  June  1,  1643, 
speaks  of  Eawlins  as  "  our  Graver  of  Seals,  Stamps  and 
Medals." 

On  July  13, 1643,  the  King  and  Queen  met  at  Kineton, 
and  Eawlins  commemorates  this  event  medallically. 
Both  Briot  and  Eawlins  make  medals  commemorative 
of  the  King's  manifesto  on  the  desirability  of  Peace 
after  the  taking  of  Bristol  on  July  27,  1643. 

In  the  middle  of  the  year  1643  the  character  of  the 
equestrian  coinage  at  Oxford  changes. 

Bushell  departs  for  Bristol  where  he  has  opened  a 
mint  in  the  Castle,  taking  with  him,  as  we  should  judge 
from  the  style  of  the  coinage,  some  engraver,  name 
unknown,  who  clearly  had  been  responsible  for  the 
badly  drawn  horse,  which  preceded  Briot's  equestrian 
portrait. 

In  1643  the  style  of  Oxford  portraiture  improves,  and 
Eawlins  should,  I  think,  be  given  the  honour  of  the  new 
gold  pieces  and  equestrian  figure  on  the  silver  pounds,  of 
which  the  puncheon  has  been  already  used  in  1642  and 
continues  in  use  in  1643  and  1644. 

On  April  20  to  22  n.s.  in  the  year  1644,  M.  Maze- 
rolle  notes  Briot's  presence  in  Paris. 

The  exact  date  of  Bushell's  departure  for  Bristol  from 
Oxford  is  not  known,  but  he  was  still  at  Bristol  on 
May  17,  1644,  and  the  fact  that  he  clothed  the  soldiers 
arriving  from  Ireland  suggests  that  he  was  already  at 
Bristol  in  January,  1643-4. 


NICHOLAS   BRIOT    AND   THE   CIVIL   WAR.  235 

In  1644  we  have  Rawlins'  signed  coins  continuing  to 
1646,  the  date  of  the  fall  of  Oxford. 

In  April,  1645,  the  King  gives  Rawlins  a  warrant  of 
"chief  graver  in  the  Tower  of  London  and  elswhere 
in  England  and  Wales,"  the  last  holder  of  this  office, 
by  the  King's  appointment,  Edward  Greene,  having 
died  at  the  end  of  the  year  1644.  This  grant  to 
Kawlins  is  almost  contemporary  with  the  parliamentary 
appointment  of  Simon  and  Wade,  the  place  having,  it 
seems,  been  held  for  a  short  time  by  Nicholas  de  Burgh. 

The  King  left  Oxford  on  April  27,  1646,  but  the  city 
held  out  until  June  24.  Six  months  later  Briot  died  in 
London,  in  the  Parish  of  St.  Martins-in-the-Fields,  in 
December,  1646,  in  receipt  of  the  Warden's  pay  at  the 
Tower  of  £50  a  year,  the  arrears  of  which  had  been 
allowed  to  him. 

After  his  death  his  widow  appealed  to  the  Lord 
Protector  and  to  King  Charles  II  for  the  far  larger 
arrears  due  from  the  King,  and  produced  evidence,  when 
putting  forth  her  petition  after  the  Restoration,  that  her 
husband  had  loyally  tried  to  assist  Charles  I  at  great 
danger  to  his  person,  for  "  even  in  the  worse  of  times, 
as  long  as  he  lived,  he  from  time  to  time  did  goe  to 
York  and  Oxford  at  his  Matys  command." 

I  leave  it  to  my  readers'  indulgence  to  decide  whether 
this  was  a  true  claim  and  whether  the  loyalty  of  Briot  is 
vindicated. 

HELEN  FARQUHAR. 


R  2 


X. 

INDEX  OF  ETHNICS  APPEAEING  ON 
GEEEK  COINS. 

THE  list  of  Ethnics  in  the  genitive  case  arranged  by 
terminals  in  Boutkowski's  Petit  Mionnet  de  Poche  has 
proved  of  great  practical  value  to  collectors,  but  it  is 
forty  years  since  it  was  first  published  and  there  are 
many  gaps  to  be  filled. 

The  following  Index,  compiled  chiefly  from  the 
Historia  Numorum  (2nd  edition),  is  based  on  Bout- 
kowski's list,  but  differs  from  it  not  only  in  length  but 
in  one  important  detail  of  arrangement :  the  order  of 
the  terminals  is  strictly  alphabetical  and  consequently 
the  arrangement  by  districts  has  been  abandoned ;  the 
name  of  the  district  is,  however,  given  with  each  town. 
The  last  three  letters  of  the  genitive  have  throughout 
been  regarded  as  the  terminal,  but  this  terminal  may 
comprise  several  subordinates:  thus  — BEQN,  —  rEnisl, 
— AEQN,  — GEflN,  — AlEDN,  &c.,  will  be  found  as  sub- 
divisions under  the  terminal  —  EQN.  The  arrangement 
is  alphabetical,  beginning  with  the  first  letter  before  the 
terminal,  i.e.  the  fourth  letter  from  the  end,  and  work- 
ing backwards  to  the  beginning  of  the  word.  The  last 
decisive  letter,  which  determines  the  alphabetical  posi- 
tion of  the  name,  and  those  following  it  are  printed  in 


ETHNICS    ON   GREEK   COINS. 


237 


capitals,  the  letters  which  precede  the  decisive  letter  in 
small  type x :  e.g. 

TepAZON 

ni,uojAl    „ 
EMI     „ 

Of  the  class  of  adjectival  terminations  in  —ON  on  early 
coins,  only  those  are  included  of  which  it  is  impossible 
to  say  with  certainty  whether  they  are  masculine  geni- 
tives plural  or  neuter  nominatives  singular.  Thus 
Mtaatviov  is  included  but  2f/>jui*X«icoi/  excluded.  In  all 
such  cases  — MV  has  been  substituted  for  — ov.  The 
alternative  spelling  — SITMV  for  — ITWV,  so  common  on 
later  coins,  has  been  disregarded  in  the  alphabetical 
arrangement,  e.g.  <&£\XtiT&v  appears  as  4>fXX«rwi/.  Titles 
of  cities,  such  as  Kataa/ot n>v,  have  been  inserted  in  cases 
where  they  may  be  mistaken  for  the  ethnic,  and  in  such 
cases  the  name  of  the  city  as  well  as  of  the  district  is 
given  in  the  second  column. 

This  list  is  confined  to  genitives  plural.  The  other 
categories  included  by  Boutkowski  in  his  list  are  held 
over  for  another  occasion. 

E.    S.    Gr.    KOBINSON. 


OwAAAN     Acarnania 

in  A  NAT  AN     Sicily 

Teufll    ,,        Arcadia 

FTtTAN      ,,         Samnium 

H5QNAN     Macedonia 

A<7iP      „         Achaea 

TeFEATAN     Arcadia 

KoAAto-T     ,,         Arcadia 

AAE 

M 

AiAuBAITAN     Sicily 

EAE 

Epirus 

KePA     , 

Crete,  Pisidia 

AIE 

Arcadia 

KoAAciroA     , 

Caria 

HoffelAQNI 

Lucania 

0EPM      , 

Sicily 

KYAONI 

Crete 

TlavOPM     , 

„ 

AiroAAQNI 

Illyricum                              ASpAN     , 

,, 

KaYAQNI 

Bruttium                        Toi/po^uEN     , 

,, 

Kpc/mNI 

TaMN     , 

Aeolis 

Aoull 

Arcadia                                  Pt£ON     , 

Illyricum 

Except  of  course  the  initial  letter. 


238 


E.    S.   G.    ROBINSON. 


2oYNITAN 

Samnium 

OABEQN 

Cilicia 

Tw/5AP     ,, 

Sicily 

Ai/afcP       ,, 

EverirEP     „ 

Cyrenaica 

KacSY  .    „ 

Lycia 

Ato-Z     „ 

Illyricum 

26ATEQN 

Pisidia 

HpoKAEOTAN 

Bithynia 

AP      „ 

Acarnania 

M{fp«KI      „ 

Epirus 

AAAAEON 

Pisidia 

2«KfAl       „ 

Sicily 

AuZIA      ,',' 

Phrygia 

AAAoPI        ,, 

Crete 

A/t/SAA      ,, 

Pisidia 

Map  A       ,, 

Cilicia  (Mallus) 

2WNA 

Phrygia 

AireiP       ,, 

Epirus 

Ai/AH      '' 

Pisidia 

4>epAIOYN 

Thessaly 

Ni/coMH       „ 

Bithynia 

Kpcwj/ouNI     ,, 

„ 

Nofl       „ 

Cilicia 

rOyU<p(T      ,, 

,, 

XaAKI       „ 

Euboea,      Mace 

AAQN 

Laconia 

don,  Syria 

AIN    „ 

Macedonia 

AiroAAa>NI       ,, 

Lydia 

KoAflN     „ 

Troad 

AAoBAN        „ 

Caria 

TePON    „ 

Macedonia 

ApuKAN      „ 

Lycia 

OiT    „ 

Thessaly 

2iAAN      „ 

Lydia 

MTjSABON 

Arabia 

OicOAN      ,, 

Lycia 

EucrE     ,, 

Cilicia      (Zephy- 

AaPAN       „ 

Lycaonia 

rium) 

AaAiZAN        „ 

Ileppal      ,, 

Thessaly 

AAIN      „ 

Caria 

Te/CTOo-AfQN 

Galatia  (Ancyra) 

IZIN      „ 

Pisidia 

Ap/cAAQN 

Crete 

B\ 

OupaNI      ,, 

Macedonia 

M|AAYN      „ 

Phrygia 

mzi    „ 

Pisidia  (Sagalas- 

2<3tSOYN      „ 

,, 

sus) 

MafY      „ 

Pamphylia 

2iN     „ 

Bosporus 

KAcwNOY      „ 

Lydia 

2eP     ,, 

Thrace 

ArTOY      „ 

Phrygia 

AY     „ 

Lydia  (Mostene) 

KwaieEQN 

Arcadia 

A.TAEQN 

Aeolis 

ChaN       „ 

Locris 

MjA      „ 

Phrygia 

A.fAIEQN 

Aeolis 

Karl       „ 

,, 

IffTl 

Euboea 

Ne.K       „ 

Lydia     (Cilbiani 

NIK      „ 

Bithynia 

Inf.) 

4-olNIK      „ 

Epirus 

*wK      „ 

Ionia 

AeYK       „ 

Ionia 

AK/cIA      ,, 

Phrygia 

*OK       „ 

„ 

AopYA      „ 

n 

Ao-Ti/TroA       ,, 

Caria 

n-roAeM       „ 

Ionia  (Lebedus), 

FlroAeM        „ 

Phoenicia 

Phoenicia 

HeA^N        „ 

Thessaly 

TleAij/N        „ 

Thessaly 

A»n     „ 

Arcadia 

HP       „ 

Arcadia 

HP        „ 

,, 

HelP       „ 

Pontus 

NuZ       „ 

Samaria 

BoYP       „ 

Achaea 

KpHT       „ 

Crete 

AaplZ       „ 

Thessaly 

M«AlT        „ 

Thessaly 

NYZ      „ 

Lydia 

AjriEQN 

Achaia 

HpOYZ      ,, 

Bithynia 

KAa</AlEQN 

Syria  (Leucas) 

ETHNICS    ON    GREEK   COINS. 


239 


ITo/m-HIEON 

Decapolis      (Ga-                      AAOAIKEQN 

Phrygia,     Syria, 

dara) 

Coele  Syria 

MAAIEQN 

Thessaly 

KAauSiOAAOAl      „ 

Lycaonia 

AupH       ,, 

Ionia  (Neapolis) 

EupYAl      „ 

Ionia  (Smyrna) 

1 

Troad 

Tep/xANl      „ 

Commagene, 

O/coK       „ 

Phrygia 

Phoenicia 

0/j.O       „ 

Thessaly 

(Ptolemais) 

M60Y       „ 

n 

Qeffffa  AONI      „ 

Macedonia 

IOY       „ 

Lydia,    Phrygia, 

2rpoTON[E]l      „ 

Caria,  Lydia 

Syria       (Lao- 

ZEAEY      „ 

Lydia     (Tralles), 

dicea) 

Pisidia,  Cilicia, 

Kan-n-n        „ 

Decapolis 

Syria,  Mesopo- 

AAMIEQN 

Thessaly 

tamia 

KePA       „ 

Garia 

KAauSiOZEAEY      „ 

Pisidia 

Auo-INIEQN 

Pisidia 

*a    „ 

Phocis 

EIKO       „ 

Lycaonia 

AAEON 

Thessaly.Arcadia 

KAauAEIKO 

„ 

TABA      „ 

Syria 

0PO       „ 

Locris 

TABA      „ 

Lydia 

Bi0Y       „ 

Bithynia 

KoZTABA      „ 

Cilicia 

KoAQ 

Messenia 

*I[P]A      „ 

Arcadia 

E«na     „ 

Bnittium 

TPfA      „ 

Phrygia 

Eu/SOIEON 

Euboea  (Eretria) 

EFIA      „ 

Cyclades 

0<F<rniEnN 

Boeotia 

A7XIA      „ 

Thrace 

IKAPIEQN 

Ionia 

ArTA      „ 

Pamphylia 

Me0uA       „ 

Arcadia 

na>r     „ 

Pisidia 

TIBE       „ 

Pisidia    (Pappa), 

*urE    „ 

Ionia 

Galilee 

ZaIE       „ 

Thraco  -  Mace  - 

CAauSiOTlBE       ,. 

Galilee 

donian 

KIE       „ 

Thessaly 

*«A.o/*H        „ 

Phrygia 

AyaK-rO       ,, 

Acarnania 

KopuSAA      „ 

Lycia 

EpET       „ 

Euboea 

IDA      „ 

Mysia 

Arj^HT        „ 

Thessaly,     Coele 

AIO      „ 

Aeolis 

Syria,  Assyria 

NaKO       „ 

Phrygia 

AjtaZT       „ 

Paphlagonia 

20    „ 

Cilicia 

Ave/ioY       ,, 

Cilicia 

KoSpoY       „ 

Pisidia 

AQ    „ 

Phrygia       (Syn- 

AirAMEQN 

Phrygia,    Bithy- 

nada) 

nia,  Syria 

IIAAPAZIEQN 

Caria 

AoKI       „ 

Phrygia 

Del  PA       „ 

Thessaly 

TAAaPI        „ 

Caria 

A</>po8[e]l        ,, 

Caria 

EupQ        „ 

,, 

IIpiaN        „ 

Crete 

AAANEQN 

Cilicia 

KuirapiZ        ,, 

Messenia 

ASplA      „ 

Mysia 

nPOY     „ 

Bithynia 

BAAA      „ 

Syria 

ATOY       „ 

Assyria 

ReAAA      „ 

Achaea 

op0a    „ 

Caria,  Phoenicia 

KoMA      „ 

Pontus 

KpHTIEQN 

Bithynia 

KoNA      „ 

Pisidia 

H(f<a(Z        ,, 

Thrace 

mTA     „ 

Mysia 

*arAKEnN 

Pontus 

TYA      „ 

Cappadocia 

240 


E.    S.    G.    ROBINSON. 


PA<t>ANEON 

Syria                                        OpOoyOPEnN 

Macedon 

E7T|CJ)A          ,, 

EuME      „ 

Syria,  Cilicia 
Phrygia 

EK/rAP 
OYP 

" 

Thessaly  (?) 
Acarnania 

4>E     » 

Arcadia 

HAT 

Achaea 

nplH     „ 

Ionia 

SooYAT 

,, 

Lycaonia 

FUAAH     „ 

Achaea 

KvBIZT 

,, 

Cappadocia 

Mai/rl       ,, 

Arcadia 

IAIZT 

,, 

Lycaonia 

Kp^M       ,, 

Pisidia 

ETnSAY 

,, 

Argolid 

TTpoffrAN       ,, 

„ 

THMENO9Y 

,, 

Phrygia 

ErEN       „ 

,, 

TplMENOGY 

,, 

M 

TON       „ 

Thessaly 

Aj/TiKY 

.. 

Phocis 

Ai/TifO       ,, 

Arcadia      (Man- 

MY 

„ 

Lycia 

tinea) 

AIMY 

,, 

() 

HAD       „ 

Macedonia 

B«A£OY 

ApvZO       „ 

Caria 

KoABAZEQN 

Pisidia 

Ep/xlO       „ 

Argolid 

IA 

,  t 

Caria 

A/cMO       ,, 

Phrygia 

AAAA 

Cilicia 

KAPY      „ 

Achaea 

MYAA 

,, 

Caria 

0<J>PY      „ 

Troad 

AMA 

Pontus 

BouBO      „ 

Lycia 

nAAPA 

Caria 

QefjuI-Q.      „ 

Phrygia 

NaKPA 

,, 

Lydia 

ApAZEHN 

Lycia 

Tv^vH 

,, 

Caria 

eiZOEON 

Arcadia 

TAI 

,  , 

r> 

KepeTAHEON 

Phrygia 

KopOTrEI 

,, 

Cilicia 

ropfin     „ 

Bosporus 

TaP 

,, 

A7Pin       „ 

,, 

KoABAZ 

,, 

Pisidia 

EYin    „ 

Caria 

ApEAZ 

,, 

,, 

Eu/caP       ,, 

Phrygia 

ApIAZ 

,, 

n 

Su/n    „ 

Paphlagonia 

SafAAAZ 

,, 

,, 

MEfAPEON 

Megarid 

AAAAZ 

Cilicia 

TaPTA      „ 

Mysia 

[MINAZ 

,, 

Pisidia] 

TaAA       „ 

Decapolis 

AAj«raPNAZ 

,, 

Caria 

n(NA     „ 

Lycia 

KoAu)8PAZ 

,, 

Cilicia 

KAIZA      „ 

Bithynia,  Cilicia 

TirYAZ 

,, 

Pisidia 

(Anazarbus), 

ESEZ 

,, 

Macedon 

Bosporus 

TeA[E]MHZ 

,, 

Lycia 

NEOKAIZA      „ 

Pontus,      Lydia 

TePMHZ 

,, 

Lycia,  Pisidia 

(Philadelphia) 

npu^NHZ 

)> 

Phrygia 

AlOKAIZA      „ 

Phrygia,  Cilicia 

KiSYHZ 

,, 

,, 

lePOKAIZA      „ 

Lydia 

A/cAAIZ 

)> 

Lycia 

DoTA      „ 

Lycia 

HeSi/HAIZ 

!> 

Pisidia 

2uEA      „ 

Cilicia 

KoponiZ 

,, 

Cilicia 

*oAeKANA       „ 

Cyclades 

Aju4>IZ 

,, 

Locris 

AAeZANA      ,, 

Troad,  Cilicia 

P£l 

,, 

Syria 

Ai/TANA      „ 

Troad 

EAATEQN 

Thessaly,  Phocis 

0H      „ 

Cyclades 

ZeuyMA 

,, 

Gommagene 

AXt^EI      ,, 

Arcadia 

BaPA 

,, 

Lycaonia 

KaMI       „ 

Caria 

2a/ioZA 

,, 

Commagene 

ETHNICS   ON   GKEEK    COINS. 


241 


ATroAAcoj/IHTEnN 

Thrace 

AIKAIQN 

Macedon,  Thrace 

TeAH       „ 

Lucania 

TpiKK 

,, 

Thessaly 

Eiri/cTH       „ 

Phrygia 

BaPK 

,, 

Cyrenaica 

IlapAAl       „ 

Lycaonia 

Aaj/KA 

,, 

Sicily 

A/^inOAl       „ 

Macedon 

n«AA 

,, 

Macedon,    Deca- 

NEOnOAl      „ 

Campania,  Mace- 

polis 

don 

NQA 

,, 

Campania 

>A£lOnOAI      ,, 

Sarmatia       (01- 

2AM 

,, 

Cephallenia 

bia) 

MeAM 

,, 

Bruttii 

MapwNI       ,, 

Thrace 

MeZM 

,, 

„ 

A£57?PI      ,, 

,, 

AYM 

,, 

Achaea 

IlaAAaN       ,, 

Arcadia 

KYM 

,, 

Campania,  Aeolis 

2iAAYEQN 

Pamphylia 

OiZYM 

,, 

Thrace 

Kact>       „ 

Arcadia 

PQM 

,, 

Pisidia  (Sagalas- 

*iAa8eA(l)EQN 

Cilicia,    Decapo- 

sus),    Cilicia 

lis,  Lydia 

(Anazarbus) 

roM<J>       „ 

Thessaly 

AoyFAN 

,, 

Sicily 

2»caP       „ 

Locris 

M60AN 

,, 

Argolis 

Ai/o-iyuAXEnN 

Thracian     Cher- 

KPAN 

,, 

Cephallenia 

sonnese 

KYPAN 

»> 

Cyrenaica 

AvriO       „ 

Troad    (Cebren), 

KATAN 

Sicily 

Caria,  Pisidia, 

nlTAN 

n 

Mysia 

Cilicia,     Com- 

IIuAN 

M 

Macedon 

magene,  Phoe- 

A0EN 

)! 

Thrace  (Imbros) 

nicia      (Ptole- 

EnpuMEN 

Thessaly 

mais),      Syria, 

A0HN 

Attica 

Mesopotamia 

MurjAHN 

M 

Lesbos 

(Edessa    and 

MwpEIN 

(, 

Aeolis 

Nisibis) 

OIN 

)> 

Ionia  (Icaria) 

TAQEQN 

Lycia 

Ka/xAPIN 

M 

Sicily 

mrANHflN 

Mysia 

TEPIN 

Bruttium 

FuPN     „ 

Aeolis 

AfYPIN 

- 

Sicily 

2e£a(rT     ,, 

Thessaly  (Koiv6v) 

MYPIN 

)l 

Aeolis 

©TjBAIQN 

Boeotia,Thessaly 

AZIN 

Messenia 

nAF    „ 

Megarid 

a\ 

Lesbos 

AIT     „ 

Achaea 

il)  V 

" 

nePF    „ 

Pamphylia 

*aAANN 

)) 

Thessaly 

MeNA     „ 

Macedon 

[H]ENN 

,, 

Sicily 

MQA     „ 

Crete 

HeAlNN 

,, 

Thessaly 

AiFE     „ 

Cilicia 

Na/cON 

,, 

Sicily 

EuPE     „ 

Thessaly 

EAeuflEPN 

,, 

Crete 

rAZ    „ 

Judaea 

Z\   YpN 

Ionia 

AAYZ     „ 

Acarnania 

2/^ 

)J 

Kap0      „ 

Cyclades 

T*ZN 

„ 

Aeolis 

KAauAl      „ 

Syria  (Leucas) 

A«TN 

»I 

Sicily 

B«pOI      „ 

Macedon,      Cyr- 

IXN 

,, 

Macedon 

rhestica 

KAEQN 

» 

Argolid 

BorTI      „ 

Macedon 

Mo©QN 

,, 

Messenia 

242 


E.   S.    G.    ROBINSON. 


SKIQNAIDN 

Macedon 

AlNAiaN 

Caria 

NaKQN     „ 

Sicily 

MYN      „ 

M 

KoPHN     „ 

Messenia 

PO     „ 

|f 

®icrO     „ 

Arcadia 

ApFEiaN 

Acarnania,      Ar- 

Aann  ,, 

Crete 

golid 

Kan   „ 

Boeotia 

OpO\     „ 

Thessaly 

Kao-zan   „ 

Epirus 

K     ,, 

Cyclades 

AiflAP     „ 

Sicily 

FAA     „ 

Peloponnesus 

ATI-TAP   „ 

Crete 

HA     „ 

f> 

TavaFP     „ 

Boeotia 

H»;paKA 

Lucania 

2<AEP     ,, 

Sicily 

KiEP     " 

Thessaly 

IMEP     „ 

,, 

0uPP     „ 

Acarnania 

ATrTEP      „ 

Crete 

PojT     „ 

Troad 

<t>EP    „ 

Thessaly 

MoT     „ 

Thessaly 

©HP     „ 

Sicily  ?,  Cyclades 

HTjpa/cAHinN 

Lucania 

EpuQP     „ 

Ionia 

T      „ 

Ionia 

AIP     „ 

„ 

S/ciAGIflN 

Thessaly 

HEIP     „ 

Pontus  (Amisus) 

ITeTrapH       ,, 

AKP     „ 

Sicily 

AKAN      „ 

Macedon 

Kop/cYP     „ 

Epirus 

ZAN      „ 

Lycia 

AoplZ     „ 

Thessaly 

HEPIN      „ 

Thrace 

E5EZZ     „ 

Macedon 

KOPIN      „ 

Peloponnese 

2/coroYZZ     „ 

,, 

ZaKYN      „ 

M 

KoroYZ     „ 

,, 

T/PYN      „ 

Argolid 

TV  AT     „ 

Thessaly 

IKiaN 

Thessaly 

AHT     „ 

Macedon 

npi     „ 

Illyricum 

MeAIT     „ 

Africa 

OppEZ      ,, 

Macedon 

OIT     „ 

Thessaly 

nppHZ     „ 

|f 

E7*ZT     „ 

Sicily 

PAY      „ 

Crete 

<t>YT     „ 

Thrace 

AY      „ 

Lycia 

A4>YT     „ 

Macedon 

MAAiaN 

Cyclades 

MorY     ,, 

Sicily 

4*ap^A       ,  , 

Thessaly 

AX     „ 

Achaea 

2TUitCj>A                jy 

Arcadia 

Ao\IX     ,, 

Commagene 

ByB       „ 

Phoenicia 

*AABiaN 

Phrygia(Philad., 

AH      „ 

Gyclades 

Grimenoth.) 

MH      „ 

,, 

AeZ      „ 

Lesbos 

Tpal      „ 

Macedon 

ApnaN 

Acarnania 

nY     „ 

Messenia 

Ar/>A     ,, 

Thessaly 

Ki^tfi      ,, 

Cyclades 

AeuKAAiaN 

Acarnania,  Coele 

SAMiaN 

Ionia,    Samo- 

Syria 

thrace 

APA      „ 

Phoenicia 

I5Y      „ 

Caria 

AeBE      „ 

Ionia 

AopAANiaN 

Troad 

TeNE      „ 

Troad 

Me0A      „ 

Argolid 

Vucj>E\      „ 

Arcadia 

Me<rZA      „ 

Sicily,  Messenia 

KNI      „ 

Caria 

IT  A      „ 

Crete 

¥a>4>l      ,, 

Arcadia 

KXaZOME      „ 

Ionia 

Ao-irEN       „ 

Pamphylia 

EPXOME      „ 

Arcadia 

ETHNICS   ON   GREEK    COINS. 


243 


OPXOMENIQN 

Arcadia 

0AZIQN 

Thrace 

MetrZE      „ 

SicUy 

*A.€lA        „ 

Phliasia 

TpotZH      „ 

Argolid 

XepffoNA      ,, 

Crete 

HtpirEPH      „ 

Mysia 

EA«r<t>A      „ 

Arcadia 

DoAYPH      „ 

Crete 

EPE     „ 

Lesbos 

Meo-ZH      „ 

Sicily,  Messenia 

E4>E     „ 

Ionia 

TH      „ 

Cycledes 

KopoKH     „ 

Cilicia 

KvQ      „ 

,, 

M[e]«AH     „ 

Ionia 

Al      „ 

Thrace 

PTjffAINH     „ 

Mesopotamia 

TpraKI      „ 

Crete 

ANINH     „ 

Lydia 

KaAuM       „ 

Caria 

AAonrfKoNNH     ,, 

Thracian    Cher- 

4>opKAAO      „ 

Thessaly 

sonnese 

KoAXAAO       „ 

Bithynia 

HpAl     „ 

Crete 

Mi>KO      ,, 

Cyclades 

Al     „ 

,, 

AaKeSaiMO      ,, 

Laconia 

TYAI     „ 

n 

IlpweP      ,, 

Thessaly 

NaK     „ 

Sicily 

IfpttTrvT      ,, 

Crete 

IIpiaN     ,, 

Crete 

KpavvOY      ?, 

Thessaly 

2upa/cO     ,, 

Sicily 

TOPTY      „ 

Crete 

AZ     „ 

Troad 

KOPTY      „ 

Arcadia  (Gortys) 

I/aAY 

Rhodes 

2i<t>      ,, 

Cyclades 

W 

2.AQ      „ 

Phoenicia 

P.ZOY     „ 

Thessaly 

KpavNQ      „ 

Thessaly 

Kpi0OY     „ 

Thracian     Cher- 

FupTQ 

sonnese 

2</cYQ 

Sicyonia 

EAalOY     „ 

Cilicia,  Thracian 

KoAo<t>n 

Ionia 

Chersonnese 

[FJAZIQN 

Crete 

A^MOY     „ 

Mesopotamia 

NA     „ 

Cyclades,  Sicily 

2eA.iNOY      „ 

Cilicia 

A.ucpA      „ 

Macedon 

eeAflOY      „ 

Arcadia 

OAoiY 

KvQ      „ 

Crete 

npnninN 

Attica 

AATIQN 

„ 

AZQ    „ 

Laconia 

neuMA      „ 

Thessaly 

FlAPinN 

Cyclades 

2rPA      „ 

Acarnania 

rYA    „ 

2u)3pl      ,, 

Crete 

<1>A     „ 

Illyricum 

BuCAN      „ 

Thrace 

I^B 

Thrace 

OAON      „ 

Crete 

ANA     „ 

Cyclades 

2eA«NON      „ 

Sicily 

ArTANA     „ 

Troad 

onoN    „ 

Locris 

Ku0H     „ 

Laconia 

TpaireZOYN       „ 

Pontus 

KAelTO     „ 

Arcadia 

n«<r(rjNOYN      „ 

Galatia 

A^aKTO     „ 

Acarnania 

KepaZOYN      „ 

Pontus 

(?)  NlK7J<J)O        „ 

Mesopotamia 

2HZ      „ 

Thracian    Cher- 

Kufl    „ 

Cyprus 

sonnese 

BAY     „ 

Crete 

*alZ      „ 

Crete 

0OY     „ 

Lucania 

KopYZ      „ 

Euboea 

ZY     „ 

Cyclades 

BpET      „ 

Bruttium 

NIZY     „ 

Caria 

AYT      „ 

Crete 

TY     „ 

Phoenicia 

BipY      „ 

Troad 

244 


E.    S.    G.    ROBINSON. 


TAYIQN 

Galatia                                 OuAniANflN 

Thrace      (Anchi- 

*AaO      „ 

Phrygia    (Phila- 

alus) 

delphia,  Grime- 

Anni    „ 

Phrygia 

nothyrae) 

ITAPI       „ 

Mysia 

2epelcJ>inN 

Cyclades 

BPI       „ 

Phrygia 

XIQN 

Ionia 

Me{°aMBPI       „ 

Thrace 

"5i<v      M'  1  0  M 

rrtrno/;1 

V^" 

\H 

XlUciU 

AAPI       „ 

Mysia 

TeAniQN 

Sicily 

2«ouHPI      „ 

Bithynia     (Cius 

K      „ 

Caria 

and    Claudi- 

I©AKQN 

Peloponnese 

opolis),  Cilicia 

©PA     „ 

Pisidia       (Apol- 

(Adana) 

lonia) 

A/uOPI      „ 

Ionia  (Neapolis), 

2a;uO0PA     ,, 

Thrace 

Phrygia 

T\cu>\     „ 

Gallia 

A^uAZTPI      ,, 

Paphlagonia 

nereAAQN 

Thessaly 

KaYZTPI       „ 

Lydia 

0e<rZA  ,, 

„ 

Tl       „ 

Bithynia 

nepnrO   „ 

Samnium 

KaAAATI       „ 

Moesia 

na^Y   „ 

Pamphylia  (Side) 

TAOYI       „ 

Galatia 

Ann  „ 

Aetolia 

*juAOYI       „ 

Phrygia 

A5eA«p«£j/AHMQN 

Seleucis 

TfpK      „ 

Lydia 

TpoK     „ 

Galatia 

A0AM       „ 

Epirus 

OpAANQN 

Italy 

KOM       „ 

Pontus 

MoZE      „ 

Phrygia  (Dioclea 

A/coPN      „ 

Acarnania 

and  Siocharax) 

KoMn      „ 

Campania 

AioKAE      „ 

Phrygia 

APR       „ 

Apulia 

MuPAE      „ 

Bithynia 

vn    „ 

Elis 

MoZE      „ 

Phrygia  (Dioclea 

AyKYP      „ 

Phrygia,  Galatia 

and  Siocharax) 

TYP      „ 

Sarmatia 

KiABI      „ 

Lydia 

AvyovtrT      ,, 

Cilicia 

OusPBI      „ 

Pisidia 

TwTENQN 

Macedon 

AaAAl       ,, 

Lydia 

ASpAHNQN 

Arabia 

Ko/iOAt       „ 

Cilicia      (Aegeae 

TAB       „ 

Trachonitis 

and  Tarsus) 

TAB       „ 

Caria 

KAPAI      „ 

Thracian    Cher- 

AafB       „ 

Pisidia 

sonnese 

Po^aGMnB       „ 

Arabia 

ZAPAI      „ 

Lydia 

XopaXMOB       „ 

„ 

IIo/«rHI       ,, 

Cilicia 

BAP       „ 

Lydia 

Kl       „ 

Bithynia 

Ko^MAF       „ 

Commagene 

AEKI       „ 

Cilicia  (Mopsus) 

ToPA       „ 

Lydia 

AYK1       „ 

Lucania 

ABYA       „ 

Troad 

2«BAI       ,, 

Phrygia 

DaAoJojSEYA       „ 

Phrygia 

TpaAAl       „ 

Lydia 

Ttra/cAZ       ,, 

Lydia 

Ma£iMI      „ 

Cilicia  (Adana) 

EpIZ       „ 

Phrygia 

AIM      „ 

Thessaly 

BpoYZ       „ 

,, 

Ma£(MEIM       „ 

Cilicia  (Adana) 

KaNA©       „ 

Decapolis 

AJ/TO.NEIM    „ 

„       (Mopsus) 

MaPA©       „ 

Phoenicia 

Ma/cPEINI       „ 

,,       (Adana) 

Bio-aN©       „ 

Thrace 

ETHNICS   ON   GREEK   COINS. 


245 


AEIHNQN 

Decapolis 

BoTPYHNON 

Phoenicia 

AAI       „ 

Phrygia 

AAINQN 

Lucania 

l<rrP\        „ 

Moesia 

MeNA      „ 

Sicily 

Aa/uYAK       „ 

Mysia 

p>?r    „ 

Bruttium 

KvCIK       „ 

»» 

2«oAPE     „ 

Illyricum 

AauoZK        ,, 

Coele  Syria 

HeTPE      „ 

Sicily 

MAA       „ 

Pisidia 

Pu)8a«rTE      „ 

Apulia 

ZAA      „ 

Lydia 

n«AK    „ 

Sicily 

A0IA      „ 

Decapolis 

EpYK      „ 

,, 

Ka0YA       „ 

Thrace 

RerHA      „ 

Bruttium 

nepl~AM       „ 

Mysia 

KalA      „ 

Apulia 

KAM       „ 

„ 

Ei/reAA      „ 

Sicily 

K.SPAM       „ 

Garia 

A/3a/ca;N       „ 

,, 

r«PM      „ 

Lydia 

SaXAn      „ 

Apulia 

IToi/uaN        ,, 

Mysia 

K(vrop\r\    ,, 

Sicily 

KaAO       ,, 

Phrygia 

2oAn      „ 

Apulia 

OrPO       „ 

>> 

nopnn    „ 

Sicily 

IIpiAn       „ 

Mysia 

BAP    „ 

Apulia 

Tirol  n        „ 

Lydia 

AAP     „ 

Frentani 

OAoMfl        ,, 

Lycia 

TAAAP     „ 

Sicily 

nAnn     „ 

Pisidia 

2/coAP     „ 

Illyricum 

inn     „ 

Decapolis 

NouKP      „ 

Bruttium 

BAP       „ 

Pisidia 

AAalZ      „ 

Sicily 

ToMAP       „ 

Lydia 

Ep/3i?ZZ      „ 

,, 

Ile/mEP        „ 

Mysia 

KavYZ      „ 

Apulia 

©iwrelP        „ 

Lydia 

TplAT      „ 

,, 

SreKTOP          „ 

Phrygia 

A/urjo-rPAT      „ 

Sicily 

KaPP       „ 

Mesopotamia 

ACET      „ 

Apulia 

KEZTP       „ 

Cilicia 

lalT      „ 

Sicily 

BOZTP       „ 

Arabia 

KaAaKT      „ 

,, 

2«nf>flP        „ 

Galilee 

AKpAfANT      „ 

,, 

BapfAZ       „ 

Caria 

MoPfANT      „ 

,, 

ApnAZ       „ 

,, 

TaPANT      „ 

Calahria 

EMIZ       „ 

Syria 

OpZANT      „ 

,, 

E5EZZ       „ 

Mesopotamia 

AEONT      „ 

Sicily 

KoAOZZ       „ 

Phrygia 

AAONT     „ 

,, 

Kaj/AT       „ 

Decapolis 

2OAONT     „ 

,, 

nAAT      „ 

Syria 

MeranONT      „ 

Lucania 

nEAT       „ 

Phrygia 

BuTONT     „ 

Apulia 

2ej8AZT       „ 

Pontus,     Cilicia, 

Ma/iePT     „ 

Sicily 

Phrygia,      Sa- 

Aa/xAZT     ,, 

Illyricum 

maria 

Tei/EZT      ,, 

» 

MOZT       „ 

Lydia 

npa-NNQN 

Cephallenia 

2<«TT       „ 

„ 

AuKAONDN 

Lycaonia 

A5pa/*YT 

Mysia 

nA    „ 

Paeonia 

B.ZY       „ 

Thrace                                 Ma/ceA      ,, 

Macedon  2 

•  See  also  under  Beroea  Mac. 


246 


E.    S.    G.    ROBINSON. 


-     MetZONON 

Pisidia  (Termes-           KE[N]NATnN 

Cilicia 

sus) 

TpeBENN       „' 

Lycia 

MAI       „ 

Lydia 

SapNO      „ 

Illyricum 

nAi    „ 

Paeonia 

KijSYP      „ 

Phrygia,  Cilicia 

Bu\AI       „ 

Illyricum 

Ai7«IP       ,, 

Achaea 

AyU^)t/cTI           ,, 

Phocis 

KAZ      „ 

Cilicia 

[EjinNftN 

Thrace      (Perin- 

Apra|IZ       ,, 

Armenia 

thus),  Phrygia 

ATTAETHN 

Mysia 

(Synnada) 

E©       „ 

Thessaly  ? 

**\innQN 

Macedon 

SlAHTaN 

Pamphylia 

TOUA.APON 

Pontus 

PDA      „ 

Hispania 

rai/r   „ 

Paphlagonia 

A»/E      „ 

Macedon 

Ko/SH     „ 

Pontus 

1    „ 

Cyclades 

AoK     „ 

Locris,  Bruttium 

Kl      „ 

Cilicia    (Anemu- 

Boo-T     ,, 

Arabia 

rium,  Philadel- 

I<rAY    „ 

Isauria 

phia,  Coropiss.) 

ra£OY     „ 

Pontus 

Mairo-AAl       ,, 

Gallia 

TspAZHN 

Decapolis 

BapyYAI       „ 

Caria 

UiftcaM      ,, 

Paphlagonia 

KepaMI       „ 

,, 

EMI      „ 

Syria 

KowK      „ 

Gallia 

AooP      „ 

Illyricum 

Ao-yyoo-rAA       ,, 

,, 

MoAoZ      ,, 

Epirus 

TEA       „ 

Lucania 

MY      „ 

Phrygia 

MafN      „ 

Thessaly,    Ionia, 

rafATO-N 

Lycia 

Lydia 

FaZE       „ 

Judaea 

Ai^elN       „ 

Aegina 

r^ee    „ 

Laconia 

Mi^O       ,, 

Cyclades 

ArroAE      ,, 

Lydia 

KP       „ 

Crete 

Pe^ANE      „ 

Seleucis 

A/3BAITHN 

Phrygia 

TENE      „ 

Peloponnese 

FaZ       „ 

Judaea 

4>ENE      „ 

Arcadia 

EA       ,, 

Aeolis 

KuSQNE      „ 

Crete 

AeoNN       „ 

Phrygia 

AZE      „ 

Arcadia 

2YN       „ 

,, 

BorTE      ,, 

Macedon' 

nacTKcaFI       „ 

Tauric   Cherson- 

MoYE      „ 

Thessaly,  Cilicia 

nese 

ZouGH       ,, 

Mesopotamia 

KeP       „ 

Pisidia 

Aii/EI       ,, 

Macedon 

ArT      „ 

Mysia 

TlvQ\       „ 

?  3 

AX       „ 

?' 

KuAflNI       „ 

Crete 

A^BITON 

Cilicia 

ATToAAClNI       „ 

Lydia,       Mysia, 

neAarunN 

Epirus 

Caria,  Pisidia 

—  EITQN 

See  —  ITQN 

BOI       „ 

Laconia 

StoxopaKITHN 

Phrygia 

0ouPI       „ 

Messenia 

ZHAITQN 

Pontus 

Ka</>YI        „ 

Arcadia 

T5PH 

Phrygia 

To  A       „ 

Galatia 

EpjuoJcariH        ,, 

Lydia 

AajcAN       ,, 

Cilicia                                  *aZH       ,, 

Lycia 

Wiener  Monatsbl.,  V.  p.  281. 
Eev.  Suissc,  1913,  p.  112. 


ETHNICS   ON   GREEK   COINS. 


247 


0EAAITQN 

Lycia                       4-iAtTrnOnOAITriN 

Thrace, 

A»"H<1>EA       „ 

,, 

Thessaly, 

NEAnOAITON 

Ionia,  Mace- 

Arabia 

don,  Caria 

IEP 

P  hrygia, 

PoSIA 

Lycia 

Cilicia, 

lePA 

Phrygia 

Cyrrhestica, 

TPI 

Lydia,Phoe- 

Pontus 

nicia 

(Heraclea) 

V*' 
nAAEOriOAITON 

Macedon 
Pisidia 

M{£TP 

Thessaly, 
I; 

HpoKAE           „ 
NE 

Pontus 
Campania, 

o  n  i  a, 
Phrygia 

Apulia 

Atofi/Z              ,, 

Moesia, 

TpoireZ              ,, 

Caria 

Phrygia 

2/cuG 

Samaria 

MetAHT             „ 

Mysia 

Ha\AI             „ 

Pisidia 

2e£aZT            „ 

Pontus, 

*A.ABI 

Phrygia 

Caria 

OABI 

Sarmatia 

Aa-ePAITON 

Lycia 

(Olbia) 

FAY       „ 

Gaulos 

KAAYAI 

Bithynia, 

Bp'OY       „ 

Lydia 

Cilicia 

T/uQ       „ 

„ 

NeOKAAYAl 

Paphlagonia 

TOMIT^N 

Moesia 

IIo/tirH  1            „ 

Cilicia,    Pa- 

AiZANITQN 

Phrygia 

phlagonia 

TA       „ 

Crete 

AupHAI            „ 

Lydia 

KYA       „ 

Lycia 

loYAI 

Bithynia 

n|°  fSloffeAH 

Lesbos 

T«/3ePI 

Phrygia 

\aA 

TfTI 

Cilicia 

TAM       „ 

Aeolis 

*AooYI             „ 

Bithynia, 

THM       „ 

„ 

Cilicia 

n[e]iO       „ 

Troad 

NIK 

Moesia, 

A<r*cAAn       „ 

Judaea 

Thrace, 

KOAQ       „ 

Messenia 

Pontus, 

MoPn       „ 

Thrace 

Syria, 

IwrAniTriN 

Cilicia 

Judaea 

Ao-n    „ 

Laconia 

Tep/xANIK 

Cilicia 

KeAe^AEPITQN 

Cilicia 

HryAA 

Arcadia 

AiroAAwNIE        „ 

Lydia 

TpAIAN 

Thrace, 

A.oZIE        „ 

,, 

Phrygia                        A0AH       „ 

Thrace 

MapKIAN 

Moesia 

ASpjai/oGH       ,, 

Mysia 

A5PIAN 

Thrace, 

Toirel        ,, 

Thrace 

Phrygia, 

4-ayaFO 

Bosporus 

Cilicia 

Ej^nO        ,, 

Hispania 

Ao/utTIAN            „ 

Phrygia 

MaffraY        ,, 

Lydia 

(Sala) 

AQ        „ 

Phoenicia 

EtpHN 

Cilicia 

NaKpAZITON 

Lydia 

IIAcoTelN              ,, 

Thrace 

O5?jZ       „ 

Thrace 

IQN 

Paphlagonia 

XaijuATITON 

Lycia 

248 


E.    S.    G.   KOBINSON. 


AaePTITON 

Cilicia 

BaAANEnTHN 

Syria 

KYITQN 

Caria 

Pa<t>ANE      „ 

M 

M       „ 

Cilicia 

KwpuKI       ,, 

Cilicia 

TopSIOTEIXITQN 

Caria 

RoAAAl      ,, 

Lycia 

UaveMOTE\       „ 

Pisidia 

nai/TAAl      „ 

Thrace 

A/SeoNOTEl       „ 

Paphlagonia 

KapaAAl       „ 

Cilicia 

XaflAKTfiN 

Pontus 

BOI       „ 

Boeotia 

A/xANTON 

Illyricum 

Zt^uPI       ,, 

Cilicia 

4>(Ao<reBAZTQN 

Caria   (Stra- 

A/cpAZI       ,, 

Lydia 

tonicea) 

Kopa/cHZI       „ 

Cilicia 

*aKIA      „ 

Thessaly 

MaAA       ,, 

,, 

*oA.wPIA      ,, 

,, 

AtBYON 

Libya 

KuppH      ,, 

Cyrrhestica 

AEAcl>nN 

Phocis 

HpaKAEGTHN 

Macedon, 

AAEA     „ 

Seleucis 

I  o  n  i  a, 

Afj.<f>i\oxnn 

Acarnania 

Caria 

(Argos) 

XI. 
BARCLAY   VINCENT   HEAD. 

To  the  bibliography  of  Head's  works,  which  was  promised 
in  the  last  issue  of  the  Numismatic  Chronicle,  we  are  glad 
to  be  allowed  to  prefix  the  sympathetic  notice  which  was 
contributed  to  the  Athenaeum  for  June  20  by  one 
who  knew  him  well.  We  take  the  opportunity  also 
of  mentioning  that  he  was  elected  an  honorary  member 
of  the  Academia  Komana  of  Bukarest  a  few  days  after 
his  death,  but  before  the  news  had  reached  the  Academy. 


Barclay  Head  was  one  of  the  rare  and  happy  men  who 
seem  to  have  been  born  to  do  a  particular  piece  of  work 
in  the  world,  and  to  do  it  admirably.  Most  people  will 
think  of  ancient  numismatics  as  a  small  field  of  specialist 
study,  almost  as  a  refuge  of  dilettantism.  They  will 
admire  the  exquisite  productions  of  the  mint  of  Cyzicus 
or  Syracuse,  and  pass  them  by.  But  Head  saw  that  coins 
are  serious  historical  monuments,  that  they  contain  in  a 
nutshell  the  whole  history  of  the  cities  which  issued 
them,  and  that  by  an  intensive  and  comparative  study  of 
them  ancient  history  can  be  made  real  and  living. 

He  entered  the  Department  of  Coins  in  the  British 
Museum  in  1864,  and  about  1870  was  set  by  the  Keeper 

NUM.    CHRON.,   VOL.   XIV.,   SERIES   IV.  S 


250  BARCLAY  VINCENT   HEAD. 

of  Coins,  E.  S.  Poole,  to  work  on  the  newly  planned 
Catalogue  of  Greek  Coins,  of  which  the  first  volume 
appeared  in  1873  and  the  twenty-seventh  in  1914. 
Every  scientific  specialist  knows  that  compiling  cata- 
logues is  the  best  of  all  training.  The  work  of  catalogu- 
ing thoroughly  suited  Head.  He  had  unlimited  patience, 
an  excellent  talent  for  comparison,  a  sense  of  style  in 
art,  and  a  great  love  of  historic  research.  The  prelimi- 
nary work  in  preparing  the  Catalogue  of  the  Coins  of 
Sicily  gave  him  his  opportunity.  The  beauty  of  Sicilian 
coins,  and  their  value  to  Greek  mythology,  had  long 
been  recognized ;  but  no  one  had  yet  worked  out  their 
value  as  historic  documents  on  the  political  and  com- 
mercial history  of  the  island.  Brandis  and  Momrnsen 
had  seen  the  lacuna,  but  their  pupils  had  as  yet  done 
little  to  fill  it. 

Head's  paper  on  the  Coinage  of  Syracuse,  published 
in  1874,  was  but  80  pages  long,  but  it  revealed  a  true 
historic  method  applied  for  the  first  time  to  the  whole 
of  the  coinage  of  an  ancient  city.  Its  value  was  imme- 
diately recognized  abroad ;  the  French  Academy  crowned 
it,  and  the  University  of  Heidelberg  bestowed  a  Doctorate 
on  the  writer.  From  this  time  Head's  task  lay  clear 
before  him :  to  treat  other  series  of  Greek  coins  by  th& 
same  method  which  had  been  successful  in  the  case  of 
Syracuse,  and  so  by  degrees  to  make  numismatics  not  a, 
morass,  but  a  cultivated  field  with  paths  in  all  directions.. 
Hence  came  the  great  Historia  Numorum,  published  by 
the  Oxford  University  Press  in  1887,  of  which  a  new 
edition  came  out  in  1911.  It  has  enjoyed  the  honour  of 
being  translated  into  modern  Greek,  and  has  become  an 
invaluable  book  of  reference  to  all  who  have  worked  upon 
Greek  history.  English  historical  writers  generally  find 


BARCLAY   VINCENT   HEAD.  251 

much  of  their  material  in  German  books ;  but  in  the 
matter  of  numismatics  Head  turned  the  tables.  He  won 
the  rare  distinction  of  being  a  corresponding  member  of 
the  Academies  both  of  France  and  Prussia.  A  Doctorate 
at  Oxford  came  appropriately,  though  somewhat  late. 

What  kind  of  reputation  he  had  acquired  throughout 
Europe  was  best  shown  when  he  retired  from  the  British 
Museum.  A  volume  of  numismatic  papers  then  published 
in  his  honour  contained  contributions  from  almost  all 
the  authorities  on  ancient  numismatics.  Of  the  thirty 
contributors,  ten  wrote  in  German,  five  in  French,  one  in 
Italian,  and  one  in  Greek.  It  was  an  oecumenical  offer- 
ing, and  the  day  on  which  Sir  John  Evans,  in  the 
name  of  the  subscribers,  presented  the  first  copy  of  the 
book  to  him  was  a  fitting  consummation  of  his  career. 
The  volume  was  well  entitled  Corolla  Numismatica. 
Barclay  Head  was  Keeper  of  the  Department  of  Coins 
and  Medals  from  1893  till  1906.  He  was  also  joint 
editor  of  The  Numismatic  Chronicle  from  1869  to  1910. 

In  England  there  is  not  much  endowment  of  research ; 
but  the  British  Museum  serves,  in  fact,  as  a  great  in- 
stitution for  the  purpose.  The  Museum  never  fostered 
a  better  example  of  research  than  Head.  In  character 
he  was  the  typical  student  of  the  sort  at  his  best :  sweet- 
tempered,  of  infinite  patience,  perfectly  free  alike  from 
self-assertion  and  from  jealousy  of  his  colleagues.  He 
was  always  ready  to  retract  on  Monday  a  view  published 
on  Saturday,  if  good  cause  were  shown.  He  always 
weighed  in  even  balance  his  own  published  opinions  and 
those  of  others ;  yet  his  mind  was  so  well  poised  and 
cautious  that  he  seldom  had  to  retract.  More  than  a 
specialist  he  was  not ;  probably  he  never  published  a 
line  on  any  subject  but  numismatics ;  yet  so  blameless 

«  9 

a    - 


252  BAKCLAY  VINCENT   HEAD. 

a  career,  and  a  success  within  its  own  limits  so  complete, 
can  seldom  have  been  exhibited  in  any  country. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

From  this  list  are  excluded  the  reviews,  signed  or  unsigned, 
of  numismatic  works  which  Head  contributed  to  the  Numis- 
matic Chronicle  and  other  periodicals.  The  place  of  publica- 
tion, where  not  otherwise  stated,  is  London. 

1867.  Account  of  the  Hoard  of  Anglo-Saxon  Coins  found 

at  Chancton  Farm,  Sussex.     Num.  Chron. 

1868.  Anglo-Saxon   Coins  with   Runic  Legends.      Num. 

Chron. 

1868.     Notes  on  Ilion,  numismatical  and  historical.     Num. 
Chron. 

1870.  Translation   of   Ernst  Curtius  "On  the  Religious 

Character  of  Greek  Coins."     Num.  Chron. 

1871.  On  some  rare  Greek  Coins  recently  acquired  by  the 

British  Museum.     Num.  Chron. 

1872.  British  Museum  :  Guide  to  the  Select  Greek  Coins 

exhibited  in  electrotype  in  the  Gold  Ornament 
Room. 

1873.  British  Museum  Catalogue,  Italy  (with  R.  S.  Poole 

and  P.  Gardner). 

1873.  Greek  autonomous  Coins  from  the  Cabinet  of  the 

late  Mr.  Edward  Wigan.     Num.  Chron. 

1874.  History  of  the  Coinage  of  Syracuse.     Num.  Chron. 

1875.  Metrological    Notes    on    ancient    electrum   Coins. 

Num.  Chron. 

1876.  British    Museum    Catalogue,    Sicily   (with   R.    S. 

Poole  and  P.  Gardner). 

1876,  1877.     Notes  on  a  recent  Find  of  Staters  of  Cyzicus 

and  Lampsacus.     Num.  Chron. 

1877.  The  Coinage  of  Lydia  and  Persia.     (International 

Numismata  Orientalia,  pt.  III.). 

1877.     Notes  on  Magistrates'  Names  on  Autonomous  and 
Imperial  Greek  Coins.     Num.  Chron. 


BARCLAY   VINCENT   HEAD.  253 

1877.  British     Museum     Catalogue,     Thrace     (with    P. 

Gardner). 

1878.  Himyarite  and  other  Arabian  Imitations  of  Athe- 

nian Coins.     Num.  Chron. 

1878.  On  an  unpublished  archaic  Tetradrachm  of  Olyn- 

thus.     Num.  Chron. 

1879.  Note  on  a   Find   of    Sicilian  Copper  Coins  struck 

about  the  year  344  B.C.     Num.  Chron. 
1879.     British  Museum  Catalogue,  Macedonia. 

1879.  Origin  and  Transmission  of  some  of  the  principal 

Ancient   Systems   of   Weight.      Journal   of    the 
Institute  of  Bankers. 

1880.  British  Museum :    Guide  to  the  Select  Greek  and 

Roman   Coins   exhibited   in   electrotype.      New 
edition. 

1880.     A  Himyaritic  Tetradrachm  and  the  Tresorde  San'a. 
Num.  Chron. 

1880,  1881.     History  of  the  Coinage  of  Ephesus.     Num. 

Chron. 

1881.  Chronological  Sequence  of  the  Coinage  of  Boeotia. 

Num.  Chron. 

1881.  British  Museum  :   Guide  to  the  Principal  Gold  and 

Silver  Coins  of  the  Ancients  from  circ.  700  B.C. 
to  1  A.D.     Second  edition. 

[This  is  the  second  edition  of  the  Guide  pub- 
lished under  a  different  title  in  1880 ;  it  appeared 
in  six  "  issues,"  each  containing  the  whole  text 
but  only  a  portion  of  the  70  plates.  Subsequent 
editions,  some  with  only  seven  plates,  appeared 
in  1883,  1886,  1889  ("third  edition"),  1895 
("  fourth  edition  ")]. 

1882.  The  Coins  of  Ancient  Spain.     Num.  Chron. 

1883.  Coinage   of   Alexander :    an    explanation.        Num. 

Chron. 

1883.  Remarks    on    two    Unique    Coins   of   Aetna   and 

Zancle.     Num.  Chron. 

1884.  British  Museum  Catalogue,  Central  Greece. 

1886.     Greek  and  Roman  Coins.     In  L.  Jewitt's  "  English 
Coins  and  Tokens." 


254  *  BAKCLAY   VINCENT   HEAD. 

1886.     The    Coins  found   at   Naukratis.      In  W.   M.   F. 
Petrie's  Naukratis  (Egypt  Exploration  Fund). 

1886.  Coins  discovered  on  the  site  of  Naukratis  (reprint 

of  the  preceding,   with   introductory   remarks). 
Num.  Chron. 

1887.  Electrum  Coins  and  their  Specific  Gravity.     Num. 

Chron. 

1887.  Historia   Numorum,  a   Manual  of  Greek   Numis- 

matics.    Oxford.     (See  also  1898  and  1911.) 

1888.  British     Museum      Catalogue,     Attica,      Megaris, 

Aegina. 

1888.  Germanicopolis  and  Philadelphia  in  Cilicia.     Num. 

Chron. 

1889.  Notanda  et  Corrigenda.     I.   N  or  M  on  Athenian 

Coins.     II.  Two  misread  coins  of  Ephesus.     III. 

Philadelphia  Lydiae.     IV.  Lydian  Gold  Coinage. 

Num.  Chron. 
1889.     British    Museum     Catalogue,    Corinth     and     her 

Colonies. 
1889.     Apollo  Hikesios.     Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies. 

1891.  Archaic  Coins  probably  of  Gyrene.     Num.  Chron. 

1892.  British  Museum  Catalogue,  Ionia. 

1893.  Coins  recently  attributed  to  Eretria.     Num.  Chron. 
1893.     The  Initial  Coinage  of  Athens.     Num.  Chron. 

1897.  British  Museum  Catalogue,  Caria. 

1898.  'IcTTOpta  rail/  Nojatcr/xaTtDV  TJTOL  ' 


VTTO  'Iwdwov  N.  S/Sopwvou.  2  vols.  and  plates. 
Athens. 

1901.  British   Museum  :    Guide    to   the   Department   of 

Coins  and  Medals  in  the  British  Museum 
(assisted  by  H.  A.  Grueber,  W.  Wroth,  and 
E.  J.  Rapson). 

1902.  British  Museum  Catalogue,  Lydia. 
1906.     British  Museum  Catalogue,  Phrygia. 

1906.     The   Earliest    Graeco-Bactrian   and    Graeco-Indian 

Coins.     Num.  Chron. 
1908.     Ephesian  Tesserae.     Num.  Chron. 
1908.     British  Museum  :    Coins  discovered  in  the  British 


BAKCLAY  VINCENT   HEAD.  255 

Museum  Excavations  at  Ephesus.     (The  Archaic 
Artemisia.) 

1911.  Historia  Numorum,  a  Manual  of  Greek  Numis- 
matics. New  and  enlarged  edition.  (Assisted 
by  G.  F.  Hill,  George  Macdonald,  and  W. 
Wroth.)  Oxford. 

To  these  may  be  added  : — 

Corolla    Numismatica :      Numismatic     Essays     in 
honour  of  B.  V.  Head.     Oxford,  1906. 


XII. 

A  FIND  OF  LONG-CEOSS  PENNIES  AT  SLYPE 
(WEST  FLANDEES). 

I  AM  indebted  to  M.  A.  Visart  de  Bocarme,  who  published 
this  find  in  Eev.  Beige,  1914,  pp.  71-72,  and  to  M.  le 
Baron  Maleingreau  d'Hembise,  the  owner  of  the  coins, 
for  putting  themselves  to  much  trouble  in  order  to  enable 
me  to  see  a  large  portion  of  the  coins  found  at  Slype. 
The  number  of  coins  found  is  estimated  at  about  2000, 
and  of  these  I  have  seen  rather  more  than  1350;  they 
were  English  Long-cross  pennies  of  Henry  III,  with 
the  customary  addition  of  a  few  Scottish  and  Irish 
pennies  of  the  same  period ;  the  usual  accompaniment 
of  Continental  sterlings  was  apparently  absent  from 
this  hoard. 

The  hoard  is  very  similar  to  that  recently  found  at 
Steppingley  (Num.  Chron.,  1914,  pp.  60  ff.),  but  slightly 
earlier  in  date.  Of  Eenaud  of  London  we  have  7  coins 
as  against  123  at  Steppingley,  none  of  Ambroci  or  Eicard 
at  Canterbury,  and  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds  1  of  Eenaud 
but  none  of  Stephane,  the  later  Ion,  or  loce ;  this  Eenaud 
was  appointed  at  Bury  in  1258  and  Ion  de  Burnedisse 
(of  whom  we  have  no  coins)  in  1265.  The  burial  of  the 
hoard  must  therefore  have  taken  place  very  near  the 
year  1260. 

The  following  brief  description  analyses  the  portion  of 


A   FIND   OF    LONG-CROSS   PENNIES   AT   SLYPE.        257 

the  hoard,  which  I  have  seen,  in  the  arrangement  of  types 
proposed  by  Mr.  Lawrence  in  Brit.  Num.  Journ.,  vol.  ix., 
pp.  145  ff.,  and  Num.  Chron.,  1914,  pp.  60  ff. 

ENGLISH  (HENRY  III— LONG-CROSS). 


I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

a 

6 

c 

a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

g 

LONDON- 

71 

NICOLE     . 

12 

36 

35 

33 

27 

57 

3 

HENRI 

10 

27 

15 

12 

23 

23 

7 

12 

DAVI  .... 

2 

6 

7 

11 

1 

2 

RICARD     . 

1 

10 

19 

22 

3 

16 

WILLEM    . 

16 

3 

4 

20 

JOHN 

6 

3 

WALTER  . 

4 

2 

17 

THOMAS  . 

ROBERT   . 

RENAUD  . 

7 

PHELIP     . 

CANTERBURY- 

NICOLE     . 

6 

15 

22 

18 

2 

16 

47 

18 

4 

5 

18 

WILLEM   . 

1 

3 

5 

5 

1 

9 

23 

52  2 

43 

7 

42 

GILBERT. 

1 

1 

3 

2 

7 

8 

22 

1 

5 

8 

JOHN 

4 

13 

35 

3 

2 

13 

ROBERT  . 

9 

1 

17 

WALTER  . 

44 

1 

1 

2 

8 

ALEIN 

5 

AMBROCI 

RICARD     . 

BURY  ST.  EDMUNDS- 

i 

JOHN 

1 

4 

4 

4 

RANDULF 

9 

8 

RENAUD  . 

1 

STEPHANE       . 

JOHN 

JOCE 

Four  are  mules  having  reverse  of  type  II.  with  name  of  Nicole. 
Three  are  mules  having  reverse  of  V.  d  reading  WILLQMSOHK/M. 
One  is  a  mule  with  reverse  of  V.  c  reading  Wl  LLQMONQ^NT. 
One  is  a  mule  with  reverse  of  V.  d  reading  WA"_Te(ROI/KA"H. 


258 


G.   C.   BKOOKE. 


DURHAM  Ricard  V.  b  (3). 

BRISTOL  Elis  III.  b  (6),  III.  c  (1). 

Jacob  III.  b  (5),  III.  c  (2). 

CARLISLE  John  III.  a  (1),  III.  b  (3). 

Willem  III.  b  (2). 

EXETER  John  III.  a  (2),  III.  b  (1). 

Philip  II.  (1),  III.  a  (1). 

Robert  III.  a  (1),  III.  b  (1). 

Walter  II.  (1),  III.  a  (1). 

GLOUCESTER        Lucas  III.  b  (2),  III.  c  (1). 

John  III.  a  (2),  III.  b  (1),  III.  c  (1). 

Ricard  II.  (1),  III.  a  (1),  III.  6  (3). 

Roger  III.  a  '(1),  III.  b  (3). 

HEREFORD  Ricard  III.  a  (1),  III.  6  (2). 

Roger  III.  b  (2). 

Walter  III.  a  (1),  III.  6  (3). 

ILCHESTER  Huge  III.  b  (3). 

Randulf  III.  b  (4). 

Jerveis  III.  &  (1). 

LINCOLN  John  III.  a  (I),  III.  b  (9). 

Ricard  III.  a  (I),  III.  b  (3). 

Walter  II.  (1),  III.  a  (1),  III.  b  (6),  III.  c  (3). 

Willem  II.  (1),  III.  b  (3). 

NEWCASTLE          Adam  III.  b  (5). 

Henri  III.  b  (1),  III.  c  (1). 

John  III.  b  (4),  III.  c  (1). 

Roger  III.  a  (I),  III.  &  (1). 

NORTHAMPTON     Lucas  III.  6  (2). 

Philip  III.  a  (1),  III.  6  (6). 

Tomas  III.  a  (3),  III.  6  (4),  III.  c  (I). 

Willem  III.  a  (3),  III.  b  (2),  III.  c  (1). 

NORWICH  Huge  III.  a  (5),  III.  b  (I),  III.  c  (4). 

Jacob  III.  a  (2),  III.  c  (I). 

John  III.  a  (5),  III.  c  (1). 

Willem  III.  b  (6). 

OXFORD  Adam  III.  a  (4),  III.  6  (3). 

Gefrei  II.  (1),  III.  a  (1),  III.  6  (2),  III.  c  (1). 

Henri  II.  (1),  III.  a  (3),  III.  6  (4). 

Willem  III.  a  (3),  III.  b  (7). 


A   FIND   OF   LONG-CKOSS   PENNIES   AT   SLYPE. 


259 


SHREWSBURY       Lorens         III.  a  (1). 

Nicole          III.  b  (1),  III.  c  (1). 

Peres  III.  6  (1),  III.  c  (1). 

Ricard          III.  a  (1),  III.  b  (1). 
WALLINGFORD     Alisandre     III.  a  (2). 

Robert         III.  a  (2). 
WILTON  Huge  III.  b  (3). 

John  III.  6  (3),  III.  c  (2). 

Willem         III.  b  (3). 
WINCHESTER       Huge  III.  6  (4),  III.  c  (3). 

Jurdain        III.  a  (2),  III.  b  (3).  III.  c  (1). 

Nicole          II.  (1),  III.  a  (1),  III.  6  (2),  III.  c  (1). 

Willem         III.  b  (4),  III.  c  (2). 
YORK  Alain  III.  a  (4),  III.  6  (1). 

Jeremie        II.  (1),  III.  a  (1),  III.  b  (3). 

John  III.  a  (1),  III.  b  (5). 

Rener  III.  a  (2),  III.  b  (2),  III.  c  (2). 

Tomas  III.  6  (7). 

21  coins  of  uncertain  mints  or  money  ers. 
3  contemporary  forgeries  and  2  blundered  coins. 
SCOTTISH  (Alexander  III  —  Long-cross). 

Aberdeen  (1),  Berwick  (8),  Dun[dee?]  (1),  For- 

far?  (1),  Perth  (3),  Roxburgh  (1). 
IRISH  (Henry  III  —  Long-cross). 

Dublin  (10). 
Irish-Enlish  mule  with  reverse  reading 


G.  C.  BKOOKE. 


MISCELLANEA. 


A  HOARD  OF  COINS  OP  TEMNOS. 

A  NUMBER  of  small  copper  coins  of  Temnos,  of  the  third 
century  B.C.,  recently  reached  me  from  Smyrna  :  and  a  few- 
days  later  a  lot  consisting  of  similar  coins  was  offered  for  sale 
at  Messrs.  Sotheby's  rooms  on  February  3,  1914,  and  was 
purchased  by  Mr.  Baldwin,  who  very  kindly  lent  them  to  me 
for  comparison  with  my  own.  As  the  two  groups  had  evi- 
dently formed  part  of  the  same  hoard,  I  asked  Mr.  E.  D. 
Barff  of  Smyrna,  who  had  obtained  mine  for  me,  to  make 
inquiries  about  them ;  and  he  ascertained  that  about  three 
hundred  coins,  all  of  similar  types,  had  been  found  together 
with  five  or  six  tetradrachms  of  Alexander  bearing  the 
Temnos  symbol,  a  bunch  of  grapes,  on  the  hills  above  the 
Menemen  plain  and  brought  into  Smyrna  for  sale. 

There  were  fifty-two  coins  in  my  lot,  and  thirty-eight  were 
lent  to  me  by  Mr.  Baldwin  :  both  groups  consisted  of  the  four 
following  varieties,  in  about  equal  proportions  in  each  of  the 
two  : — 

(1)  Obv. — Youthful  head  of  Dionysos  r.,  wearing  wreath  of  ivy,  hair 

falling  on  neck  in  locks. 

Rev. — Vine-branch  with  bunch  of  grapes  and  leaves  ;  in  field, 
below,  T  A,  to  r.  EpI  (11  specimens). 

(2)  Obv. — Head  of  Athene  r.,  wearing  crested  Corinthian  helmet ; 

hair  falling  on  neck  in  locks. 

Rev. — Warrior  standing  r.,  wearing  crested  helmet  and  cuirass; 
in  raised  r.  hand  a  short  javelin,  on  1.  arm  a  round  shield  ; 
in  field,  below,  T  A  (5  specimens). 

(3)  Similar  to   (2),   but   on   reverse   also   in  field,  above,  A   0  (27 

specimens. 

(4)  Similar  to   (2),   but   on   reverse  also   in   field,   above,  <J>   Z   (47 

specimens). 

The  die-position  in  practically  all  cases  was  f  f,  only  six 
examples  showing  an  irregularity  of  a  few  degrees  :  and  the 
normal  diameter  was  13  mm.,  five  specimens  of  (1),  one  of  (3), 
and  eight  of  (4),  measuring  12  mm.  ;  one  of  (2),  four  of  (3), 
and  three  of  (4),  14  mm. ;  and  one  of  (3),  15  mm. 

I  compared  the  dies  of  all  the  coins,  and  weighed  them, 
with  the  following  results.  The  obverse  dies  are  lettered  in 
capitals,  the  reverse  in  small  letters,  in  each  variety  in 


MISCELLANEA.  261 

separate  series :   the  weights  are  in  grammes  :    the  order  is 
the  same  in  each  case. 

(1)  Dies.— Aa,  Bb,  Cc,  Dd,  Ee,  Ef,  Fg,  Fh,  Gd,  He,  li. 
Weights.— 1'56, 2-02, 1'93, 1-72, 1-92, 1-65,  2-17, 2-46, 1-70, 1-95,  2-20. 

(2)  Dies.— Aa,  Ab,  Bb,  Bb,  Gc. 
Weights.— 1-81,  2-08,  2-21,  1-99,  2-18. 

(3)  Dies.— Aa,  Ab,  Ac,  Ba,  Ba,  Be,  Be,  Be,  Cb,  Dd,  Dd,  De,  Df,  Eg, 

Eh,  Fi,  Fk,  Gi,  Gl,  Gl,  Gm,  HI,  HI,  Hn,  Ho,  Ip,  Kq. 
Weights.— 2-19,  1-81,  2-45,  2-34,  1-79,  1-69,  1-92,  1-90,  2-11,  2-36, 
1-69,  1-96,  2-15, 1-71,  1-70,  1-91, 1'58,  3'31, 1-88,  2-09,  2-39, 
1-87,  2-53,  1-90,  1-95,  2-11,  1-77. 

(4)  Dies.— Aa,  Aa,  Ab,  Ab,  Ab,  Ab,  Ac,  Ac,  Ad,  Ad,  Ae,  Ae,  Af,  Af,  Ba, 

Bg,  Bg,  Bh,  Ca,  Cd,  Ce,  Ci,  Dk,  Dk,  El,  El,  El,  Fc,  Ff, 
Fm,  Gn,  Gn,  Ho,  Ho,  Hp,  Iq,  Kr,  Ls,  Mt,  Nu,  Ow,  PI, 
Qx,  By,  Sz,  Ts,  Uaa. 

Weights.— 2-23,  2-10,  2-16,  1-63,  1-61,  2'35,  1-81,  1-82,  1-72,  2-34, 
2-60,  1-79,  2-16,  1-93,  2-20,  2-30, 1-81,  3'35,  2-35, 1-98,  2-40, 
1-68,  1-82,  2-00,  1-70,  1-96,  2-55,  2-52,  2-05, 1-39, 1-60,  2-02, 
2-37,  2-05,  2-09,  2-09,  2-06,  1-55, 1-64,  2-02, 1-70,  2-75, 1-92, 
2-07,  1-78,  1-39,  1-95. 

It  will  be  observed  that  in  the  case  of  type  (1)  there  were 
nine  different  obverse  dies  and  nine  different  reverse  noted  :  in 
type  C 2),  three  and  three;  in  type  (3),  ten  and  sixteen;  in  type 
(4),  twenty  and  twenty-five.  There  were  no  instances  of  the 
same  obverse  die  being  used  for  coins  belonging  to  different 
varieties  in  (2),  (3),  and  (4). 

There  is  an  account  of  what  is  clearly  a  part  of  the  same 
hoard  in  Monatsbl.  Num.  Ges.  Wien,  1913,  p.  164.  In  this 
note  eighty  coins  are  described,  which  are  said  to  have  been 
found  by  a  shepherd  at  Nymphi,  25  km.  east  of  Smyrna : 
there  were  eight  specimens  of  (1),  two  of  (2),  forty-one  of  (3), 
and  twenty-nine  of  (4).  It  is  also  mentioned  that  eighty-one 
coins  of  similar  types  were  subsequently  in  the  hands  of  a 
Smyrna  dealer. 

J.  G.  MILNE. 

ON  THE  SERIES  OP  QUADEANTES  USUALLY  ASSIGNED  TO 
THE  REIGN  OP  AUGUSTUS. 

IN  an  ingenious  and  interesting  article,1  Signor  Lodovico 
Laffranchi  has  suggested  a  new  attribution  for  this  somewhat 
mysterious  series ;  he  would  remove  it  from  the  reign  of 
Augustus,  in  which  it  has  hitherto  by  general  consent  been 
placed,  and  assign  it  to  various  dates  within  the  period 
35-50  A.D.  But  personally  I  have  not  been  convinced  by 
his  able  pleading  ;  and  I  should  like  to  state  briefly  why  I 
still  hold  to  the  old  arrangement. 

1  Riv.  Ital,  1911,  319  fi. 


262  MISCELLANEA. 

Signer  Laffranchi's  arguments  may  be  summarized  thus  : 

(1)  The   style  of   these  quadrantes  is  unlike  that   of  the 
sestertii,  dupondii,  and  asses  of  Augustus,  bearing  moneyers' 
names,  but  identical  with  that  of  the  quadrantes  of  Caligula 
and  Claudius. 

(2)  Such  of  the  moneyers  as  we  can  trace  may  with  better 
reason  be  assigned  to  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Tiberius  than  to 
the  reign  of  Augustus. 

(3)  The  survival  of  the  names  of  moneyers  on  the  smallest 
denomination,   after  they  had  disappeared   from   the  larger, 
is  not  so  very  surprising,  and  analogies  can  also  be  adduced 
for  the  omission  of  the  name  of  the  Emperor. 

(4)  In  finds  these  quadrantes  always  occur  in  company  with 
coins  of  Caligula  and  Claudius,  never  with  coins  of  Augustus. 

I  will  first  attempt  to  answer  these  arguments  and  then 
add  some  evidence  on  the  other  side. 

(1)  Style  is  a  difficult  matter  to  discuss.  For  myself  I 
cannot  see  the  identity  of  style  and  fabric  between  these 
quadrantes  and  those  of  Caligula  and  Claudius.  Considerable 
similarity  there  certainly  is,  but  not  enough  to  require  us  to 
place  the  two  series  immediately  together.  Neither  series 
of  quadrantes  bears  any  close  resemblance  to  the  larger 
denominations.  Coming  to  details,  I  would  point  out  that 
the  S.  C.  on  this  series  of  quadrantes  is  markedly  distinct 
from  that  on  the  quadrantes  of  Caligula  and  Claudius  and 
very  similar  to  that  on  the  sestertii,  dupondii,  and  asses  of 
Augustus. 

•  (2)  Since  we  have  no  means  of  proving  that  our  moneyers 
are  the  same  as  men  of  like  names  mentioned  elsewhere, 
arguments  based  on  this  ground  can  hardly  be  conclusive. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  there  is  no  clear  evidence  here  in  favour 
of  Signer  LafFranchi's  view.  We  find  on  these  quadrantes  a 
moneyer  Apronius ;  if  we  accept  the  ordinary  dating,  we  can 
identify  him  with  an  L.  Apronius,  who  was  consul  in  8  A.D. 
A  "  P.  Silius,  P.  f."  was  consul  in  3  A.D.  ;  he  may  well  be 
the  Silius  of  our  coins.  The  C.  Rubellius  Blandus,  who 
was  "  quaestor  divi  Augusti  "  and  consul  before  20  A.D.,  and 
the  Livineius  Regulus  mentioned  by  Tacitus  in  the  year 
20  A.D.  may  be  identical  with  the  moneyers  C.  Rubellius 
Blandus  and  Regulus.  The  Betilienus  Bassus,  mentioned  by 
Seneca  as  a  quaestor  of  C.  Caesar,  cannot,  on  our  dating,  be 
identified  with  the  moneyer  ;  he  may,  of  course,  have  been  his 
son  or  grandson.  The  fact  is  that  our  information  about  the 
moneyers  is  far  too  slight  and  indefinite  to  justify  us  in 
drawing  any  certain  conclusion  from  it ;  I  cannot  see  that 
it  militates  against  the  ordinary  attribution. 


MISCELLANEA.  263 

(3)  That   the   names  of   the  moneyers  should   survive  on 
the   quadrans,    after    disappearing   from    the    sestertius,    the 
dupondius,  and  the  as,  is  certainly  not  inconceivable  ;  but  that 
they   did   not   in   fact   so  survive    is   surely  proved   by  the 
quadrantes   of   Caligula   and    Claudius,  on    which    they    are 
missing.     Again,  the  absence  of  the  Emperor's  name  is  not 
very  surprising ;   according  to  our  own  theory  the  name  of 
Augustus  is  omitted ;  but  that  in  the  reigns  of  Caligula  and 
Claudius  the  Emperor's  name  appeared  on  the  quadrans  is 
surely    proved    by   the    series   of   quadrantes    on   which  the 
names  actually  appear.     I  cannot  believe  that  two  series  of 
quadrantes — one,  with  name  of  moneyer,  but  without  name 
of  Emperor ;  the  other,  with  name  of  Emperor,  but  without 
name  of   moneyer — alternated  with  one   another,  as    Signor 
Laffranchi  would  have  us  believe. 

(4)  Any  definite  evidence  from  finds  is,  of  course,  worthy 
of  full  consideration,  and  I  look  forward  to  receiving  from 
Signor  Laffranchi  chapter  and  verse  for  his  statement.     But 
I  must  protest   against  the  use  of  such  vague  assertions  in 
argument ;  one  can  neither  accept  nor  reject  them,  and  can 
only  suspend  judgment. 

I  will  add  one  positive  argument  in  favour  of  the  accepted 
date,  which  seems  to  me  well-nigh  conclusive.  Mr.  George 
Macdonald,  in  an  interesting  article  in  Corolla  Numismatica,2 
has  discussed  the  importance  of  die-position  as  a  criterion 
of  the  date  and  place  of  minting  and  has  given  examples 
of  its  use.  If  we  apply  this  test  here,  we  obtain  a  remark- 
ably clear  result ;  the  quadrantes  with  moneyers'  names 
show  no  regularity  of  die-position,  the  quadrantes  of  Caligula 
and  Claudius  a  regularity  that,  so  far  as  I  can  trace,  is 
never  broken ; 3  and,  in  this  matter,  the  former  series 
agrees  with  the  sestertii,  dupondii,  and  asses  of  Au- 
gustus, the  latter  with  the  same  denominations  of  Caligula 
and  Claudius.  This  apparently  slight  piece  of  evidence  will, 
I  think,  be  seen  to  rule  out  Signor  Laffranchi's  view.  We 
are  left,  then,  with  the  ordinary  attribution  of  these  coins  to 
the  period  from  15  B.C.  onwards,  which  is  perhaps  the  most 
likely  time  for  them  ;  absolute  proof  can  hardly  be  looked  for. 

1  shall   look   with   interest   for   further   arguments    from 
Signor   Laffranchi   in  support  of   his  view — especially  for  a 
definite  statement  on  the  subject  of  finds ;  till  then,  I  must 

2  Fixed  and  Loose  Dies  in  Ancient  Coinage,  pp.  178ff. 

3  Twenty  coins   in  the   British  Museum  all  show  the   same   die- 
position.     Prom  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Caligula  this  position 
becomes  well-nigh  invariable  on  Roman  brass. 


264  MISCELLANEA. 

reluctantly  express  my  dissent  from  his  conclusions,  while 
fully  acknowledging  my  warm  appreciation  of  his  acute  and 
successful  researches  on  Roman  Numismatics. 

H.  MATTINGLY. 


THE  GOLD  COINAGE  OF  CHARLES  I. 
(From  the  verdicts  at  the  pyx  trials.^ 

IN  Num.  Chron.,  Ser.  IV.,  Vol.  X.,  p.  393,  I  published  a  table 
which  showed  in  the  fourth  column  the  quantities  of  silver 
money  contained  in  the  pyxes  which  were  opened  at  the  Star 
Chamber.  Some  of  our  Fellows  who  are  interested  in  this 
period  having  expressed  a  wish  for  the  corresponding  data  as 
to  the  two  classes  of  gold  coins,  I  have  compiled  and  now 
offer  to  the  Society  the  desired  particulars,  which  have  been 
obtained  from  Exch :  acc'ts,  "  Proceedings  on  trials  of  the 
pyx,"  bundle  3,  vols.  1  and  2,  at  the  Public  Record  Office. 

The  appended  table  does  not  allude  to  the  rose  ryal  for 
30*.  and  the  spur  ryal  for  15s.,  which  were  ordered  by  an 
indenture  of  2  Charles  I,  and  confirmed  by  a  commission  in 
the  King's  eleventh  year ;  neither  of  these  denominations  was 
found  in  any  of  the  pyxes,  nor  are  the  two  coins  otherwise 
known. 

During  the  earlier  part  of  the  reign  the  coinage  of  22  c. 
gold  was  considerable,  while  that  of  silver  was  relatively  very 
small,  as  is  shown  by  the  two  sets  of  figures.  Later  on, 
however,  the  position  was  reversed ;  crown-gold  was  struck 
in  steadily  diminishing  quantities,  whereas  the  aggregate  of 
the  silver  coinage  during  the  last  ten  years  largely  exceeded 
that  of  the  higher  metal.  Therefore  the  comparative  rarity 
of  the  mint-marks  on  gold  and  silver  respectively  varies 
according  to  the  period  in  which  they  were  used.  For 
example,  the  "Heart"  is  seldom  met  with  on  the  silver 
issues,  but  it  occurs  quite  frequently  on  crown-gold  coins ;  on 
the  other  hand,  the  "  R  in  two  semi-circles"  is  commonly 
seen  on  silver,  but  is  rare  on  the  unite  or  its  half  or  quarter. 

As  to  the  angels  of  23  c.  3^  grs.  gold,  they  were  without 
exception  struck  in  very  limited  numbers,  and  all  their  marks 
are  rare,  some  more  so  than  others.  Mr.  R.  LI.  Kenyon  says 
on  p.  150  of  his  Gold  Coins  that  none  were  issued  after  1634, 
but  the  pyx  returns  confute  this  opinion,  and  I  have  seen  at 
least  one  example  marked  with  "Triangle  in  a  circle,"  the 
symbol  on  the  coins  which  were  tried  in  May,  1643.  This, 
the  latest  of  the  angels,  was  in  fact  struck  before  November 
25,  1642,  on  which  day  the  Parliamentary  receiver  of  the 


MISCELLANEA. 


265 


Tower  revenues  began  a  new  account,  which  mentions  that  no 
angel-gold  was  used  during  the  period  of  about  two  and  a  half 
years  covered  by  that  document.  It  is  a  debatable  topic 
whether  these  angels,  although  duly  authorized  for  general 
circulation,  were  not  made  solely  as  touch  pieces.  The  few 
which  exist  are  almost  always  pierced  for  suspension,  and 
there  is  also  the  significant  circumstance  that  shortly  after 
the  King  was  dispossessed  of  the  Tower,  in  August,  1642,  the 
striking  of  angels  entirely  ceased,  possibly  because  they  were 
not  then  regarded  as  current  coins,  but  rather  as  medals 
associated  with  a  ceremony  the  underlying  principle  of  which 
did  not  commend  itself  to  an  anti-royalist  party. 

HENRY  SYMONDS. 


Date  of  trial. 

Mint-mark. 

Amount  of  23  c.  3!  grs. 
gold  in  pyx  (Angels'). 

Amount  of  22  c. 
gold  in  pyx 
(Unites,  double 
crowns,  and 
Britain  crowns). 

£ 

£ 

June  29,  1626 

Fleur-de-lys 

1 

613 

April  27,  1627 

Blackmoor's  head 

1.10.0 

122 

i 
»         » 

Long  cross    (second 

10s.  (i.e.  one  angel) 

291 

pyx) 

July  3,  1628 

Castle 

8.10.0 

375 

June  26,  1629 

Anchor 

6 

178 

June  23,  1630 

Heart 

3  .  10  .  0 

335 

June  30,  1631 

Feathers 

1.10.0 

374 

June  21,  1632 

Rose 

4 

170 

July  11,  1633 

Harp 

6 

141 

June  27,  1634 

Portcullis 

3.10.0 

98 

June  18,  1635 

Bell 

3.10.0 

110 

Feb.  14,  1636 

Crown 

nil 

28 

2 

»                   !> 

Crown  (second  pyx) 

3.10.0 

176 

May  8,  1638 

Tun 

3.10.0 

102 

July  4,  1639 

Anchor 

3 

113 

June  26,  1640 

Triangle 

4 

41 

July  15,  1641 

Star 

3  .  10  .  0 

92 

May  29,  1643  3 

Triangle  in  a  circle 

1.10.0 

143 

July  15,  1644 

P  in  two  semi-circles 

nil 

67 

May  12,  1645 

R       „       „       „ 

,, 

46 

Nov.  10,  1645 

Eye 

,, 

24 

Feb.  15,  1646 

Sun 

>» 

78 

Nov.  9,  1649 

Sceptre 

62 

1  The  two  pyxes  were  due  to  a  change  of  officers,  not  to  an  altera- 
tion in  the  coins.    The  "  Long  cross "  coins  must  have  been  earlier 
than  those  with  "Blackmoor's  head,"  although  the  former  were  in  the 
second  pyx. 

2  Caused  by  the  same  reason  as  in  1627  (see  note,  supra). 

3  In  June,  1643,  "  a  new  pix  box  with  locks  hinges  and  bindings  " 
was  bought  from  Richard  Martin  at  a  cost  of  68s.  (Declared  acc'ts 
Pipe  office,  2186). 

NUM.  CHKON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES  IV.  T 


(     266     ) 
NOTICES   OF  RECENT  PUBLICATIONS. 


British  Museum  :  Catalogue  of  the  Coins  of  the  Gupta  Dynasties 
and  of  SasdnTca,  King  of  Gauda.  By  John  Allan,  M.  A., 
Assistant  in  the  Department  of  Coins.  With  24  Plates. 
London,  Printed  by  order  of  the  Trustees,  1914. 

THE  Catalogue  of  the  early  pre-Muhammadan  Indian  Coins 
in  the  British  Museum,  begun  many  years  ago  by  Professor 
Percy  Gardner's  standard  work  on  the  Graeco-Bactrian  and 
Indo-Scythian  issues,  was  continued  after  a  long  interval  by 
Professoj1  Rapson's  exhaustive  treatise  on  the  obscure  coinages 
of  the  Andhras  and  their  contemporaries.  Mr.  John  Allan 
has  now  produced  a  third  volume  dealing  with  the  coinage  of 
the  Imperial  Gupta  Dynasty  in  the  fourth  and  fifth  centuries 
of  the  Clmstian  era,  and  also  with  certain  minor  connected 
mintages.  Mr.  Allan's  work  is  quite  equal  in  quality  to  that 
accomplished  by  his  eminent  predecessors.  His  catalogue  has 
been  produced,  as  is  always  the  case  with  the  publications 
of  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  regardless  of  expense, 
the  plates  being  numerous  and  beautifully  executed,  while 
the  legends  of  each  coin  are  reproduced  in  facsimile.  The 
printing  is  accurate,  and  clerical  errors  or  misprints  are 
extremely  few.  Mr.  Allan  has  devoted  special  study  to  the 
subject  for  several  years  past,  and  has  read  everything  pub- 
lished concerning  it.  His  official  position  has  enabled  him  to 
collect  material  from  a  great  variety  of  sources  and  to  enrich 
his  catalogue  by  the  inclusion  of  specimens  not  comprised  in 
the  Museum  series,  which  is  by  far  the  best  in  the  world. 

The  Gupta  coinage  having  been  studied  by  me  from  time  to 
time  for  more  than  thirty  years,  I  propose  to  discuss  briefly 
some  of  the  more  interesting  problems  suggested  by  the  coins. 
As  might  be  expected,  Mr.  Allan  has  been  able  to  make  some 
corrections  in  my  work,  especially  in  the  reading  of  certain 
legends.  He  has  devoted  immense  pains  to  the  elucidation  of 
the  more  difficult  legends  and  has  attained  considerable  suc- 
cess, although  a  good  many  details  still  remain  obscure. 

The  coinage  of  the  Imperial  Gupta  Dynasty  is  by  far  the 
most  interesting  of  the  Hindu  series  of  coins,  as  distinguished 
from  the  essentially  foreign  Graeco-Bactrian  and  the  more 
than  half-foreign  Indo-Scythian  series.  The  only  Hindu 
coins  possessing  any  substantial  claim  to  artistic  merit  are 
those  belonging  to  a  few  classes  of  the  gold  issues  struck  by 
the  great  Gupta  emperors  within  the  space  of  about  a  century, 


NOTICES  OF  RECENT  PUBLICATIONS.       267 

350-450  A.D.  The  artistic  excellence  thus  displayed  in  the 
coinage  was  only  one  manifestation  of  the  extraordinary 
intellectual  activity  of  the  age  in  question,  which  expressed 
itself  in  sculpture,  painting,  literature,  and  science.  I  have 
lately  discussed  the  brilliant  achievements  of  the  Gupta  age 
in  the  third  edition  of  the  Early  History  of  India  and  in  an 
article  on  Gupta  Sculpture  in  the  Ostasiatische  ZeitscJirlft 
(1914),  which  may  be  consulted  by  persons  interested.  Mr. 
Allan  passes  over  the  topic.  Here  it  will  suffice  to  say  that 
I  have  no  doubt  that  the  Gupta  Renaissance  was  intimately 
connected  with  and  stimulated  by  the  active  intercourse  main- 
tained between  the  Gupta  Empire  and  the  Graeco-Roman 
civilization  of  Egypt  and  Western  Asia. 

The  comparatively  high  artistic  quality  of  the  Gupta  coinage, 
as  seen  in  the  best  pieces  struck  by  Samudra-gupta  and  his 
son  Chandra-gupta  II,  is  only  one  of  the  reasons  for  the 
exceptional  interest  of  the  Gupta  coinage.  A  second  equally 
potent  reason  is  that  the  coins  can  be  studied  in  the  light  of 
numerous  contemporary  dated  inscriptions,  as  well  as  of  the 
narrative  recorded  by  the  first  Chinese  pilgrim,  Fa-hien  (Fa- 
hsien),  who  travelled  in  the  Gupta  empire  in  the  reign  of 
Chandra-gupta  II  at  the  beginning  of  the  fifth  century.  The 
chronology  in  its  main  outline  is  certain,  and  the  evidence  of 
the  coins,  consequently,  can  be  used  with  unusual  confidence 
and  effect.  They  throw  light  on  the  contemporary  records 
and  works  of  art,  while  those  records  and  works  in  their  turn 
help  us  to  understand  the  coinage.  For  instance,  the  inscrip- 
tions of  Samudra-gupta's  successors  tell  us  about  his  celebra- 
tion of  the  Asvamedha  or  Horse-Sacrifice,  and  the  Allahabad 
panegyric  describes  the  royal  skill  in  the  art  of  music.  The 
coins  include  about  sixteen  specimens  of  the  gold  medals  dis- 
tributed by  the  king  to  the  Brahmans  engaged  in  the  sacrifice, 
and  another  type,  of  which  about  eleven  examples  are  known, 
depicts  His  Majesty  in  the  act  of  playing  the  lyre.  Many 
other  illustrations  of  the  extraordinary  value  of  the  Gupta 
coins  as  historical  documents  might  be  cited.  To  mention 
one  only,  we  learn  from  the  coins  alone  that  Kumara-gupta  I, 
like  his  grandfather,  celebrated  the  Horse-Sacrifice  in  vindica- 
tion of  his  claim  to  paramount  sovereignty.  The  extant 
inscriptions  do  not  happen  to  mention  the  fact. 

The  first  member  of  the  dynasty  to  attain  independent 
power  was  Chandra-gupta  I  (320  to  about  335  A.D.),  who  ruled 
the  Gangetic  basin,  including  the  modern  province  of  Oudh, 
from  below  Patna  to  Allahabad  (Prayag).  Certain  gold 
coins,  of  which  about  a  score  are  known,  present  on  the 
obverse  effigies  of  Chandra-gupta  I  and  his  queen  Kumara- 


268  NOTICES   OF   RECENT   PUBLICATIONS. 

devi,  with  their  names,  and  on  the  reverse  a  goddess  with  the 
marginal  legend,  Licchavayah,  "  the  Liechavis,"  in  the  nomina- 
tive plural.  We  know  from  the  inscriptions  that  Kumara- 
devl  was  a  princess  of  the  famous  Licchavi  clan  of  Tirhiit, 
often  mentioned  in  early  Buddhist  legend,  and  that  her  son, 
the  great  conqueror,  Sarnudra-gupta,  was  proud  of  his  Licchavi 
descent.  The  coins,  on  the  face  of  them,  appear  to  have  been 
struck  by  Chandra-gupta  I,  and  the  reverse  legend,  in  the 
nominative  plural,  may  be  interpreted  as  meaning  that  they 
were  issued  under  the  joint  authority  of  Chandra-gupta  and 
his  consort's  clan.  It  may  be  assumed  as  probable  that  the 
Licchavi  alliance  was  the  foundation  of  the  power  of  Chandra- 
gupta.  That  view,  maintained  in  my  publications  of  various 
dates,  has  been  generally  accepted. 

But  Mr.  Allan  holds  that  the  Gupta  coinage  began  rather 
late  in  the  reign  of  Samudra-gupta,  who  struck  the  pieces 
in  question  to  commemorate  the  marriage  of  his  parents. 
Mr.  Allan  accordingly  catalogues  these  coins  ("  King  and 
Queen  "  type  of  my  nomenclature)  under  the  name  of  Samudra- 
gupta.  He  bases  his  opinion  on  the  observations  that  these 
King  and  Queen  coins  are  rather  more  removed  from  the 
northern  Kushan  type  than  are  the  Standard  (alias  "  Javelin  " 
or  "  Spearman  ")  type  coins  of  Samudra-gupta,  and  that  the 
fabric  closely  resembles  that  of  many  pieces  issued  by  that 
prince.  I  confess  that  the  arguments  are  not  convincing  to 
my  mind.  If  Samudra-gupta  did  not  issue  any  coinage  until 
"a  comparatively  late  period"  in  his  reign,  it  would  be  odd 
conduct  for  him  then  to  commemorate  the  marriage  of  his 
parents  by  the  issue  of  coins  recording  their  names,  but  not 
making  the  faintest  allusion  to  himself.  There  is  no  difficulty 
in  admitting  the  similarity  of  fabric  between  his  coins  and 
those  of  his  father  a  few  years  earlier  in  date.  In  my  opinion 
the  "  King  and  Queen  "  coins  were  struck  by  Chandra-gupta  I, 
as  they  profess  to  have  been. 

I  am  not  satisfied  that  the  name  Pura  really  occurs  on 
Dr.  Hoey's  coin  (PI.  xxi.  23).  I  have  examined  the  piece. 

I  am  inclined  to  accept  the  real  existence  of  a  Chandra- 
gupta  III  and  a  Ghatotkacha-Gupta,  about  500  A.D.  (p.  liv). 

Mr.  Allan  convincingly  justifies  the  reading  Chandraditya 
on  certain  late  coins.  The  title,  pronounced  by  Hoernle  to 
be  "an  impossible  Sanskrit  compound,"  actually  occurs  in 
three  inscriptions  and  in  the  Kathdsaritsdgara  (p.  Ixi). 

The  discovery  that  most  of  the  longer  legends  on  the  Gupta 
coins  are  in  sundry  Sanskrit  metres,  the  most  common  being 
the  Upaglti  variety  of  the  Arya,  is  important  and  fully  estab- 
lished (p.  cviii). 


NOTICES   OP   RECENT   PUBLICATIONS.  269 

The  discussion  of  the  metrology  of  the  coins  (p.  cxxxi)  is 
hardly  adequate. 

The  book  contains  many  other  points  of  interest  to  an 
expert  in  Indian  numismatics,  but  I  must  not  take  up  more 
space. 

VINCENT  A.  SMITH. 


Aspects  of  Death  in  Art  and  Epigram,  illustrated  especially 
by  Medals,  Engraved  Gems,  Jewels,  Ivories,  Antique 
Pottery,  &c.  By  F.  Parkes  Weber,  M.A.,  M.D.  Second 
Edition,  revised  and  much  enlarged.  461  pp.  With 
126  illustrations.  London:  T.  Fisher  Unwin  and  B. 
Quaritch.  1914. 

READERS  of  the  Numismatic  Chronicle  will  not  have  forgotten 
the  series  of  articles  on  the  subject  of  Death  which  were 
contributed  to  its  pages  by  Dr.  Parkes  Weber  in  1909-10, 
and  which  subsequently  took  form  as  an  independent  volume. 
The  second  edition  of  this  volume  is  now  before  us.  It  is 
swollen  to  more  than  twice  its  original  bulk,  and  is  indeed 
a  solid  and  weighty  book,  although  the  author  in  his  modesty 
describes  it  as  a  little  volume. 

The  amount  of  information  of  a  miscellaneous  kind  which 
is  stowed  away  in  its  pages  is  extraordinary.  Death  being 
the  complement  of  life,  it  is  clear  that  the  "  farrago  "  of  any 
book  which  deals  with  death  must  practically  be  "  quid- 
quid  agunt  homines."  Consequently  nothing  less  than  an 
encyclopaedia  would  be  necessary  if  the  matters  dealt  with 
were  to  be  arranged  and  classified  on  any  strictly  scientific 
plan.  About  half  the  book  is  concerned  with  the  philosophical 
and  psychological  sides  of  the  subject,  the  consideration  of 
the  various  ideas  of  death  and  of  man's  attitude  towards  it. 
There  is  for  instance  a  section  (pp.  69-83)  on  the  ideas  of 
the  Italian  Renaissance,  the  influence  of  Petrarch's  Trionfi, 
and  the  "  Triumph  of  Death  "  designs.  (In  this  connexion  the 
remarkable  fresco  of  the  Triumph  of  Death  at  Palermo  might 
have  been  mentioned.)  The  whole  of  this  half  of  the  book 
is  crammed  with  quotations  from  and  references  to  the 
literature  of  death,  showing  a  faculty  of  laborious  collection 
which  reminds  one  of  the  Anatomy  of  Melancholy.  Part  III 
(pp.  220—329)  is  the  strictly  numismatic  portion  of  the  work. 
It  consists  of  a  list,  arranged  chronologically,  of  coins,  medals 
and  tokens,  having  more  or  less  direct  reference  to  the  subject. 
One  might  perhaps  cavil  at  the  inclusion  of  some  examples, 
such  as  the  Greek  coins  of  Eleusis  with  types  that  refer  to 


270       NOTICES  OF  RECENT  PUBLICATIONS. 

the  Eleusinian  Mysteries,  so  remote  is  the  reference.  But  no 
one,  with  such  a  subject,  could  possibly  make  a  selection 
which  would  please  all  his  critics.  It  is  more  to  the  point  to 
recognize  that  one  does  not  notice  the  omission  of  anything 
of  importance.  I  note,  merely  for  completeness'  sake  (and 
with  full  consciousness  that,  among  the  mass  of  material  in 
the  book  the  instances  to  be  mentioned  may  be  really  given 
but  have  escaped  my  notice)  :  first,  a  medal  by  Hagenauer  of 
1543,  of  which  the  reverse  is  illustrated  by  Habich  (Jahrbuch 
der  Preuss.  Kunstsammlungen,  xxviii,  p.  259);  it  consists  merely 
of  the  motto  BEDENCK  DAS  END.  Next,  among  non-numis- 
matic works,  are  the  three  very  interesting  pictures,  two  at 
Strassburg  and  one  at  Valenciennes,  given  in  Reinach's 
Repertoire,  III,  pp.  748,  749,  all  of  the  school  of  Memlinc ; 
the  bronze  Lucretia  with  her  foot  on  a  skull  at  Vienna ;  and 
W.  F.  Moll's  little  ivory  putto  asleep  with  his  head  on  a 
skull,  also  at  Vienna.  The  crest  of  Graeme  is  described  as 
"  two  arms  issuing  from  a  cloud  erected  and  lighting  up  a 
man's  skull  encircled  with  two  branches  of  palm,  over  the 
head  a  marquess's  coronet,  all  proper."  What  is  the  meaning 
of  that?  But  there  is  no  point  in  multiplying  instances, 
which,  as  I  have  said,  are  really  of  small  importance.  Dr. 
Weber  has  cast  his  net  wide  and  has  missed  little. 

In  his  preface  he  suggests  certain  other  subjects  for 
investigation.  I  would  call  his  attention  to  a  crying  want. 
There  is  no  book  making  even  the  slightest  pretence  to 
exhaustiveness  on  the  impress  or  devices  of  the  Renaissance, 
with  their  accompanying  mottoes.  It  would  be  of  immense 
use  to  students  of  medals,  and  also  of  other  arts,  to  have  a 
critical  list  of  those  known  to  have  been  actually  used  by 
persons,  as  distinct  from  those  which  were  invented  for 
general  purposes  by  writers  like  Alciati  or  Ripa. 

G.   F.    H. 

W.  H.  Valentine,  The  Copper  Coins  of  India,  Part  I.,  Bengal 
and  the  United  Provinces.  Spink  &  Son,  Ltd.,  London, 
1914.  (5s.) 

SINCE  the  publication  of  his  Modern  Muhammadan  Coins  three 
years  ago,  Mr.  Valentine  has  been  studying  the  copper  coins 
of  India.  His  first  volume  on  this  series  has  now  been 
published,  and  in  accordance  with  the  geographical  plan  of 
the  work  deals  with  the  copper  coins  of  Bengal  and  the 
United  Provinces.  Bengal  is  here  used  in  its  old  sense  and 
is  equivalent  to  the  modern  provinces  of  Bengal,  Behar  and 
Orissa,  and  Assam.  The  plan  of  the  work  is  similar  to  the 


NOTICES  OF  RECENT  PUBLICATIONS.       271 

author's  previous  volume  (see  Num.  Chron.,  1911,  p.  202),  and 
again  he  has  spared  no  pains  to  collect  specimens  from  all 
sources.  Over  three  hundred  coins  are  illustrated  and  de- 
scribed with  transliteration  and  translation  of  the  legends. 
The  book  is  much  more  than  a  catalogue  of  coins,  however ; 
it  contains  an  interesting  sketch  of  the  main  outlines  of 
Indian  history,  which  will  give  the  reader  a  clear  idea  of  the 
relative  positions  of  the  numerous  dynasties  that  have  ruled 
in  India.  The  separate  sections  of  the  work  each  have  more 
detailed  historical  introductions.  The  dynastic  tables,  the 
various  alphabets,  the  glossary,  and  the  comparative  table  of 
eras  contain  all  that  the  layman  requires  to  become  proficient 
in  identifying  intelligently  the  coins  described  in  the  text. 
Collectors  of  Indian  coins,  who  now  form  quite  a  numerous 
body,  will  find  in  Mr.  Valentine's  book  the  solution  of  many 
of  their  puzzles,  and  will  look  forward  to  the  succeeding  parts 
with  interest. 

J.  A. 


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CHARLES    I;    CROWNS    BY    BRIOT. 


NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.  VOL.  XIV.       PL.  XIV. 


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CHARLES    I;    OXFORD    AND    EXETER    HALF-CROWNS. 


PROCEEDINGS 


OP   THE 


ROYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY. 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 
KOYAL  NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY. 


SESSION"  1913—1914. 

OCTOBER  16,  1913. 
H.  B.  EAELE  Fox,  ESQ.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  minutes  of  the  ordinary  meeting  of  May  18  were  read 
and  confirmed. 

Messrs.  H.  \V.  Codrington  and  W.  Gilbert  were  proposed 
for  election. 

The  following  Presents  to  the  Society  were  announced  and 
laid  upon  the  table,  and  thanks  ordered  to  be  sent  to  their 
donors  : — 

1.  Aarbogenfor  Nordisk  Oldkyndighed  og  Historie,  1912. 

2.  Academie  royale  de  Belgique,  Bulletin  1913,  Nos.  1-6. 
1912,  No.  10. 

3.  American  Journal  of  Archaeology.     Vol.  xvii.,  No.  2. 

4.  Annual  of  the  British  School  at  Athens.     No.  18. 

5.  Appunti    di    Numismatica    Romana,    cv-cvi.      By    F. 
Gnecchi.     From  the  Author. 

6.  Archaeologia  Aeliana.     N.S.,  Vol.  ix. 

7.  Administration  Report  of  Madras  Government  Museum , 
1912-1913. 

8.  Brandenburgisch  -  preussische     Miinzstudien.      By     E. 
Bahrfeldt.     From  the  Author. 

a  2 


4  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

9.  Canadian     Antiquarian     and      Numismatic     Journal. 
Vol.  x.,  Nos.  2  and  3. 

10.  Die  Tetradrachmenpragung  von  Syrakus.    By  L.  O.  T. 
Tudeer.     From  the  Author. 

11.  Demi-Patagon  frappe  a  Bruges   par   Philippe  V.  Roi 
d'Espagne.     By  Vicomte  B.  de  Jonghe.     From  the  Author. 

12.  Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies.     Vol.  xxxiii.,  Pt.  1. 

13.  Forvannen  Meddelanden  fran  K.  Vitterhets  Historic 
och  Antikvitets  Akademien,     Stockholm,  1912. 

14.  Horniman  Museum  Report,  1912. 

15.  Journal    International    d'Archeologie    Numismatique. 
1913. 

16.  Les    Doubles   Souverains   d'or   frappes  a  Tournai  par 
Philippe  I.     By  Vicomte  B.  de  Jonghe.     From  the  Author. 

17.  Monatsblatt  der  Numismatischen  Gesellschaft  in  Wien. 
Nos.  358-362. 

18.  Monnaies,  Mesures  et  Poids  de  1'Inde  et  de  la  Chine. 
By  J.  A.  Decourdemanche.     From  the  Author. 

19.  Notices  extraites  de  la  Chronique  de  la  Revue  Numis- 
matique, 1913.     Pts.  1  and  2. 

20.  Royal  Irish  Academy  Proceedings.    Vol.  xxxii.,  Sec.  C., 
Nos.  1-4. 

21.  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland.     Vol.  xliii., 
Pt.  2. 

22.  Revue    Beige    de    Numismatique,    1913.      Livraisons 
3  and  4. 

23.  Revue  Numismatique,  1913.     Pt.  1  and  2. 

24.  Rivista  Italiana  di  Numismatica,  1913.     Pt.  2. 

25.  The  Date  of  Kanishka.     By  F.  W.  Thomas.     From  the 
Royal  Asiatic  Society. 

26.  Zeitschrift  fiir  Numisinatik.     Band  xxx.,  Heft  1-4. 
Mr.  F.  A.  Walters,  F.S.A.,  showed  a  bronze  medallion  of 

Commodus  with  rev.  Britannia  seated  BRITTANNIA  P  .  M  .  TR  . 
P  .  X  .  IMP  .  VII  .  COS  .  Illl  .P.P.,  having  a  countermark  on 
the  edge  (Cohen,  No.  37  ;  Gnecchi,  PI.  78,  2). 


ROYAL  NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY.  0 

Mr.  P.  H.  Webb  exhibited  a  series  of  third  brass  of  Marius 
and  Quintillus  from  a  find  made  in  1912  near  Treves,  and 
denarii  from  a  find  near  Luxemburg  in  1912. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Earle  Fox  showed  a  series  of  copper  coins  of 
Corinth  including  : 

Nero. — Coins  commemorative  of  the  Emperor's  visit  to 
Corinth  in  67  A.D.  Two  types  (1)  ADVENTVS;  (2)  AD- 
LOCVTIO ;  signed  by  the  duumviri  P.  Memius  Cleander  and 
L.  Rutilius  Piso,  each  of  whom  struck  both  types. 

(The  name  of  the  emperor  is  always  in  the  nominative  case, 
and  that  of  the  duumvir  in  the  ablative.) 

Autonomous  types  all  issued  by  the  duumvir  L.  Caninius 
Agrippa,  who  seems  to  have  had  no  colleague. 

(Contrary  to  the  usage  of  all  previous  issues  the  duumvir's 
name  is  in  the  genitive  (or  dative)  case.) 

Obv.  Head  of  Poseidon,  NEPTVNO  A/G. 

Rev,  (1)  Clasped  hands  holding  poppyhead  and  ears  of  corn. 
(2)  Isthmos,  naked,  holding  two  rudders  (a  local  type). 


Obv.  (1)  Head  of  the  Senate,  wearing  stephane  and  veil,  SENATV 

P.  Q.  R- 
(2)  Head  of  Roma,  turreted,  ROMAE  ET  IMPERIO. 

Combined  with 

Rev.  (1)  Clasped  hands  holding  poppyhead  and  ears  of  corn. 

(2)  Victory  holding  wreath  and  palm  branch. 

(3)  Temple  approached  by  steps. 


(The  combination,  head  of  Rome,  rev.  temple,  was  not 
represented  in  this  exhibit.) 

Galba.— SVL  GALBAE  CAESAR  AVG  (or  sometimes  CAE 
A/G  IMP)  (genitive  or  dative).  Rev.  the  three  types  of  the 
previous  group.  These  like  the  autonomous  types  were  issued 
by  L.  Caninius  Agrippa. 

Sir  Arthur  J.  Evans  exhibited  two  solidi,  eight  denarii  of 


PROCEEDINGS   OF    THE 

Galba,  and  five  autonomous  denarii  of  the  period  including 
one  of  the  XVth  Legion  on  which  he  read  the  following 
note  : — 

Obv.  ADSERTOR  LIBERTATIS.  Head  of  Mars  Adsertor  in 
crested  helmet  to  r. 

Rev.  LEGION  XV  PRI  M[IGEN]  Victory  draped  to  waist,  with 
hammer  in  right  hand,  nailing  up  trophy.  The  trophy 
consists  of  helmet,  greaves,  and  Attic  and  Iberian  shields, 
the  former  hexagonal,  the  latter  round.  [See  PI.  X.  9.] 

The  fabric  of  this  coin  is  fine,  but  the  style  and  the  subject 
of  the  trophy  suggest  provincial  fabric. 

There  seem  to  be  faint  traces  of  parts  of  the  I  and  G  of 
PRIMIGEN  (iae).  The  XVth  Legion  was  at  one  time  quartered 
on  the  Rhine.  This  Legion  or  some  detachment  of  it  was  in 
Home  with  Galba,  since  it  is  connected  with  his  own  fate  in 
a  peculiar  way.  Tacitus  l  mentions  that,  during  the  mutiny 
of  the  troops  and  general  tumult  which  preceded  Otho's 
elevation,  Galba  in  his  hurried  attempt  at  flight  was  thrown 
from  his  saddle,  and  according  to  the  general  report  his 
throat  was  pierced  by  the  sword  of  Camusius,  a  soldier  of 
the  XVth  Legion. 

Mr.  H.  Mattingly  read  a  paper  on  "  The  Coinages  of  the 
Civil  Wars,  68-69  A.D."  After  briefly  recapitulating  the 
history  of  the  period,  the  reader  attempted  to  assign  a  place 
and  date  to  the  various  series  of  coins  falling  within  the 
scope  of  the  paper,  and  to  elucidate  the  circumstances  in 
which  they  were  struck.  The  so-called  "  autonomous  "  coins 
which  bear  republican  or  military  types,  without  the  name  or 
head  of  any  emperor,  were  first  passed  in  review ;  it  was 
suggested  that  they  should  be  assigned  to  three  districts — 
Spain,  Gaul,  and  the  Germanies — and  that  the  first  two 
groups  should  be  dated  early  in  68,  and  the  third  late  in  the 
same  year.  Reasons  were  given  for  not  assigning  any  of 

1  Hist.,  i.  41. 


EOYAL  NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  7 

these  coins  to  the  mint  of  Rome.  A  short  account  was  then 
given  of  the  coinage  of  L.  Clodius  Macer  in  Africa,  and 
attention  was  called  to  the  salient  points  of  interest.  The 
coinage  of  Galba  came  next  in  order.  Mr.  Mattingly  sug- 
gested a  division  into  some  five  or  six  groups,  to  be  attributed 
to  the  mint  of  Rome  and  also  to  mints  in  Spain,  Gaul,  and 
possibly  Africa.  The  points  of  contact  between  the  coins  of 
this  Emperor  and  the  "  autonomous "  class  were  noted,  and 
an  explanation  of  the  connexion  was  suggested.  The  various 
issues  of  Vitellius  were  next  discussed,  and  different  groups 
of  coins  were  assigned  to  Lower  Germany,  Gaul,  and  Rome, 
and  in  the  case  of  Galba  a  theory  was  proposed  which  might 
explain  the  great  similarity  between  the  Imperial  coins  and 
certain  groups  of  "  autonomous."  Finally  a  very  brief  survey 
was  taken  of  the  early  issues  of  Vespasian  ;  a  number  of  coins 
showing  marked  differences  of  style  and  fabric  were  illustrated, 
and  possible  mints  were  suggested  for  some  of  them.  (This 
paper  is  printed  in  this  volume,  pp.  110-137.) 

In  the  discussion  that  followed,  Sir  Arthur  Evans  com- 
mented on  some  very  interesting  coins  of  the  period  which 
he  had  exhibited  earlier  in  the  evening.  He  suggested  the 
importance  of  the  evidence  of  finds  to  check  or  confirm  the 
proposed  classification.  Mr.  Earle  Fox  called  attention  to 
the  series  of  Corinthian  coins  bearing  the  name  of  a  duumvir, 
and  certainly  to  be  attributed  to  the  year  68,  bearing,  instead 
of  an  emperor's  name,  the  inscription  ROMAE  ET  IMPERIO 
and  SEN  AT  V  P  Q  R,  and  pointed  out  that  they  supplied  some 
evidence  of  a  sort  of  "  interregnum,"  if  one  may  so  term  it, 
between  the  death  of  Nero  and  the  general  recognition  of 
Galba  as  emperor. 


8  PROCEEDINGS   OP   THE 

NOVEMBER  20,  1913. 

Sm  HENRY  H.  HOWORTH,  K.C.I.E.,  F.R.S.,F.S.A.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  minutes  of  the  ordinary  meeting  of  October  Id  were 
read  and  approved. 

Messrs.  H.  W.  Codrington,  M.R.A.S.  (Ceylon  Civil  Service), 
and  W.  Gilbert  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society  ;  Rev. 
W.  L.  Gantz  was  admitted  to  the  Society. 

The  following  Presents  to  the  Society  were  announced  and 
laid  upon  the  table,  and  thanks  ordered  to  be  sent  to  their 
donors : — 

1.  Academie  Roy  ale  de  Belgique,  Bulletin.     Nos.  7-8. 

2.  American  Journal  of  Archaeology.     Vol.  xvii.,  No.  3. 

3.  Appunti   di   Numismatica   Romana,  cvii-cviii.     By  F. 
Gnecchi.     From  the  Author. 

4.  Archiv  fur  Medaillen-  und  Plaketten-Kunde.     Heft.  1. 

5.  Bulletin  de  Correspondance  Hellenique.     vi.,  1913. 

6.  Bonner  Jahrbiicher.     Heft  122. 

7.  Forty-Third   Annual  Report  of   the  Deputy -Master  of 
the  Mint,  1912. 

8.  Journal  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland. 
Vol.  xliii.,  Pt.  3. 

9.  Papers  of  the  British  School  at  Rome.     Vol.  vi. 

10.  Report  of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  1912. 

11.  Revue  Suisse  de  Numismatique.     Tome  xix.,  2,  1. 

12.  Rivista  Italiana  di  Numismatica.     Fasc.  3,  1913. 

13.  The    Date   of    Kanishka — A    Discussion.     From   the 
Royal  Asiatic  Society. 

Mr.  Henry  Garside  showed  specimens  of  the  new  eighteen 
and  nine  piastre  pieces  of  Cyprus  of  George  V. 

Miss  Helen  Farquhar  exhibited  a  silver  medallion  of 
Charles  I  attributed  to  Varin,  clearly  dated  1649,  which 
shows  that  the  date  1642  read  on  the  only  other  specimen 
(in  bronze)  hitherto  known  is  wrong. 


ROYAL  NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  9 

Mr.  F.  A.  Walters,  F.S.A.,  showed  two  very  rare  denarii  of 
Septimius  Severus  and  Caracalla  each  with  reverse  LAETITIA 
TEMPORVM,  a  circus-vessel  in  full  sail  from  which  various 
wild  beasts  are  leaping  ;  these  remarkable  pieces  were  issued 
on  the  celebration  of  the  decennalia  and  the  marriage  of 
Caracalla  in  202  A.D.,  and  commemorate  an  entertainment  in 
the  amphitheatre,  described  by  Dion  Cassius,  in  which  seven 
hundred  wild  beasts  were  let  loose  in  the  arena  from  a  model 
ship  and  afterwards  slain. 

Mr.  P.  H.  Webb  exhibited  a  third  brass  of  Augustus,  obv. 
AVGVSTVS  DIVI  F.  head  1.  ;  rev.  L.  CASSIO/  C.  \A_ERIO 
/IIVIR  in  three  lines  in  laurel  wreath;  this  piece  corrects 
Cohen's  reading  C.  NERIO— the  monogram  \A_  was  mistaken 
by  him  for  N  ;  the  Valerii  belonged  to  the  Julian  party,  while 
C.  Nerius  was  an  adherent  of  Pompey, 

Mr.  G.  F.  Hill  read  a  paper  on  a  "  New  Medal  by  Claude 
Yarin."  This  medal,  which  has  been  recently  acquired  by  the 
British  Museum,  is  a  hitherto  unknown  portrait  medal  of 
John  Prideaux  (1578-1650),  Regius  Professor  of  Divinity  in 
Oxford  1615-1641,  Bishop  of  Worcester  1641-1650,  and 
Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University  for  various  terms  ;  it  is 
dated  1638,  and  bears  the  signature  C.  Yarin.  Mr.  Hill 
pointed  out  that  the  workmanship  of  this  medal  bore  a 
remarkable  resemblance  to  the  well-known  medal  of  Sir 
Thomas  Bodley,  founder  of  the  Bodleian  Library,  and  con- 
firmed the  supposition  that  the  latter  was  by  Claude  Yarin. 
Mr.  Hill  proceeded  to  discuss  the  attribution  of  the  various 
English  medals  of  this  period  signed  "  Warin "  only,  and 
showed  that  they  fell  into  well-marked  groups  to  be  assigned 
to  different  members  of  the  Yarin  family.  (This  paper  was 
printed  in  Yol.  XIII.  pp.  422-426.) 

Mr.  G.  C.  Brooke  read  some  notes  on  "  Muled  Types  in  the 
English  Coinage  of  the  Norman  Period,"  and  showed  a  slide 
illustrating  two  mules  of  William  I  of  which  the  obverse  dies 
had  been  worked  up  to  resemble  the  two  obverses  that  were 


10  PROCEEDINGS   OF    THE 

in  issue  with  the  reverses  of  these  mules.  The  evidence  of 
these  two  mules,  and  the  rarity  of  the  mules  of  the  London 
mint  (where  coinage  was  continuous),  suggested  the  conclusion 
that  mules  of  this  period  were  irregular  coins  issued  by  the 
moneyers  with  the  object  of  saving  themselves  expense  by 
using  an  old  die,  and  not,  as  had  been  thought,  an  authorized 
issue,  the  frequency  of  their  occurrence  being  due  to  the 
difficulty  of  their  detection.  The  obverse  of  mules  belonged 
usually  to  the  earlier  of  the  two  types  muled  because  the 
obverse,  or  standard,  die  had  less  hard  wear,  and  usually  out- 
lived one  or  even  more  reverse  dies.  A  discussion  followed, 
in  which  Messrs.  H.  B.  Earle  Fox,  who  gave  his  experiences 
of  muling  in  the  Plantagenet  period,  P.  H.  Webb,  H. 
Symonds,  and  the  President  took  part. 


DECEMBER  18,  1913. 

SIR  HENRY  H.  HOWORTH,  K.C.I.E.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  minutes  of  the  ordinary  meeting  of  November  20,  were 
read  and  approved. 

Messrs.  V.  B.  Crowther-Beynon,  Richard  Dalton,  Robert 
Kerr,  and  R.  J.  Williams  were  proposed  for  election,  and 
Mr.  William  Gilbert  was  admitted  to  the  Society. 

The  following  Presents  to  the  Society  were  announced  and 
laid  upon  the  table,  and  thanks  ordered  to  be  sent  to  their 
donors : — • 

1.  Canadian  Antiquarian  and  Numismatic  Journal.     Vol.  x., 
No.  4. 

2.  Monatsblatt  der  Numismatischen  Gesellschaft  in  Wien. 
Nos.  363-364. 

3.  Notices  Extraites  de  la  Chronique  de  la  Revue  Numis- 
matique.     3rd  trimestre,  1913.     By  A.  Blanchet.     From  the 
Author. 


ROYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  11 

4.  Oriental   Numismatics.      By  J.   Robinson.      From,   the 
Author. 

5.  Revue  Numismatique.     3rd  trimestre,  1913. 

6.  Sur  les  Chretiens  et  les  Seconds  Flaviens  dans  1'Histoire 
Auguste.     By  Jules  Maurice.     From  the  Author. 

7.  The  Early  Weights  and  Measures   of   Mankind.      By 
Sir  Charles  Warren.     From  the  Author. 

Mr.  J.  G.  Milne  exhibited  a  tetradrachm  of  Smyrna,  obv. 
head  of  Cybele  r.,  and  rev.  lion  recumbent  r.,  of  the  magistrate 
Herodotos. 

Mr.  L.  G.  P.  Messenger  showed  a  small  bronze  medallion 
of  Antoninus  Pius,  rev.  Hercules  standing  in  front  of  an  altar, 
behind  him  a  column  surmounted  by  a  statue  (Gnecchi, 
PI.  cxlix.  4). 

Rev.  Edgar  Rogers  exhibited  three  Jewish  bronze  coins 
of  Eleazar,  one  of  the  usual  type  of  the  first  year  of  the 
"  deliverance  of  Jerusalem,"  and  two  new  types  of  the 
"  redemption  of  Israel." 

Mr.  Henry  Symonds,  F.S.A.,  showed  a  second  brass  of 
Vespasian,  rev.  PAX  AVG  ;  a  first  brass  of  Titus,  rev.  PI  ETAS, 
Domitilla  between  Titus  and  Vespasian;  a  first  brass  of 
Caracalla,  rev.  VICT.  BRIT.,  Victory  erecting  a  trophy;  and 
a  third  brass  of  Allectus,  rev.  VIRTVS  AVG.,  Trophy  between 
two  captives  (Webb,  No.  86),  of  the  London  mint,  all  found 
in  Dorset. 

Mr.  J.  Allan  read  a  paper  on  the  English  imitation  of  an 
Arab  dinar,  usually  known  as  the  mancus  of  Offa,  which  has 
recently  been  acquired  by  the  British  Museum  with  the 
assistance  of  private  individuals.  This  piece  is  a  very  good 
copy  of  a  dinar  of  the  Abbasid  Caliph  al-Mansur  of  the  year 
157  A.H.  (774  A.D.)  with  the  additional  legend  OFFA  REX. 
Ofla  probably  became  acquainted  with  the  Arab  dinars 
through  intercourse  between  England  and  France,  as  from 
the  evidence  of  finds  and  contemporary  literature,  they  are 
known  to  have  circulated  in  the  Carolingian  empire ;  he 


12  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

might  even  have  received  them  from  Charlemagne  among 
the  latter's  presents  to  him,  as  gold  coins  were  probably 
included  among  the  presents  sent  by  al-Mansur  to  Pepin,  as 
they  certainly  were  among  Harun  al-Rashid's  many  gifts  to 
"  his  brother  "  Charlemagne.  There  was  no  real  reason  to 
suppose  these  dinars  of  Offa  were  specially  struck  or  even 
used  for  the  payment  of  Peter's  pence.  They  were  evidence 
of  an  attempt,  probably  quite  ephemeral,  to  institute  a  gold 
coinage  which  would  pass  current  with  the  standard  gold 
coin  of  the  time.  The  idea  that  the  munus  divinum  solidi  of 
Louis  the  Pious  were  specially  struck  for  tribute  to  Borne 
was,  as  M.  Prou  has  shown,  due  to  a  misinterpretation  of  the 
legend  which  was  really  a  kind  of  equivalent  to  Dei  Gratia  ; 
so  that  the  argument  from  the  analogy  of  these  pieces  falls  to 
the  ground.  Although  the  value  of  Offa's  dinar  must  have 
been  about  that  of  a  mancus  of  silver,  it  must  be  called 
a  dinar  and  not  a  mancus,  which  was  solely  a  money  of 
account.  The  etymology  of  mancus,  from  the  Arabic  mankush, 
the  "  engraved,"  sometimes  applied  to  coins  in  poetical 
language,  was  untenable,  and  all  theories  founded  on  it  must 
be  abandoned.  (This  paper  is  printed  in  this  volume, 
pp.  77-89.) 

Sir  Arthur  Evans  and  Dr.  Codrington  suggested  that  Arab 
dinars  might .  also  have  reached  England  by  the  northern 
route  through  Russia  and  the  Baltic,  but  the  President 
pointed  out  that  the  greater  majority  of  the  coins  found  on 
the  northern  route  were  Samanid  silver  of  a  later  date  than 
the  coin  in  question. 


ROYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  13 

JANUARY  15,  1914. 

SIR  HENRY  H.  HOWORTH,  K.C.I.E.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  minutes  of  the  ordinary  meeting  of  December  18,  1913, 
were  read  and  approved. 

Messrs.  Richard  Dalton,  Robert  Kerr,  and  R.  James 
Williams  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society ;  and  Mrs. 
Sidney  Streatfield  and  K.  u.  K.  Regierungsrat  Eduard  Fiala 
were  proposed  for  election. 

The  following  Presents  to  the  Society  were  announced  and 
laid  upon  the  table,  and  thanks  ordered  to  be  sent  to  their 
donors : — 

1.  American  Journal  of  Archaeology.     Yol.  xvii.,  No.  4. 

2.  Contos  para  Contar  (Jetons  Portugueses).     By  J.  Leite 
de  Vasconcellos.     From  tlie  Author. 

3.  Elencho    das    Ii9oes    de    Numismatica.       By   J.    Leite 
de  Vasconcellos.     From  the  Author. 

4.  Inventaire    das     Moedas    Portuguesa    da    Bibliotheca 
National  da  Lisboa.     By  J.  Leite  de  Vasconcellos.     From  the 
Author. 

5.  Journal   of   Hellenic  Studies.      Vol.  Ixiii.,    Pt.   2    and 
Supplement. 

6.  Le  Monete  e  le  Bolle  plumbee  Pontificie  del  Medagliere 
Vaticano.     Vol.  iii.     By  C.  Serafini.     From  the  Administration 
of  the  Vatican  Library. 

7.  Monnaies   de  Juste-Maximilian   de   Bronckhorst.       By 
Vicomte  B.  de  Jonghe.     From  the  Author. 

8.  Numismatische  Zeitschrift.     Band  vi.,  Heft  2  and  3. 

9.  Numismatic  Circular.     Vol.  xxi.,   1913.     From  Messrs. 
Spink  &  Sons. 

10.  Medhala  Commemorativa  de  Congresso  de  Numismatica, 
1900.     By  M.  J.  de  Campos.     From  J.  Leite  de  Vasconcellos. 

11.  O    Numismata;    Manoel    Joaquin   de   Campos.      From 
J.  Leite  de  Vasconcellos. 


14  PROCEEDINGS   OF    THE 

12.  Revue  Beige  de  Numismatique.     Pt.  1,  1914. 

13.  Zeitschrift  ftir  Numismatik.    Band  xxxi.,  Heft  1  and  2. 
Miss    Helen    Farquhar    showed    a   series    of    coins    from 

<£!  pieces  to  half-crowns  with  equestrian  figures  illustrative 
of  the  style  and  workmanship  of  the  Civil  War  engravers, 
including  signed  pieces  by  Rawlins  and  Briot. 

Mr.  William  Gilbert  brought  an  unpublished  milled  six- 
pence of  Elizabeth  of  1562  with  a  dot  between  A  and  D  of 
the  reverse  legend. 

Mr.  L.  A.  Lawrence,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  small  iron  tobacco 
box  with  a  portrait  of  Charles  I  in  silver  on  the  lid. 

Mr.  F.  A.  Walters,  F.S.A.,  showed  a  medallion  of  Hadrian, 
being  a  large  brass  (Cohen,  No.  184)  enclosed  in  a  broad 
moulded  bronze  circle,  found  in  the  Tiber  in  1913. 

Mr.  Percy  H.  Webb  exhibited  a  rare  second  brass  of 
L.  Domitius  Alexander,  tyrant  in  Africa  308-311  A.D.,  with 
reverse,  INVICTA  ROMA  FELIX  KARTHAGO  (Cohen,  No.  6). 

Miss  Helen  Farquhar  read  a  paper  on  "  Nicholas  Briot  and 
some  Country  Mints  during  the  Civil  War."  Mr.  Symonds 
had  recently  shown  that  Briot  had  died  in  the  service  of 
Parliament,  which  had  disproved  the  tradition  of  the  artist's 
uninterrupted  service  of  Charles  I  at  Oxford.  Miss  Farquhar 
was  able  to  show  that  Briot  continued  to  serve  the  King  by 
making  secret  journeys  from  London  to  York  and  Oxford 
after  the  outbreak  of  hostilities,  as  was  clear  from  his  widow's 
petition  to  Charles  II  at  the  Restoration,  recalling  the 
miseries  she  and  her  family  had  suffered  when  this  was  dis- 
covered. Miss  Farquhar  showed  how  Briot's  hand  could 
be  traced  in  the  Civil  War  coinages  of  these  two  mints. 
From  an  unpublished  Harleian  manuscript  Miss  Farquhar 
traced  the  route  of  Thomas  Bushell,  who  carried  his  Aberyst- 
with  mint  via  Shrewsbury  and  Oxford  to  Bristol,  and  she 
suggested  that  the  clumsy  equestrian  portraits  in  use  on 
silver  issues  at  Shrewsbury  and  Oxford  owed  their  origin  to 
some  graver  unknown,  in  the  employ  of  Bushell,  removing 


ROYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  15 

with  his  master  to  Bristol  in  1643.  She  believed  that  the 
improvement  of  the  Oxford  coinage  in  that  year  was  partly 
due  to  Rawlins,  who  since  1642  had  been  engaged  in  making 
war  badges  for  Charles,  and  partly  to  Briot,  whose  special 
horse  as  depicted  on  his  patterns  and  private  coinage  at  the 
Tower,  makes  its  first  appearance  at  Oxford  in  1643.  By 
the  help  of  lantern  slides  she  traced  this  equestrian  figure 
from  1630  to  1646. 

With  regard  to  York,  where  B  riot's  co-operation  is  technically 
manifest,  the  reader  drew  attention  to  the  similarity  between 
his  initialled  half-crown  and  the  Tower  type  beginning  in 
1640,  for  which,  as  the  King's  designer  of  obverse,  he  may  be 
held  responsible  ;  and  she  referred  to  some  little-known  con- 
temporary evidence  concerning  the  establishment  and  locality 
of  the  Civil  War  mint  in  the  northern  city.  (This  paper 
is  printed  in  this  volume.)  A  discussion  followed,  in  which 
Mr.  Symonds,  Mr.  Brooke,  Colonel  Morrieson,  and  the 
President  took  part. 


FEBRUARY  19,  1914. 
PERCY  H.  WEBB,  ESQ.,  Treasurer,  in  the  Chair. 

The  minutes  of  the  ordinary  meeting  of  January  15  were 
read  and  approved. 

Mrs.  Sidney  Streatfield,  Mr.  V.  B.  Crowther-Beynon,  and 
K.  u.  K.  Eegierungsrat  Eduard  Fiala  were  elected  Fellows  of 
the  Society. 

The  following  Presents  to  the  Society  were  announced  and 
laid  upon  the  table,  and  thanks  ordered  to  be  sent  to  their 
donors  : — 

1.  Academic  Royale   de   Belgique.     Bulletin,  Nos.  9,  10, 
11,  1913. 

2.  Archaeologia  Aeliana.    Vol.  x. 


16  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

3.  Chats  on   Old  Coins.      By  F.  W.   Burgess.     From  the 
Publishers. 

4.  International  Stamp  and  Coin  Collectors  Address  Book, 
1914.     By  E.  W.  Hensinger. 

5.  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London, 
1912-1913. 

6.  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy.     Vol.  xxxii., 
S.C.,  Nos.  5  to  9. 

7.  Revue  Numismatique.     4th  trimestre,  1913. 

8.  Ri vista  Italiana  di  Numismatica.     Pt.  iv.,  1913. 

9.  Smithsonian  Institution  Report,  1912. 

Mr.  J.  G.  Milne  exhibited  specimen  types  from  a  hoard  of 
bronze  coins  of  Temnis,  in  Aeolis,  of  the  third  century  B.C. 

Mr.  P.  H.  Webb  showed  a  memorial  follis  of  Galerius 
Maximianus  struck  by  Maximinus  Daza  at  Alexandria  and 
another  struck  by  Diocletian  at  Antioch,  and  a  curious  cast 
medal  of  Galba. 

Mr.  G.  F.  Hill  exhibited  a  coining  press  of  the  reign  of 
Philip  IV  of  Spain,  probably  the  earliest  press  that  has  been 
discovered.  (See  this  volume,  pp.  90-92.) 

Mr.  Henry  Symonds,  F.S.A.,  gave  an  account  of  a  find 
of  Roman  coins  made  over  half  a  century  ago  at  Puncknoll, 
in  Dorsetshire,  and  recently  presented  to  the  Dorchester 
Museum.  The  coins,  which  were  contained  in  an  earthen  jar, 
covered  the  period  253-293  A.D.,  and  were  of  the  Emperors 
Gallienus,  Postumus,  Victorinus,  Tetricus  I,  Claudius  II,  and 
Carausius,  and  the  Empress  Salonina.  (This  paper  is  printed 
in  this  volume,  pp.  92-95.) 

Dr.  Oliver  Codrington,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  by  Mr.  H.  W. 
Codrington  on  "  Coins  of  the  Kings  of  Hormuz."  After 
sketching  the  history  of  Hormuz  under  Muslim  and  Portu- 
guese rule,  the  reader  described  a  number  of  the  gold  coins  of 
the  kings  of  Hormuz  of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries 
which  have  been  hitherto  unknown.  Dr.  Codrington  was  also 
successful  in  reading  the  names  of  the  same  kings  on  a 


ROYAL  NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY.  17 

number  of  silver  larins  which  had  been  struck  from  the  same 
dies  as  the  gold  coins.  (This  paper  is  printed  in  this  volume, 
pp.  156-167.) 


MARCH  19,  1914. 
HENRY  SYMONDS,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  minutes  of  the  ordinary  meeting  of  February  19  were 
read  and  approved. 

Sir  Thomas  H.  Elliot,  K.C.B.,  Captain  J.  S.  Cameron,  and 
Mr.  Sidney  W.  Grose  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society. 

The  following  Presents  to  the  Society  were  announced  and 
laid  upon  the  table,  and  thanks  ordered  to  be  sent  to  their 
donors : — 

1.  Bulletin    de    la    Societe    des    Antiquaires    de    1'Ouest. 
Trimestre  3  and  4, 1913. 

2.  Catalogue  of  Coins  in  the  Panjab  Museum,  Lahore.     By 
R.    B.    Whitehead.     2    vols.      From   the    Delegates  of    the 
Clarendon  Press. 

3.  Chronique  de  Numismatique  Celtique. 


4.  Discours  de  M.  A.  Blanchet. 

5.  Notices  Extraits  de  la  Chronique  de 


By  A.  Blanchet. 
From  the  Author. 


la  Revue  Numismatique. 

6.  Memoires    de   la   Societe   Royale   des   Antiquaires   du 
Nord,  1913. 

7.  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland. 
Vol.  xi. 

8.  The  Canadian  Antiquarian.     Vol.  xi.,  No.  1. 

9.  Was  there  a  Kusana  Race  ?     By  Baron  A.  von  Stael- 
Holstein. 

Mr.  "W.  Gilbert  exhibited  an  unpublished  halfpenny  token 
of  "  George  Smith  Cheesmonger  over  against  ye  Shippens  in 
Smithfield." 

6 


18  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

Mr.  L.  A.  Lawrence  and  Mr.  H.  B.  Earle  Fox  exhibited 
two  series  of  forgeries  in  illustration  of  the  paper. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Earle  Fox  read  a  paper  on  contemporary 
forgeries  in  the  English  coinage.  Contemporary  forgeries 
went  as  far  back  as  the  art  of  coinage  itself  ;  in  ancient 
times  it  was  a  common  practice  for  the  authorities  to  issue 
a  certain  proportion  of  plated  coins  and  enforce  their  currency 
to  pay  mint  expenses.  It  was  impossible  to  forge  the  thin 
silver  coins  of  the  middle  ages  by  plating  them,  so  that  the 
usual  practice  was  to  make  them  in  debased  metal.  The 
reader  devoted  special  attention  to  the  coins  of  the  Edwards 
and  their  forgeries  and  continental  imitations  ;  the  latter  were 
of  importance  for  dating  hoards.  Mr.  H.  B.  Earle  Fox 
concluded  his  paper  with  some  remarks  on  modern  forgeries 
and  the  points  usually  overlooked  by  the  forger. 


APRIL  16,  1914. 
H.  B.  EARLE  Fox,  ESQ.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  minutes  of  the  ordinary  meeting  of  March  19  were 
read  and  approved. 

The  following  Presents  to  the  Society  were  announced  and 
laid  upon  the  table,  and  thanks  ordered  to  be  sent  to  their 
donors  : — 

1.  Academic  royale  de  Belgique.     Bulletins  No.  12,  1913  ; 
No.  1,  1914. 

2.  Les  Monnaies  de  Bronze  dites  incertaines  du  Pont  ou 
du    Royaume    de    Mithridate    Eupator.     By    Miss    Agnes. 
Baldwin.     From  the  Author. 

3.  Monatsblatt  der  Numismatischen  Gesellschaft  in  Wien. 
No.  365. 

4.  Numismatische  Zeitschrift.     Heft  1,  1914. 

5.  Rivista  Italiana  di  Numismatica.     Fasc.  1,  1914. 

6.  Revue  Beige  de  Numismatique.     Part  2,  1914. 

Mr.    H.    B.   Earle   Fox,  Mr.  L.   A.  Lawrence,  and   Mr. 


ROYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  19 

Walters  exhibited  extensive  series  of  coins  in  illustration  of 
the  paper  to  be  read. 

Mr.  F.  A.  Walters,  F.S.A.,  read  his  paper  on  the  third  and 
last  period'  of  the  Coinage  of  the  reign  of  Edward  IV,  from 
1471  to  1483.  He  showed  how  there  was  a  special  reason  for 
assigning  with  certainty  the  annulet  mint-mark  to  the  first 
issue  after  the  return  of  Edward  from  exile,  as  it  represented 
the  ring  of  St.  Edward  and  was  the  emblem  of  the  Abbey  of 
Westminster  where  the  Queen  and  his  children  had  received 
sanctuary  in  his  absence.  The  regular  sequence  of  mint- 
marks  at  the  Tower  was  then  traced  up  to  the  end  of  the 
reign.  It  was  shown  from  the  mint  accounts  at  the  Record 
Office  that  the  Royal  Mints  at  Bristol  and  York  continued  to 
work  after  the  restoration  of  Edward  IV,  although  only  for 
a  comparatively  short  time.  York  only  worked  for  six 
months  or  to  September,  1471,  and  Bristol  only  fourteen 
months  or  to  July,  1472.  The  amount  of  bullion  coined  at 
both  mints  was  comparatively  small.  The  sequence  of  coins 
from  the  Prelatical  mints  of  Canterbury,  Durham,  and  York 
was  followed  through  the  vicissitudes  and  changes  of  the 
occupancy  of  the  Sees.  (This  paper  is  printed  in  this 
volume.) 


MAY  21,  1914. 

SIR  HENRY  H.  HOWORTH,  K.C.I.E.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  minutes  of  the  ordinary  meeting  of  April  16  were  read 
and  approved. 

The  Rev.  Edward  H.  Sydenham  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Society. 

The  following  Presents  to  the  Society  were  announced  and 
laid  upon  the  table,  and  thanks  ordered  to  be  sent  to  their 
donors : — 

1.  Academic  royale  de  Belgique.     Annuaire,  1914. 

62 


20  PBOCEEDINGS   OP   THE 

2.  American  Journal  of  Archaeology.     Vol.  xviii.,  Pt.  1. 

3.  Appunti  di  Numismatica  Romana  cix.     By  F.  Gnecchi. 
From  the  Author. 

4.  Bonner  Jahrbiicher.     Heft  121,  and  Beilage. 

5.  Catalogue  of  Coins  in  the  Colombo  Museum.     Part  1. 
By  H.  W.  Codrington.     From  the  Author. 

6.  Catalogue   of    Greek    Coins   in   the   British    Museum : 
Palestine.     By  G.  F.  Hill.     From  the  Trustees  of  the  British 
Museum. 

7.  Imitations  Seigneuriales  Limbourgeoises  du  XV.  Siecle. 
By  Vicomte  B.  de  Jonghe.     From  the  Author. 

8.  Journal   of  Royal    Society  of   Antiquaries   of  Ireland. 
Vol.  xliv.,  Pt.  1. 

9.  Horniman    Museum.      Report    for    1913.      From    the 
London  County  Council. 

10.  Monatsblatt  der  Numismatischen  Gesellschaft  in  Wien. 
Nos.  306  to  369. 

11.  Note  on  the  Name  Kushan.     By  J.  Allan.     From  the 
Royal  Asiatic  Society. 

12.  Revue  Numismatique.     Part  1,  1914. 

13.  The  Name  Kushan.     By  J.  F.  Fleet.     From  the  Eoyal 
Asiatic  Society. 

14.  Zeitschrift  fur  Numisrnatik.     Band  xxxi.,  Heft  3-4. 
Messrs.  G.  C.  Brooke  and  L.  G.  P.  Messenger  were  ap- 
pointed to  audit  the  Society's  accounts  for  1913—1914. 

Sir  Arthur  J.  Evans  exhibited  the  following  coins  :  a  new 
example  of  the  alteration  of  a  die  of  a  Tarentine  coin  by  the 
introduction  of  a  symbol.  The  coin  is  a  didrachm  showing  the 
horseman  with  a  flowing  chlamys  and  a  small  pegasos  below. 
A  coin  exists  (Vlasto  Coll.)  from  the  same  dies  both  in  its 
obverse  and  reverse,  but  without  the  symbol.  This  is  pro- 
bably the  badge  of  a  new  magistrate.  The  obverse  and 
reverse  types  show  affinities  in  the  Horsemen,  &c.,  Per.  iv., 
Type  E. ;  a  didrachm  of  Metapontum  (head  in  sphendone, 
single  drop  earring)  with  inscription  OAYA  clearly  visible 


EOYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  21 

behind  the  head ;  a  tetradrachm  of  Katane  with  signature 
of  Prokles  beneath  the  head  of  Apollo — one  other  example 
is  known,  in  the  Luynes  Collection ;  and  a  tetradrachm  of 
Syracuse  with  the  "large  head"  and  M,  probably  the  signa- 
ture of  Kimon  behind.  (Cf.  Tudeer,  Die  Tetradrachmenprd- 
gung  von  SyraJcus,  42,  PI.  iv.)  The  chariot  type  here  found 
in  association  with  this  was  not  known  to  Tudeer. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Earle  Fox  showed  an  unpublished  copper  coin 
of  the  Achaean  league  of  Psophis.  Obv.  AAEZAN.  Rev. 
AXAIQN  WfcNAIttN. 

Mr.  P.  H.  Webb  exhibited  three  bronze  coins  of 
Constantine  I,  viz.  : — 

1.  Obv.— CONSTANTINVS    P    F  AVG.     Bust  of  Emperor  r.,  un- 

draped,  and  with  bare  head. 

Rev. — SAPIENT  PRINCIPIS.  Altar  surmounted  by  a  bird,  to 
left  of  base  shield,  to  right  helmet.  Across  altar,  trans- 
versely, spear  pointing  r.  upwards. 

In  exergue  R  .  .  .  (Rome).  Size  13  mm.,  wt.  0-93 
gramme  (or  allowing  for  a  fracture  of  the  edge,  1  gramme). 
(Variety  of  Cohen  486.) 

This  coin  appears  to  be  of  a  denomination  less  than  the 
nummus  of  MM.  Maurice  andDattari  (see  Num.  Chron.,  1913, 
p.  431),  the  theoretic  weight  whereof  is  1*44  grammes. 

2.  Obv. — As  above. 

Rev. — FVNDAT  PACIS.  Mars  helmeted,  semi-nude,  walking  r., 
holding  r.  trophy  over  shoulder ;  his  1.  hand  dragging 
small  captive  after  him. 

In  exergue  RS.  (Rome).  Size  15  mm.,  wt.  1'36  gramme. 
(Cohen  157.) 

3.  Obv. — As  above. 

Rev.— GLORIA  PER  PET.  Two  victories  walking  r.,  between 
them  a  military  standard. 

In  exergue  RT.  (Rome).  Size  15  mm.,  weight  1'77 
gramme.  (Cohen  259.) 

Mr.  G.  F.  Hill  read  a  paper  on  "  Greek  Coins  recently 
acquired  by  the  British  Museum."  Among  the  most  notable 


22  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

pieces  were  three  coins  of  Melos  from  the  recent  find,  with 
reverses  four-spoked  wheel,  triskeles,  and  crescent ;  an  electrum 
coin  of  Ionia,  with  obv.  Pegasus,  rev.  two  incuse  squares ;  a 
copper  coin  of  Praxippos,  king  of  Lapethus  (Cyprus) ;  a 
tetradrachm  of  Timarchus,  the  usurper  who  ruled  in  Babylon 
in  162  B.C.,  of  which  only  two  other  specimens  are  known; 
and  a  tridrachm  of  the  Barcid  coinage  of  Carthago  Nova. 
(This  paper  is  printed  in  this  volume,  pp.  97-109.) 


June  18,  1914. 
ANNUAL   GENERAL   MEETING. 

SIR  HENRY  H.  HOWORTH,  K.C.I.E.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  Annual  General  Meeting  of  June  19, 
1913,  were  read  and  approved. 

Messrs.  W.  Gedney  Beattie  and  L.  G.  P.  Messenger  were 
appointed  scrutineers  of  the  ballot  for  the  ensuing  year. 

The  following  Report  of  the  Council  was  then  read  to 
the  meeting : — 

The  Council  have  again  the  honour  to  lay  before  you  their 
Annual  Report  as  to  the  state  of  the  Royal  Numismatic 
Society. 

It  is  with  deep  regret  that  they  have  to  announce  the 
death  of  one  Honorary  Fellow : — 

Dr.  Hans  Hildebrand, 
and  of  the  following  four  Fellows  : — 

Thomas  Bliss,  Esq. 

Barclay  Vincent  Head,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  D.Litt.,  Ph.D. 

W.  Talbot  Ready,  Esq. 

W.  H.  Taylor,  Esq. 


EOYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY. 


23 


They  have  also  to  announce  the  resignation  of  the  following 
six  Fellows : — 


Cumberland  Clark,  Esq. 
Edward  Francklin,  Esq. 
Edward  J.  Jekyll,  Esq.,  J.P., 
D.L. 


J.    Gordon     Langton,    Esq., 

F.C.A.,  F.I.S. 
A.  M.  Mitchison,  Esq. 
R.  N.  Roskell,  Esq. 


On  the  other  hand,  they  have  much  pleasure  in  announcing 
the  Election  of  the  following  twelve  Fellows : — 


H.     W.     Codrington,      Esq., 

M.R.A.S. 

V.  B.  Crowther-Beynon,  Esq. 
Capt.  J.  S.  Cameron. 
Richard  Dalton,  Esq. 
Sir  Thomas  Elliot,  K.C.B. 
K.u.  K.  Regierungsrat  Eduard 


William  Gilbert,  Esq. 
Sidney  William  Grose,  Esq., 

B.A. 

Robert  Kerr,  Esq.,  M.A. 
Rev.  E.  H.  Sydenham. 
Mrs.  Sidney  Streatfield. 
R.  James  Williams,  Esq. 


Fiala. 

The  number  of  Fellows  is,  therefore  : — 

Ordinal 

June,  1913 283 

Since  elected 

Deceased 

Resigned 

285 


rdinary. 

283 

Honorary. 

19 

Total. 

302 

12 

— 

12 

295 

19 

314 

4 

1 

5 

6 

— 

6 

18 


303 


The  Council  have  to  announce  that  they  have  awarded  the 
Society's  Medal  to  M.  J.  N.  Svoronos,  Keeper  of  the 
National  Museum  in  Athens,  in  recognition  of  his  dis- 
tinguished services  to  Greek  numismatics. 

The  Hon.  Treasurer's  Report,  which  follows,  was  then  laid 
before  the  meeting  : — 


STATEMENT   OF   RECEIPTS  AND   DISBURSE- 

FROM  JUNE,  1913, 
Hr.  THE  KOYAL  NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY  IN  ACCOUNT 

£    «.    d.      £    s.    d. 
To  Cost  of  Chronicle — 

Printing        .         .         .         .  .     218    7    7 

Plates  and  Illustrations          .         .  70    4    0 

288  11     7 

To  Books,  &c.   .         . 4510' 

To  Lantern  Expenses          .         .         .         .         •         •  797 

To  Bent  and  Refreshments 41  11     2 

To  Sundry  Payments 10    7    9 

Balance  in  hand — 

General  Fund .     .         .         .         .         .     245    7     5 

Eesearch  Fund     .         .         .         .         .       16     1     6 

261     8  11 

£613  14  10 


MENTS   OF  THE   ROYAL  NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY, 

TO  JUNE,  1914. 

WITH  PERCY  H.  WEBB,  HON.  TREASURER.  Cr. 


By  Balance  in  hand  — 
General  Fund 
Research  Fund 

£    s.    d.      £     i 

.  238  18     3 
.     14    3  10 

*.    d 

9       1 

By  Subscriptions.  &c. — 

2  Life  Subscriptions  .         .         .         .     31  10    0 

212  Ordinary  Subscriptions  at  £1  Is.  (less  loss 
on  foreign  cheques,  &c.)      ....  222     1     0 

8  Entrance  Fees 880 

261  19    0 

By  Sales  of  Chronicles,  &c 63     4     3 

By  Dividends  on  Investments — 

General  Fund        .         .         .         .                   .     33  11  10 
Research  Fund 1  17    8 

35     9    6 


£613  14  10 


PERCY  H.  WEBB,  Hon.  Treasurer. 


Audited  and  found  correct, 

LEOPOLD  G.  P.  MESSENGER, 
GEORGE  C.  BROOKE, 

June  27, 1914. 


>  Hon.  Auditors. 


26  PKOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

The  Reports  of  the  Council  and  of  the  Treasurer  were 
adopted  on  the  motion  of  the  President. 

The  President  referred  to  the  great  loss  sustained  by  the 
Society  by  the  death  of  Barclay  Vincent  Head,  and  moved 
that  an  expression  of  the  Society's  sympathy  in  her  bereave- 
ment be  conveyed  to  Miss  Head. 

The  President  then  handed  the  Society's  medal  to  Mr.  Allan 
to  be  forwarded  to  M.  Svoronos,  who  was  unable  to  be 
present,  and  addressed  the  meeting  as  follows  : — 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN, 

My  first  duty  to-day  is  to  present  our  medal  to  the 
scholar  who  has  been  selected  by  your  Council  for  that  dis- 
tinction. It  is  our  habit  in  giving  the  medal  to  alternate 
between  English  and  foreign  numismatists.  This  year  it  is 
the  turn  of  the  latter,  and  we  have  selected  M.  Svoronos, 
the  Keeper  of  the  great  collection  of  Greek  coins  at  Athens, 
for  the  distinction.  The  fact  that  at  so  young  an  age  he 
has  been  thought  worthy  of  such  an  honour  enhances  the 
compliment  we  are  paying  him.  Another  reason  which 
makes  his  position  notable  is  the  fact  that  he  is  the  first 
Greek  who  has  reached  the  position  of  authority  in  the 
science  of  Numismatics  which  entitles  him  to  rank  among 
the  first  exponents  of  the  study.  This  is  a  great  fact  when 
we  remember  what  a  dominating  position  Greek  coins  hold 
in  the  eyes  of  us  all.  He  began  his  career  as  a  sub- 
ordinate in  the  Athens  Museum,  where  he  worked  under 
a  patient  and  accurate  master,  Postolakka.  On  the  latter's 
death  he  succeeded  him  as  Keeper,  a  position  he  has  filled 
with  quite  remarkable  vigour  and  activity.  He  began  by 
uniting  the  old  collection  belonging  to  the  University  with 
the  smaller  one  belonging  to  the  State,  and  persuaded  the 
Greek  Government  to  pass  a  stringent  law  by  which  all 
coins  found  in  Greece  were  to  be  sent  to  the  Museum.  The 
result  of  this  has  been  a  gigantic  growth  in  the  collection, 


ROYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  27 

making  it,  so  far  as  Greek  Numismatics  are  concerned,  one 
of  the  finest  in  the  world,  as  it  ought  to  be.  One  result  we 
naturally  feel  to  be  an  embarrassment.  It  is  often  said 
that  it  is  no  use  collecting  Greek  coins  in  these  days  because 
so  few  of  them  come  into  market.  It  has  been  argued  that 
this  is  due  to  few  being  found.  It  is  rather  due  to  the 
leakage  from  Greece  having  been  largely  stopped.  This, 
again,  tempts  me  to  moralize  a  little ;  I  often  think  that 
the  great  museums  might  help  each  other  more  than  they 
do  by  the  exchange  of  duplicates.  The  passion  of  some 
collectors  to  possess  every  coin  of  the  same  type  that  exists 
and  thus  to  prevent  others  from  securing  a  specimen  is  a 
miser's  instinct,  and  not  a  scholar's.  Once  a  collection 
has  secured  an  adequate  representation  of  a  type  surely  it 
is  better  to  exchange  with  other  collections,  and  thus  to 
do  homage  to  the  cosmopolitan  character  of  science  as  repre- 
sented by  coins.  To  return  to  M.  Svoronos,  we  all  of  us 
congratulate  him  on  the  mighty  collection  he  presides  over, 
which  contains  so  many  rare  prizes,  and  we  congratulate 
the  Greek  nation  on  having  such  a  fine  scholar  and  fine 
courteous  gentleman  in  charge  of  its  numismatic  treasures. 
His  first  work  was  a  notable  monograph  on  the  Coins  of 
Crete  which  received  the  distinction  of  being  academically 
crowned.  He  has  since  written  a  great  work  in  four  volumes 
on  the  Coins  of  the  Ptolemies  which  puts  all  other  works  on 
that  series  in  the  shade.  He  has  translated  the  Corpus 
Numorum  of  our  own  Father  Anchises  Head  into  Greek, 
and  is  now  editing  a  volume  on  the  Coins  of  Athens  for 
the  great  Corpus  of  Greek  coins  published  by  the  Berlin 
Academy.  In  1898  he  founded  and  has  since  edited  the 
Journal  International  d'Archeologie  Numismatique,  in  which 
numerous  papers  from  his  pen  have  appeared.  This  is  a 
great  deal  to  have  done  in  so  short  a  space.  May  he 
continue  to  have  the  same  vigour  and  the  same  imaginative 
genius  (which  sometimes  runs  away  with  all  of  us  but 


28  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 

without  which  our  studies  are  so  often  mere  dust),  and  may 
he  found  at  Athens  a  school  of  Greek  disciples  to  help  him 
to  unravel  the  thousand  puzzles  and  mysteries  which  are  still 
hidden  in  the  lovely  and  illuminating  Coinage  of  Greece. 

You  will  convey  our  kind  thoughts  to  him,  Mr.  Allan,  and 
you  will  tell  him  that  we  English  people  put  at  the  head 
of  a  long  list  of  our  teachers  the  Greek  scholars  and  school- 
masters, Theodore  of  Canterbury  and  Hadrian,  Abbot  of 
St.  Augustine's,  and  we  at  present  close  the  list  in  one  great 
field  of  culture  with  the  name  of  Svoronos. 

Mr.  Allan  then  read  the  following  letter  of  thanks  from 
M.  Svoronos  : — 

"  DEAR  MR.  ALLAN, 

"  The  great  honour  and  token  of  appreciation 
conferred  on  me  by  the  illustrious  Royal  Numismatic  Society 
of  Great  Britain  fills  me  with  deepest  gratitude  no  less  than 
with  joy  and  pride. 

"  By  universal  consent  the  Eoyal  Numismatic  Society  and 
the  distinguished  Department  of  Coins  and  Medals  in  the 
British  Museum,  which  is  closely  linked  to  it  by  the  bonds 
of  a  common  science,  constitute  the  greatest,  most  distin- 
guished, and  most  erudite  centre  of  numismatic  research. 
In  consequence,  it  is  the  highest  honour  to  which  a  numis- 
matist can  hope  to  attain  in  his  lifetime,  to  be  named  out 
for  distinction  by  those  who  form  the  head  and  centre  of 
his  science.  The  greatest  proof  of  this  are  the  thanks  which 
your  Society  has  received  from  the  notable  array  of  univer- 
sally reputed  scholars  who  have  been  thus  honoured  by  you. 
The  more  I  am  conscious  of  my  own  insignificance  as  com 
pared  with  the  greatness  of  all  those  whom  you  have  honoured 
from  1883  down  to  the  present  day,  the  greater  is  my 
gratitude  and  pride,  most  especially  as  I  belong  to  Greece, 
the  country  which  in  olden  times  taught  other  nations  the 


ROYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  29 

highest  civilization,  and  has  left  as  an  heritage  the  glorious 
monuments  to  which  our  studies  are  above  all  directed. 
Greece,  once  the  teacher,  is  now  the  pupil,  full  of  ambition 
speedily  to  become  the  equal  of  her  teachers  and  worthy  of 
her  ancient  glory. 

"  Hereafter,  when  I  look  on  the  medal  which  you  have  con- 
ferred on  me,  I  will  remember  the  words  of  your  distin- 
guished countryman  and  our  colleague,  Arthur  Evans,  spoken 
about  the  medal  of  your  Society,  '  a  medal  seems  to  be  the 
fitting  badge  of  one  who  has  fought  a  good  fight.' 

"  I  would  end  with  this  last  conceit,  and  I  would  request 
you,  Sir,  to  act  as  my  mouthpiece,  and  ask  that  through  the 
medium  of  your  eloquence,  the  warmest  expressions  of  my 
deepest  gratitude  may  be  conveyed  to  your  distinguished 
Society. 

"  Believe  me,  Sir, 
"  Sincerely  yours, 

(Sig.)    "JEAN    N.    SVORONOS." 

The  President  then  delivered  the  following  address : — 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN, 

According  to  recent  precedent  I  shall  take  as  read  the 
obituary  notices  of  those  of  our  Fellows  who  have  left  us 
recently.  Exceptions  must  be  made,  however,  in  the  case  of 
three  of  them  with  whom  our  ties  have  been  the  closest.  First 
among  them  was  my  very  old  friend  of  many  years,  Barclay 
Head,  a  singularly  charming  personality,  gentle,  urbane,  con- 
siderate, and  kind  to  everybody,  and  full  of  knowledge  which 
was  always  at  the  service  of  his  friends.  He  was  an  ideal 
numismatist  with  a  remarkable  memory  and  a  keen  inductive 
instinct,  and  he  has  greatly  enriched  the  literature  of  our 
science.  His  monumental  work,  the  Historia  Numorum,  has 
passed  through  two  editions.  It  is  a  marvellous  monument 
of  accurate  description,  lucid  arrangement  and  wide  re- 
search, and  has  gained  the  honour  of  translation  into  Greek. 


30  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

Besides  this  he  wrote  many  notable  papers  in  our  Chronicle, 
showing  a  breadth  of  sympathy  and  an  amplitude  of  range 
and  horizon  seldom  reached,  while  eight  of  the  most  excellent 

7  O 

volumes  in  the  great  Catalogue  of  Greek  Coins  in  the  British 
Museum  are  from  his  hand. 

How  much  he  was  regarded  by  the  distinguished  cultivators 
of  our  science  may  best  be  gathered  from  the  collection  of 
Memoirs  which  were  brought  together  in  the  Corolla  Numis- 
matica  in  honour  of  him.  He  was  for  many  years  one  of  the 
editors  of  our  Chronicle  and,  until  his  health  broke  down,  a 
very  regular  attendant  at  our  meetings.  But  for  this  mis- 
fortune he  would  have  also  sat  in  this  chair,  which  I  did  my 
best  to  press  upon  him  when  I  was  constrained  by  your  pres- 
sure to  undertake  a  duty  for  which  he  and  others  were  so 
much  better  qualified.  He  has  gone  away,  like  many  others 
who  have  suffered  much  here,  to  the  land  of  peace  and  sunlight, 
and  has  left  us  a  trail  of  light  to  guide  our  own  feet,  if  we 
are  disposed  like  him  to  cherish  modesty  and  gentleness  as 
the  sovereign  virtues  of  good  men. 

A  very  constant  attendant  at  our  meetings  and  our  Council 
Board,  and  one  who  exhibited  many  rare  coins  at  our  table, 
and  was  also  a  charming  personality,  was  Mr.  Thomas  Bliss. 
We  shall  greatly  miss  him.  Lastly,  another  friend  of  us  all, 
a  remarkable  man,  Mr.  Talbot  Ready.  Few  possessed  so 
accurate  and  discriminating  an  archaeological  eye  as  he  did, 
and  his  range  was  great.  He  was  as  acute  in  discriminating 
between  false  and  true  in  the  difficult  field  of  Greek  terra- 
cottas and  Italian  fayence  as  in  that  of  sixteenth-century 
medals  and  the  whole  field  of  ancient  coins,  and  was  gifted 
with  a  great  memory.  He  also  was  a  gentle  and  sympathetic 
person,  always  willing  to  sacrifice  his  time  and  to  put  his 
knowledge  to  the  service  of  others.  The  British  Museum  and 
its  coin  room  will  miss  him  greatly ;  with  him  disappears  the 
last  representative  of  the  great  firm  of  Rollin  and  Feuardent 
in  London,  and  a  notable  figure  among  our  friends. 


ROYAL  NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  31 

Another  successful  year  has  been  added  to  the  now  vener- 
able age  of  this  Society  which  for  so  long  collected  round  its 
hospitable  table  all  the  serious  students  of  Numismatics  in 
this  realm.  Since  our  last  Annual  Gathering  our  meetings 
have  been  well  attended,  our  discussions  have  been  animated 
and  profitable,  the  papers  contributed  to  our  Journal  have 
more  than  reached  the  level  of  former  years,  our  family  affairs 
have  been  conducted,  I  hope,  with  marked  friendliness  and 
good  humour,  and  our  intercourse  with  our  younger  rival, 
which  also  shows  proof  of  marked  vitality,  has  been  friendly 
and  sympathetic.  All  this,  I  think,  you  will  agree  with 
me,  is  a  pleasant  retrospect  for  us  all,  and  for  no  one  more  so 
than  for  the  present  occupant  of  this  chair.  You  have  con- 
tinuously treated  him  with  much  cordiality  and  kindness  and 
with  much  consideration  for  shortcomings.  I  hope  he  may 
have  partially  succeeded  in  any  efforts  he  may  have  made  to 
help  you  according  to  his  opportunities  and  gifts  to  maintain 
peace  at  home  and  abroad,  to  encourage  the  shy  and  timid 
to  make  their  voices  heard,  and  perhaps  also  to  widen  the 
scope  of  our  science  by  reminding  you  betimes  that  we  are 
historians  as  well  as  collectors  and  cataloguers  of  coins,  and 
that  we  have  the  duty  (here  at  all  events)  of  studying  and 
analysing  the  coinage  of  the  whole  world  and  not  merely  of 
limiting  ourselves  to  our  domestic  issues.  If  in  this  work  I 
have  in  any  way  gained  your  approval  I  can  only  say  that  the 
reason  for  any  success  in  the  effort  has  been  due  really  to  the 
loyalty  and,  may  I  say,  affectionate  ties  which  have  bound  us 
all  together,  and  which  have  not  even  led  you  to  reprove  and 
resent  occasional  digressions  into  the  fields  of  playfulness 
which  from  primeval  times  have  been  found  useful  in  watering 
the  arid  sands  of  science.  Ladies  and  gentlemen,  the  time 
has  come  for  me  to  quit  this  chair.  It  ought  to  have  come 
before  and  would  have  done  so  if  we  had  not  had  to  steer 
through  some  shoals  and  rocks,  which  perhaps  needed  the 
quality  of  tact  rather  than  any  endowment  of  wisdom.  I  am 


32  PBOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

strongly  of  opinion  that  it  is  only  exceptional  circumstances 
which  can  justify  so  long  a  term  as  I  have  had  in  the  Presi- 
dency. It  is  good  for  the  Society  and  for  Numismatics  that 
its  Presidential  chair  should  pass  on  at  shorter  intervals  from 
one  of  its  Fellows  to  another  so  that  fresh  minds  and  fresh 
ideas  should  be  put  at  its  service,  .and  it  is  fortunate  indeed 
that  we  should  have  so  many  among  us  whose  gifts  and 
qualities  so  eminently  fit  them  for  the  position  and  notably 
their  possessing  a  commanding  and  wide  knowledge  of  the 
science  of  Numismatics,  which  I  cannot  pretend  to  rival.  My 
own  role  in  life  has  been  that  of  an  historian  who  has  used 
coins  galore  in  his  work  and  who  in  his  heart  loves  coins  as 
historical  documents  of  the  first  class  rather  than  as  a  syste- 
matic numismatist  loves  them.  It  is  pleasant  indeed  for  me 
to  find  myself  succeeded  by  one  whom  I  have  known  intimately 
and  have  greatly  regarded  since  he  was  a  boy.  He  has  made 
himself  famous  in  more  fields  of  archaeology  than  one,  and  as 
a  numismatist  has  written  monographs  of  the  first  quality. 
Lastly,  he  has  another  special  qualification  for  this  post, 
namely,  that  he  is  a  famous  collector  and  has  put  his  collec- 
tions, and  will,  I  know,  put  them  often  again,  at  the  service  of 
the  Society.  I  wish  him  every  success,  and  I  know  that  you 
will  be  as  kind  to  him  as  you  have  been  to  me.  It  is  pleasant, 
ladies  and  gentlemen,  to  be  able  to  sing  my  "  Nunc  Dimittis  " 
with  these  thoughts  and  these  words. 

Let  me  now  turn  from  personal  matters  to  others  more 
interesting.  Last  year  I  ventured  to  bring  before  you  the 
question  of  the  two  Numismatic  Societies  uniting  in  one  effort 
to  bring  out  a  new  edition  of  Ruding's  Annals,  which  should 
incorporate  the  great  mass  of  documents  which  have  turned 
up  since  the  last  edition  and  also  include  a  complete  corpus 
of  English  coins  up  to  date.  The  project  was  approved  by 
unanimous  votes  in  both  societies,  whose  members  considered 
that  their  country  which  is  so  rich  in  numismatists  and  so  rich 
in  documents  should  not  be  behind  France,  Italy,  and  Spain, 


ROYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  33 

in  having  a  more  or  less  complete  and  up-to-date  monograph 
on  its  coins.  The  matter  has  been  delayed  by  accident,  but  I 
hope  that  it  will  take  a  practical  start  in  the  course  of  next 
year,  and  that  the  opportunity  of  utilizing  the  phenomenal 
number  of  skilled  English  numismatists  who  are  now  available 
will  not  be  lost. 

It  is  a  satisfaction  to  us  all,  I  am  sure,  that  the  British 
Museum  has  after  much  delay  initiated  a  series  of  volumes 
on  the  English  coins  later  than  the  Conquest  in  the  National 
Collection  by  a  volume  now  in  progress  on  the  coinage  of 
the  Norman  Kings.  This  is  being  edited  with  skilled  and 
learned  scholarship  by  Mr.  Brooke,  whose  presence  at  our 
meetings  is  as  welcome  to  those  who  love  the  sunshine  as  to 
those  who  wish  English  coins  to  be  treated  according  to  the 
very  latest  methods  of  analysis.  We  all  hope  he  may  live  to 
see  the  whole  English  series  through. 

Mr.  Hill,  who  now  presides  over  the  Coin  Department  of 
the  British  Museum  with  so  much  accurate  and  far-reaching 
knowledge  and  taste,  has  brought  out  a  volume  of  the  highest 
interest  to  historians  as  well  as  coin-men,  namely,  a  catalogue 
of  the  very  rich  collection  of  Jewish  Coins  in  the  Museum, 
which  is  now  by  far  the  most  important  in  the  world.  The 
series  of  coins  there  described  is  naturally  attractive  to  a 
public  outside  that  of  regular  numismatists.  It  is  a  difficult 
series  to  arrange  and  not  attractive  artistically,  and  the  fine 
and  illuminating  memoir  on  it  by  Madden  has  naturally 
become  largely  obsolete.  I  need  not  say  that  the  work  is 
admirably  done.  This  does  not  mean  that  every  one  will 
agree  svith  the  author  in  all  matters;  our  Fellow,  Mr.  Rogers, 
who  is  quoted  several  times  in  it,  I  believe  has  other  views  on 
some  details.  It  would  make  Numismatics  a  forlorn  study  if 
its  puzzles  and  problems  were  to  be  finally  exhausted  by  any 
inquirer,  however  skilled.  What  we  want  and  what  we  value 
far  beyond  any  final  decision  on  difficulties  and  ambiguities 
in  matters  of  detail  is  the  presence  in  such  works  as  this  of 

c 


34  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

the  scientific  method  and  precision  at  their  best  in  describing 
the  style  of  the  coins,  the  meaning  of  the  types  and  also  the 
wide  knowledge  of  the  literature  of  the  subject,  and  this  I 
think  you  will  agree  that  you  are  pretty  sure  to  find  at  least 
in  the  later  volumes  of  the  Museum  Catalogues  and  notably 
in  that  edited  by  Mr.  Hill. 

In  looking  through  the  pages  of  this  and  other  Catalogues 
of  the  Greek  Series,  one  thing  which  has  often  struck  me  as 
not  quite  logical  or  illuminating  is  the  arrangement  of  the  two 
great  series  of  classical  coins.  I  am  speaking  now  as  a  pro- 
fessed historian  whose  work  has  necessitated  a  continual  use 
of  coins  as  witnesses  of  the  best  kind  and  not  as  a  systematic 
cataloguer  of  coins,  and  my  purpose  is  the  facilitating  of  the 
use  of  coins  for  historical  study  and  not  the  convenience  of 
finding  coins  in  a  series  of  cabinets. 

I  have  always  felt  that  the  coinage  of  the  later  Roman 
Republic  and  the  Empire  has  been  arranged  and  catalogued 
rather  in  the  interest  of  the  coin-man  than  the  historian — that 
is  to  say,  rather  in  the  interests  of  those  who  are  engaged  in 
analysing  the  various  issues  by  particular  mints  than  accord- 
ing to  the  strictly  historical  needs  of  the  student.  Let  me  be 
more  precise  and  concrete.  When  I  am  writing  a  monograph 
on  a  Roman  Emperor  I  want  to  know  and  to  study  all  available 
materials  for  his  history,  including  the  coins  he  has  issued. 
I  want  to  know  where  and  when  he  struck  coins  and  what 
those  coins  have  to  say  about  him  and  the  period  when  he 
reigned,  and  to  illustrate  that  reign,  by  all  the  information 
which  can  be  gathered  from  coins  about  the  local  magistracy, 
the  religious  rites,  the  special  gods  worshipped,  the  records  of 
victories,  the  commemoration  of  the  dignities  held  by  himself 
and  his  family,  &c.  The  separate  history  of  each  particular 
mint  from  its  rise  to  its  fall  is  an  interesting  study,  but 
nothing  like  so  important  as  the  utilization  of  coins  to 
illustrate  a  particular  epoch.  By  the  method  of  arranging 
the  coins  of  the  Empire,  which  prevails  among  numismatists, 


EOYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  35 

that  important  series  is  sharply  divided  into  two  entirely 
different  classes  described  in  different  volumes  by  different 
men.  Those  with  Latin  inscriptions  and  struck  at  European 
mints  are  put  together  under  the  Emperor  in  whose  reign 
they  were  struck  and  arranged  under  his  name  geographically 
and  also  chronologically.  You  do  not  take  all  the  coins 
issued  at  Siscia  or  London  or  Tarragona  respectively  and 
put  them  all  together  in  a  continuous  series,  under  each  of 
their  mint  groups,  but  you  distribute  them  among  the  various 
Emperors  who  issued  them.  When  we  turn,  however,  to  the 
coins  struck  by  the  same  Emperors  or  during  their  reigns  by 
the  subject  towns,  which  are  inscribed  not  in  Roman  letters 
but  in  Greek  or  Aramaic  or  Jewish  letters  and  coined  in  the 
Eastern  dominions  of  the  Empire,  they  are  treated  in  an 
entirely  different  way.  The  coins  are  then  treated  not  as 
local  issues  of  one  Imperial  master,  but  as  the  successors  of 
the  autonomous  series  of  the  mint  towns  which  were  struck 
before  the  Romans  became  their  masters,  and  are  scattered 
through  endless  volumes  and  pages  of  the  Catalogues  of  the 
Greek  series,  and  can  only  be  discovered  by  hunting  for  each 
coin  individually,  at  a  great  loss  of  time  and  temper  by  those 
who  have  a  vast  mass  of  literature  to  read  through  in  their 
work  beside  coins.  Why  a  coin  of  Hadrian,  for  instance, 
struck  at  Rome,  or  Lyons,  or  Treves  should  be  catalogued 
under  the  coins  of  Hadrian  while  the  coins  of  the  same 
Emperor  struck  at  Ephesus,  or  Miletus,  or  Philippi,  should 
not  even  be  mentioned  in  treating  of  the  coinage  of  his  reign, 
passes  my  comprehension.  The  fact  that  the  inscriptions  on 
the  coins  of  Hadrian  are  written  in  different  alphabets  and 
languages  does  not  affect  the  first  element  in  them,  namely, 
that  they  are  coins  of  Hadrian.  The  series  of  his  coins 
enables  us  to  understand  better  than  any  of  his  monuments, 
the  extent  of  his  empire,  the  vast  and  wide-reaching  activities 
of  that  very  ideal  and  gifted  ruler,  the  changes  made  in 
his  reign  and  the  local  officers  he  employed.  I  mention 


36  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

Hadrian  because  probably  the  most  interesting  of  his  labours 
were  what  he  did  in  the  eastern  parts  of  his  dominion  and 
especially  in  the  Greek  world  which  he  so  greatly  cherished, 
but  the  same  argument  applies  to  many  other  Roman 
Emperors.  It  is  quite  true  that  in  all  sciences  you  have 
overlaps  and  that  you  have  to  treat  the  same  facts  from  two 
or  more  points  of  view ;  that  for  different  purposes  you  want  to 
know  the  history  of  all  the  issues  of  a  particular  mint  as  well 
as  all  the  issues  of  a  particular  Emperor.  The  ideal  system 
would  no  doubt  be  to  have  a  double  catalogue.  This  ideal 
standard,  however,  like  most  ideal  things,  including  men  and 
women,  is  practically  unattainable  and  the  question  remains, 
which  is  the  most  useful  method  of  arrangement  in  cataloguing 
coins ;  to  treat  them  as  historical  monuments  or  as  the  different 
kinds  of  local  money,  a  point  on  which  the  numismatist  and 
the  historian  would  probably  not  agree.  I  should  like  to 
suggest  a  compromise.  There  is  a  plan  which  was  followed 
by  the  older  numismatists  and  which  was  also  followed 
partially  and  imperfectly  in  later  times  in  Babelon's  Cata- 
logues, which  would,  if  more  elaborately  carried  out,  meet 
the  difficulty  I  am  mentioning.  I  tried  to  persuade  my  friend 
Grueber  to  adopt  it  in  his  learned  work  on  the  Coinage  of 
Republican  Rome,  which  is  a  vast  magazine  of  information 
on  a  difficult  and  involved  subject.  The  plan  I  would 
suggest,  which  might  perhaps  be  adopted  in  the  volumes 
dealing  with  the  Imperial  series,  is  to  put  at  the  end  of 
the  coinage  of  each  emperor  an  alphabetical  list  of  all  the 
known  so-called  Greek  Imperial  coins  struck  in  the  reign  with 
a  reference  in  each  case  to  the  volume  of  the  Greek  series  or 
the  monograph  or  treatise  where  each  coin  has  been  described 
and  is  discussed  in  detail.  May  I  commend  the  suggestion  to 
my  friends  Mr.  Hill  and  Mr.  Mattingly,  the  latter  of  whom 
is  preparing  the  first  volume  of  the  Roman  Imperial  Series. 
In  default  of  this  solution  could  not  one  of  them  give  us 
a  special  volume  containing  a  list  of  Imperial  Greek  coins 


ROYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  37 

arranged  under  Emperors?  I  know  nothing  that  could  be 
more  welcome  to  the  serious  students  of  Roman  history  and 
that  is  more  needed.  As  I  am  on  the  subject  of  catalogues, 
may  I  venture  to  depart  again  from  the  conventional  methods 
of  my  predecessors  in  this  chair  and  to  say  something  on 
another  aspect  of  the  question.  When  you  have  to  face  the 
stupendous  task  of  cataloguing  such  a  collection  of  coins,  for 
instance,  as  that  in  the  British  Museum,  it  is  difficult  to 
know  where  to  begin  and  what  series  to  select  for  cataloguing. 
The  usual  solution  in  such  cases1  has  been  to  start  at  some 
arbitrary  point  and  to  drive  along  the  level  road  that  leads 
from  the  beginning  of  the  series  to  the  end.  This  is  perhaps 
the  best  plan  for  the  cataloguers,  but  it  may  not  be  the  best 
plan  for  the  historian  and  the  man  who  has  his  eye  on  the 
whole  known  series,  whether  in  any  particular  museum  or  not. 
To  me  it  is  better  that  a  series  which  interests  me  and  would 
help  me  in  my  work  should  be  published  in  my  lifetime  rather 
than  a  hundred  years  hence.  It  seems  to  me  therefore  that 
in  cataloguing  a  great  collection  of  coins  those  series  should 
be  first  attacked  which  have  been  hitherto  neglected,  and  on 
which  no  modern  or  tolerable  monograph  exists,  especially  in 
English ;  secondly,  those  in  which  the  particular  museum  is 
most  rich,  and  in  which  therefore  the  catalogue  will  most 
completely  cover  the  whole  subject  of  the  series ;  and  thirdly, 
those  in  which  there  happens  to  be  the  greatest  number  of 
students  who  need  help  and  assistance  from  such  a  catalogue, 
and  whom  it  is  our  duty  to  assist. 

Let  me  be  more  concrete.  I  will  illustrate  my  meaning  by 
the  Indian  series  in  the  Museum.  The  Coinages  of  India 
before  the  Mohammadan  conquest  have  been  the  object  of 
assiduous  attention  and  work  in  endless  memoirs  in  the  trans- 
actions of  the  Bengal  and  Bombay  Societies,  and  in  the  works 
of  Thomas,  Prinsep,  Cunningham,  Rapson,  Vincent  Smith,  &'c., 
and  may  be  said  to  be  very  well  known.  Two  volumes 
dealing  with  the  subject  have  appeared  among  the  recent 

c'2 


38  PROCEEDINGS   OF    THE 

British  Museum  Catalogues— one  by  Rapson  on  the  Andhra 
and  Ksatrapa  Coins,  and  the  other  by  Allan,  which  was 
recently  published,  on  the  Gupta  Coins,  both  of  them  models 
of  the  best  kind  and  both  of  them  much  needed.  The  next 
series  to  be  treated,  if  the  whole  Indian  Coinage  is  to  be 
treated  from  end  to  end  continuously,  would  bring  us  to  the 
pre-Mohammadan  coins  of  Hindustan  and  its  border,  a  sub- 
ject upon  which  nearly  everything  that  is  known  at  present 
is  available  in  the  works  above  mentioned. 

On  the  other  hand,  there  are  two  series  which  loudly  cry 
for  consideration  at  an  early  date,  and  for  different  reasons. 
The  first  is  the  Sassanian  Coinage.  I  must  not  enlarge  to 
any  one  who  has  studied  Eastern  history  (I  spent  thirty 
years  at  it  myself)  on  the  very  important  part  played  by  the 
famous  dynasty  of  Sasan,  the  successors  of  the  Parthians,  and 
the  predecessors  of  the  Arabs  as  the  masters  of  Persia  and 
Central  Asia.  They  had  an  immense  influence  on  the 
renascence  of  Zoroastrianism  and  on  the  literature  and  the 
arts  of  the  east  in  the  pre-Mohammadan  times,  an  influence 
which  has  been  shown  by  Stein  and  others  to  have  penetrated 
to  the  very  borders  of  China. 

We  know  from  other  sources  how  it  also  greatly  affected 
the  arts  and  especially  the  coinage  of  India,  where  several 
series  are  directly  derived  in  their  types  from  the  Sassanian 
coins.  It  is  quite  lamentable  that  under  these  circumstances 
there  should  be  no  monograph  of  any  kind  available  in 
English  or  in  any  continental  language  except  Russian 
dealing  with  the  series.  In  English  my  old  friend  Thomas 
half  a  century  or  more  ago  did  some  excellent  work  on 
some  of  the  Sassanian  coins,  as  you  may  see  by  turning  to 
the  older  numbers  of  the  Chronicle,  but  nothing  whatever 
adequate  or  approaching  adequacy  exists  in  English.  If  you 
add  to  this  that  the  British  Museum  is  most  exceptionally 
rich,  probably  by  far  the  richest,  of  any  coin  collection  in  the 
Sassanian  series,  you  may  combine  some  excellent  reasons  for 


EOYAL  NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  39 

cataloguing  it  as  soon  as  may  be.  These  reasons  become 
almost  dramatic  when  you  happen  to  have  a  particularly 
gifted  person  for  this  kind  of  work  available  in  my  versatile 
friend  Allan.  It  rather  strengthens  my  plea  that  Mr.  Hill 
is  at  this  moment  attacking  a  very  difficult  and  to  myself 
and  others  most  important  series  in  view  of  the  historical 
puzzles  to  be  unravelled,  which  is  really  a  kind  of  complement 
of  the  later  Parthian  and  of  the  Sassanian  series,  and  deals 
with  the  later  Aramaic  coinages  of  Mesopotamia,  Persis, 
Idumaea,  &c.,  which  have  been  the  subject  matter  of  many 
polemics.  This  volume  will  fill  an  almost  absolute  void  in 
our  own  numismatic  literature. 

Let  us  now  say  a  word  or  two  about  another  side  of  the 
cataloguing  question.  In  olden  days  it  has  been  the  custom 
to  buy  coins  largely  for  the  National  Collection  in  order  not 
so  much  to  fill  gaps  everywhere,  as  to  strengthen  the 
particular  series  in  process  of  being  catalogued.  This  is  not 
a  bad  plan,  when  as  unfortunately  happens  too  often  in 
English  Museums  the  Treasury  grant  is  so  miserably  insuffi- 
cient, but  there  are  limits  to  it.  My  own  view  is  that  it  is 
far  more  important  for  students  that  the  Museum  should  com- 
plete those  series  as  far  as  it  can  in  which  it  is  most  rich  rather 
than  those  in  which  it  is  most  poor.  It  is  where  the  finest 
collections  exist  that  the  student  will  naturally  turn  for  his 
best  help,  and  we  ought  to  make  his  path  as  easy  as  we  can 
by  making  the  already  rich  collection  as  complete  as  we  can. 

Lastly,  there  is  the  question  of  reprinting  catalogues.  The 
fact  that  a  catalogue  is  out  of  print  is  the  best  proof  of  the 
number  of  people  who  have  found  it  useful,  and  the  best 
excuse  for  reprinting  it.  This  is  not  the  only  reason,  however. 
There  are  some  others  sometimes  which  are  even  more  pressing. 

Take  the  so-called  Indo-Bactrian  and  Indo-Scythian  Series. 
Thanks  to  the  almost  unparalleled  generosity  of  my  old  friend 
and  master,  General  Cunningham,  the  British  Museum  col- 
lection, which  was  formerly  deemed  very  rich,  has  been  more 


40  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

than  doubled.  It  is  now  quite  beyond  the  reach  of  competition 
and  very  nearly  complete.  No  work  is  crying  louder  for  re- 
publication  than  a  new  edition  of  the  volume  dealing  with  this 
series  and  incorporating  Cunningham's  additions,  which  as  I 
have  said  have  more  than  doubled  it.  It  is  due  to  his  memory 
and  to  the  obligations  many  of  us  owe  to  him  that  this  work 
should  be  done  before  long.  It  ought  indeed  to  have  been 
done  years  ago,  not  merely  on  grounds  of  affectionate  loyalty 
to  one  of  the  Great  Masters  in  our  science,  but  to  the  very 
great  importance  of  the  series  in  illustrating  the  art,  my- 
thology, and  history  of  our  great  dependency  and  its  border 
lands,  including  Parthia.  A  similar  need  has  been  felt  by 
many  of  us  for  a  reprint  of  the  early  volumes  of  the  Greek 
Catalogue,  especially  that  dealing  with  the  coins  of  Italy,  the 
Museum  series  of  which  has  been  greatly  enlarged  since  the 
Catalogue  was  made.  Apart  from  this,  that  volume  in  method, 
in  illustrations,  and  otherwise  is  now  quite  obsolete,  while  the 
series  of  coins  comprised  in  it  is  itself  of  surpassing  value  in 
solving  the  paradoxes  of  early  Italian  history. 

I  have  to  apologize  for  devoting  this  address  to  certain 
practical  everyday  and  pressing  matters  connected  with  our 
studies  rather  than  to  an  account  of  the  recent  literature  of 
Numismatics,  which  would  have  been  really  "  chewing  the 
cud  "  and  repeating  an  old  story  already  known  to  you.  It 
is  not  indeed  easy  to  find  a  subject  for  an  address  like  this 
which  is  not  stale  and  otiose.  You  will  pardon  me  if  I  have 
failed  to  interest  you.  In  conclusion,  let  me  once  more  thank 
you  all  for  the  many  happy  hours  I  have  spent  with  you  in 
this  room,  for  your  consideration  and  patience  and  urbanity. 
May  all  the  pleasant  things  which  kind  thoughts  can  suggest 
attend  you  and  all  you  love  best.  Lastly,  let  me  commend 
you  as  a  parting  gift  some  lines  of  an  old  writer  whom  I 
greatly  love,  Sir  Thomas  Browne.  They  have  a  scent  of 
rosemary  and  lavender  about  them,  and  embody  the  thoughts 
I  would  leave  with  you.  He  was  not  a  very  orthodox  person, 


EOYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY.  41 

but  his  fine  words  may  help  to  lift  students  like  ourselves  to 
a  higher  plane,  which  science  with  all  its  great  achievements 
is  apt  to  blind  us  to.  "  There  is  no  sanctum  sanctorum  in 
philosophy,"  he  says,  "the  world  was  made  to  be  inhabited 
by  beasts,  but  studied  and  contemplated  by  man ;  'tis  the 
debt  of  our  reason  we  owe  unto  God,  and  the  homage  that 
we  pay  for  not  being  beasts.  The  wisdom  of  God  receives 
small  honour  from  those  vulgar  heads  that  rudely  stare  about, 
and  with  a  gross  rusticity  admire  his  works.  Those  highly 
magnify  Him  whose  judicious  inquiry  into  His  arts,  and 
deliberate  research  into  His  creation,  return  the  duty  of  a 
devout  and  learned  admiration.  Therefore 

"  '  Search  while  thou  wilt ;  and  let  thy  reason  go 
To  ransom  truth,  e'en  to  the  abyss  below. 
Rally  the  scattered  causes,  and  that  line 
Which  Nature  twists  be  able  to  untwine. 

*  *  *  *  » 

Give  thou  my  reason  that  instructive  flight 
Whose  weary  wings  may  on  thy  hands  still  light. 
Teach  me  to  soar  aloft,  yet  ever  so 
When  near  the  sun  to  stoop  again  below. 
Thus  shall  my  humble  feathers  safely  hover 
And  though  near  earth  more  than  the  heavens  discover, 
And  then  at  last,  when  homeward  I  shall  drive 
Rich  with  the  spoils  of  nature  to  my  hive, 
There  will  I  sit,  like  that  industrious  fly, 
Buzzing  thy  praises  ;  which  shall  never  die 
Till  death  abrupts  them,  and  succeeding  glory 
Bids  me  go  on  in  a  more  lasting  story.'  " 

The  President  then  announced  the  result  of  the  ballot  for 
office-bearers  for  1914-1915  as  follows  :  — 

President. 

SIR  ARTHUR  J.  EVANS,  P.S.A.,  M.A.,  D.Lrrr.,  LL.D., 
PH.D.,  F.R.S. 

Vice-Presidents. 

H.  B.  EARLE  Fox,  ESQ. 

SIR  HENRY  H.  HOWORTH,  K.C.I.E.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 


42      PROCEEDINGS   OF    THE    ROYAL   NUMISMATIC   SOCIETY. 

Treasurer. 
PERCY  H.  WEBB,  ESQ. 

Secretaries. 

JOHN  ALLAN,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  M.R.A.S. 
FREDERICK  A.  WALTERS,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 

Foreign  Secretary. 
GEORGE  FRANCIS  HILL,  ESQ.,  M.A. 

Librarian. 
OLIVER  CODRINGTON,  ESQ.,  M.D.,  F.S.A.,  M.R.A.S. 

Members  of  the  Council. 

G.  C.  BROOKE,  ESQ.,  B.A. 

Miss  HELEN  FARQUHAR. 

HERBERT  A.  GRUEBER,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 

W.  J.  HOCKING,  ESQ. 

L.  A.  LAWRENCE,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 

J.  GRAPTON  MILNE,  ESQ.,  M.A. 

REV.  ROBERT  SCOTT  MYLNE,  M.A.,  B.C.L.,  F.S.A. 

F.  W.  VOYSEY  PETERSON,  ESQ.,  B.C.S.  (retd.) 

EDWARD  SHEPHERD,  ESQ. 

HENRY  SYMONDS,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 

A  vote  of   thanks  to  the  President  was  moved   by  Mr. 
H.  B.  Earle  Fox  and  seconded  by  Mr.  Hill. 


XIII. 
THE   SILVER  COINAGE  OF  SMYRNA. 

(See  Plates  XVI.-XVIII.) 

THE  following  paper  deals  only  with  the  main  silver 
series  struck  at  Smyrna — the  tetradrachms  and  drachms 
of  Attic  weight  issued  during  the  second  and  first 
centuries  B.C.  In  these  two  series  it  is  possible,  by 
comparison  of  the  dies,  to  ascertain  with  a  reasonable 
degree  of  probability  the  sequence  of  the  magistrates 
responsible  for  the  coins ;  and  they  therefore  offer  the 
best  starting-point  for  an  attempt  to  classify  chrono- 
logically the  whole  of  the  autonomous  issues.  In  a 
future  paper  I  hope  to  deal  with  the  much  more  plenti- 
ful, but  more  puzzling,  bronze  coinage.  For  the  present 
also  the  other  issues  of  silver — Sir  Hermann  Weber's 
tetradrachm  of  Kolophonian  types,  the  tetradrachms  of 
Lysimachos  and  of  the  Alexandrine  series,  and  the 
cistophori — are  left  aside,  together  with  the  solitary 
issue  of  gold. 

In  the  list  of  coins  given  are  included  and  numbered 
all  the  specimens  of  which  I  have  been  able  to  obtain 
casts  or  to  see  satisfactory  reproductions.  A  few  others 
are  noted  which  are  mentioned  in  catalogues  but  are 
not  figured.  In  some  cases  I  have  suggested  the  identity 
of  a  specimen  described  in  one  catalogue  with  another 
of  the  same  types,  from  the  same  dies,  and  of  the  same 

NUM.  CHKON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES  IV.  U 


274  .1.    G.    INILNE. 

weight,  described  elsewhere ;  but  I  have  added  a  mark 
of  interrogation  except  where  I  could  get  a  definite 
statement  of  the  identity. 

The  tetradrachms  fall  into  three  series,  distinguished 
by  the  types  of  the  reverse,  the  obverse  type  remaining 
the  same  throughout.  There  is  no  change  in  the  types 
of  the  drachms,  which  range  with  the  second  and  third 
series  of  the  tetradrachms. 


FIRST   SERIES:   TETRADRACHMS. 

Obv.  —  Head  of  Kybele  (or  Amazon  Smyrna  as  city  goddess) 
r.,  wearing  crown  of  three  turrets  ;  hair  knotted 
behind  and  fallin  in  two  locks. 


Rev.  —  JY/Ak.  and  monogram  below  ;  whole  in  oak-wreath. 


k. 
NAIQN 


1.  AKIST(ION  ?). 

(a)   London   (B.   M.    G.   3) :    33   mm.,   16-44  grins. 
(1)  Petrogracl :  34  mm.,  16-20  grms. 

(c)  Paris  (Waddington  1929)  :  33  mm.,  15-97  grms. 
(<l)  E.  F.  Weber  sale  (lot  2942):  36  mm., 
15-97  grms. 

2.  POSEIDONIOS. 

(a)  Berlin  (Inihoof)  :  33  mm.,  15-88  grms.  (6)  Berlin 
(Lobbecke)  :  35  mm.,  16-26  grms.  (c)  Brussels 
(C.  H.):  35  mm.,  16-63  grms.  (d)  Oxford 
(Bodley  Greek  767) :  35  mm.,  16-58  grins, 
(e)  Paris  (4156) :  35  mm.  (/)  J.  G.  Milne : 
34  mm.,  15-64  grins,  (edge  cut).  (<j)  J.  G. 
Milne  (==  Hirsch's  sale  17/11/13,  lot  845): 
33  mm.,  15-85  grms.  (h)  Berlin  duplicates  sale 
(lot  487) :  33  mm.,  15-9  grms.  (f)  Carfrae  sale 
(lot  260);  35  mm.,  16-0  grms.  (/)  Montagu 
sale  (lot  583) :  33  mm.,  16-26  grms. 


THE   SILVER   COINAGE    OF   SMYKNA.  275 


3.  MENEKKATES. 

(a)  Berlin  (Ace.  28786)  :  35  mm.,  16-02  grms. 
(6)  London  (B.  M.  G.  4) :  35  mm.,  16-62  grms. 
(c)  Naples  (8180) :  34  mm.,  16-62  grms.  (d) 
Rhousopoulos  sale  (lot  3775)  :  35-5  mm.,  16' 53 
grms.  (e)  Hirsch's  sale  17/11/13  (lot  844) 
(?  =  Prowe  sale  1914,  lot  1021) :  36  mm.,  16-52 
grms. 

4.    ZOPYROS? 

(a)  Glasgow  (Hunter  cat.  1)  :  34  mm.,  16-61  grms. 
(b)  Hague  :  33  mm.,  16-1  grms.  (c)  Paris  (de 
Luynes  2286)  :  34  mm.,  16-30  grms.  (d)  Petro- 
grad  :  34  mm.,  16-65  grms.  (e)  M.  R. 
Jameson :  34  mm.,  16-67  grms.  (/)  Sir  H. 
Weber:  33  mm.,  16-71  grms.  (g)  J.  G.  Milne 
(=  Benson  sale  lot  690)  :  34  mm.,  15-38  grms. 
(h)  Philipsen  sale  (lot  2212)  :  37  mm.,  15-48 
grms.  (i)  Hess's  sale  7/10/07  (lot  750):  37 
mm.,  15-85  grms.  (/)  Prowe  sale  1914  (lot 
1022)  :  35  mm.,  15-30  grms. 

[Lot  198  of  the  Bunbury  sale,  catalogued  as 
"monogram  of  TEY  " — weight  16-07  grms. — 
presumably  belonged  to  this  type ;  as  it  was  not 
illustrated,  its  further  identification  is  impracti- 
cable.] 

5.  METRODOROS. 

(a)  Cambridge  (Leake  suppl.) :  32  mm.,  16-15  grms. 

(b)  Glasgow  (Hunter  cat.  2)  :  33  mm.,  16'41  grms. 

(c)  Delbeke    sale    (lot    194)    (1  —  Merzbacher's    sale 

15/11/10,  lot  708)  :  37  mm.,  16-26  grms. 

[There  is  a  specimen  of  this  type  in  the  McClean 
collection  at  Cambridge — weight  14-41  grms. — 
which  appears  to  be  a  cast  from  the  Leake  coin 
— No.  5  (a) — in  the  same  cabinet.  The  Vienna 
cabinet  has  a  forgery,  with  the  monogram  of  the 
same  form  as  (c) — No.  15771,  weight  17'67  grms. ; 
another  specimen  of  this  forgery,  from  the  same 
dies,  is  at  Naples — No.  8181,  weight  18-5  grms.] 

U2 


276  J.    G.    MILNE. 

The  obverse  dies  used  in  this  series  occur  as  follows  : 

A.  1   (a)  [PL  XVI.],  (6),  (c),  (d),  [(c)  and  (d)  same   rev. 

.  die]  ;  2  (6),  (c),  (e),  (g),  (/*),  (,/),  [(e)  and  (g)  same  rev. 
die];  3  (a),  (6),  (c),  (e). 

B.  2  (a),  (d)  [PI.  XVI.]- 

C.  2  (/)  [PL  XVL],  (0. 

D.  3(d);4(c)[Pl.  XVI.],  (d),  (» ;  5  (&). 

E.  4  (a)  [PL  XVI.],  for) ;  5  (a).  « 

F.  4  (6). 

G.  4  (e)  [PL  XVI.],  (A). 

H.  4  (/)  [PL  XVL],  (*)  [same  rev.  die]. 
I.  5  (c)  [PL  XVL] . 

There  is  no  great  difficulty  in  determining  the  order 
in  which  the  magistrates  of  this  series  should  be  placed. 
From  a  comparison  of  the  casts  of  the  various  specimens 
it  is  quite  clear  that,  in  the  case  of  the  coins  struck  from 
die  A,  the  examples  of  type  1  are  earliest  in  date  ;  on 
those  of  types  2  and  3  slight  flaws  in  the  die  appear, 
which  are  rather  more  marked  in  type  3  than  in  type  2.1 
The  order  of  these  three  magistrates  is  therefore  fairly 
certain.  The  use  of  die  D  gives  a  connexion  for  types  3, 
4,  and  5.  I  have  not  got  a  cast  of  the  coin  3  (d),  but, 
so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the  illustration  in  the 
Uhousopo'ulos  sale  catalogue,  it  was  struck  before  the 
examples  of  types  4  and  5  which  are  from  the  same  die. 
In  the  case  of  the  coins  from  dies  D  and  E,  those  of 
type  4  are  clearly  earlier  than  those  of  type  5. 

As  regards  the  resolution  of  the  monograms,  those  on 

1  This  obverse  die  seems  to  have  beeii  an  exceptionally  strong  one  ; 
it  occurs  in  conjunction  with  no  less  than  twelve  reverse  dies,  which  is 
double  the  number  found  in  the  case  of  any  other  die  of  Smyruaean 
silver.  At  Alexandria  in  the  time  of  Tiberius  the  life  of  obverse  dies 
used  for  striking  billon  tetradrachms  seems  to  have  been  on  an 
average  between  seven  and  eight  times  the  length  of  that  of  reverse 
dies  (sec  Num.  Chron.,  1910,  p.  338). 


THE    SILVER   COINAGE    OF    SMYRNA.  277 

types  2, 3,  and  5  are  probably  to  be  taken  as  no<m<Wtou, 
MewK/oaroue,  and  M  JJTJOO&^OOU  ;  that  of  type  1  is  obviously 
'Api(rr(  ),  but  it  is  open  to  doubt  what  the  termination 
should  be.  These  four  names  all  occur  on  the  bronze 
coins  of  a  series  which  on  other  grounds  can  be  regarded 
as  about  contemporary  with  "this  series  of  tetradrachms. 
Unfortunately  the  name  of  'A/otor(  )  is  given  on  the 
bronze  coins  also  in  this  abbreviated  form.  The  mono- 
gram of  type  4  is  more  puzzling  ;  but,  if  it  represents 
the  name  of  any  magistrate  who  is  found  in  the  same 
series  of  bronze  coins  as  the  other  four,  the  only  such 
name  which  fits  it  at  all  closely  is  ZwirvpoQ  or  '/Mirvpimv, 
one  or  other  of  which  is  presumably  to  be  found  in  the 
abbreviated  Z<I>TTI»(  )  of  the  bronze. 

SECOND    SERIES:   TETRADRACHMS   AND 
DRACHMS. 

Tetradrachms. 

Obv. — As  last  series. 

Itev. — Lion  standing  r.,  1.  forepaw  raised ;  above, 
IMYPNAIQN  (sometimes  in  two  lines) ;  below, 
magistrate's  name  (sometimes  with  title,  pa- 
tronymic, epithet,  or  monogram)  ;  whole  in  oak- 
wreath  (monogram  or  title  occasionally  outside 
wreath). 

Drachms. 

Obv. — Head  of  Apollo  r.,  laureate ;  hair  knotted  behind 
and  falling  in  two  or  three  formal  curls. 

Rev.  — Homer  seated  1.  on  low  throne,  wearing  himation, 
resting  chin  on  r.  hand  and  holding  roll  in  1. ; 
staff  over  r.  shoulder  ;  in  field  r.  y,  IMYPNAIQN, 
1.  >Jf,  magistrate's  name  (sometimes  with  title  or 
epithet ;  occasionally  monogram  in  exergue). 

It  is  possible  to  divide  this  series  into  three  groups  on 


278  J.    G.    MILNE. 

considerations  of  style,  helped  by  die  connexions.  The 
characteristics  of  each  group  will  be  dealt  with  in  the 
notes  following  the  catalogue  of  the  coins.  It  may  also 
be  remarked  here  that  while  in  the  first  group  the 
magistrate's  name  is  given  alone,  in  the  second  and 
third  it  usually  has  some  dfstinguishing  epithet  or  other 
adjunct. 

First  Group. 

6.  APOLLODOTOS. 

Tetr.  AflOAAO  (a)  Berlin      (Lobbecke) :      33 

AOTOZ  ram.,    16-45   grrns.      (b) 

London  (B.  M.  C.  5): 
34  mm.,  16-59  grins. 

[There  was  a  specimen 
of  this  type  in  the  Pro  we 
sale  1914,  lot  1023— 
.">5  mm.,  16'10  grms. ;  it 
was  not  illustrated  in 
the  catalogue.] 

Dr.  AflOAAOAOTOZ  (a)   Paris    (de   Luynes   2289): 

22  mm.,  3*90  grms. 
(ft)  Dr.  Jrnhoof-Blumer  : 
21  mm.,  4'01  grms. 
(y)  Prowe  sale  1914  (lot 
1027):  20  mm.,  3'96 
grms. 

7.  APOLLOPHANES. 

Tetr.  AnOAAO*A  (a)  Hague:  35  mm.,  1(5-6  grms. 

NHS  (b)  London  (=  Montagu 

sale  1896,  lot  585):  34 
mm.,  15-29  grms.  (c) 
Vienna (17570):  35mm., 
16-51  grms. 

(NAIQN)    ^  Brussels  (C'  H'} :  35  mm" 

16- 16  grms. 

Dr.  AnOAAO<t>A  (a)  Berlin  (Irnhoof)  :  19  mm., 

NHZ  3-71  grms. 


THE   SILVER    COINAGE    OF    SMYRNA.  279 


8.  HERAKLEIDES. 

Teh:  HPAKAEIAHZ  (a)  Hague  :  34mm.,  16-6  grms. 

(b)  J.G.  Milne  (=Butler 
sale,  lot  241):  34  mm., 
16-21  grms.  (<•)  Prowe 
sale  1914  (lot  1024): 
35  mm.,  16-37  grms. 


9.  MOSCHOS. 

Tetr.  MOZXOZ  (a)  Brussels  (A.  F.) :  35  mm., 

16-01  grms.  (b)  Cam- 
bridge (Leake) :  33  mm.. 
16-8  grms. 

/IMYP  \      (r)  Paris  (Waddington  1935)  ; 

VNAinNJ  35  mm.,  16-06  grms. 

(d)  E.  F.  Weber  sale  (lot 
2943)  (=  Cumberland 
Clark  sale,  lot  233,  and 
?  Merzbacher's  sale 
15/11/10,  lot  709):  34 
mm.,  16-12  grms. 

[There  was  a  specimen 
of  this  type  in  the  Bor- 
rell  sale,  lot  196—16-79 
grms. — which  is  perhaps 
the  one  now  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  also  one  in  the 
Dryasdust  sale  1869, 
lot  261,  35  mm.,  16-26 
grms.] 

Dr.  MOZXOZ  (a)  Vienna  (17573):    18  mm., 

3-98  grins.  (ft)  E.  F. 
Weber  sale  (lot  2945)  : 
1 7  mm.,  3-95  grms. 


10.  KTOUPON. 

Tetr.  KTOYnnN  (a)  Cambridge  (McClean) :  33 

mm.,  16-54  grms. 


280 


J.    G.    MILNE. 


11.  PHANES. 

Tetr.  *ANHZ      /IMYP\      (a)  Copenhagen  :  33  mm.,  16-6 
^NAIQNy  srms. 


Dr.   c|>ANHZ 


(a)  Berlin  (Fox):  19mm.,  3- 1:5 
grms. [broken],  (ft)  Paris 
(Waddington  1939):  19 
mm.,  3-77  grms.  [broken]. 


12.    NlKOSTEATOS. 


Tetr. 


NIKOZTPA  /  IMYP  \ 
TOZ        VNAION/ 


Dr.   NIKOZTPA 
TOZ 


Berlin    (Ace.    28832)  :    31 
mm.,    16-46    grms.      (b) 


Ha< 


;ue 


erms. 


31  mm.,  16-2 
(c)  Paiis  (Wad- 
dington 1936)  :  30  mm., 
15-98  grms.  (d)  Vienna 
(33941  )(?=  E.F.Weber 
sale,  lot  2944)  :  31  mm., 
16-14  grms.  (e)  J.  G. 
Milne  (=  Benson  sale, 
lot  689,  and  ?Bunbury 
sale,  lot  199)  :  33  mm., 
16-19  grms.  (/)  H.  P. 
Smith  sale  (lot  255) 
(=  "White  King  sale,  lot 
231)  :  31  mm.,  16-39 
grms. 

(a)  London    (Lennep,     1894)  : 
20  mm.,  4-07  grms. 


13.  LEOKRATES. 

Tetr.  AEQKPA    /  IMYP  \      (a)  Berlin      (Liibbecke)  :       32 
THZ       VNAIQNy'  mm.,    16'87    grms.       (b) 

Paris     (Waddington 
1933):    33   mm.,    16-17 


grms. 


The  following   list  shows  the  occurrence  of  obverse 
dies  in  this  group.     It  will  be  noted  that  the  two  first 


THE    SILVER   COINAGE    OF    SMYRNA.  281 

on  the  list  of  tetradrachin  dies  were  previously  used  for 
coins  of  the  first  series. 

Trtradrachm*. 

F.  0  (a),  (b)  [PI.  XVI.],  [apparently  same  rev.  die,  which 
Avas  slightly  recut  for  (ft)]  ;  7  (1),  (r),  (d),  [(/>)  and 
(c)  same  rev.  die]. 

H.  7  (a). 

J.  8  (a),  (b),  (c),  [(b)  and  (<•)  same  rev.  die]  ;  9  (b) 
[PI.  XVI.],  (d). 

K.  9  (a)  [PI.  XVI.],  (c). 

L.  10  (a)  [PI.  XVI.];  11  (a). 

M.  12  (a)  [PI.  XVII.],  (/>),  (c),  (rf),  (c),  (/),  [(ft)  and  (c), 
and  (d)  and  (e),  same  rev.  dies]. 

N.  115  (a)  [PI.  XVII.],  (ft). 

Drachms. 

a.  6  (a),  (ft)  [PI.  XVIII.],  (y)  [all  same  rev.  die]  ;  7  (a) ; 

9   (a),  ((3)  fsame  rev.  die]  ;    11   (a),  (ft)  [same  rev. 

die]. 
ft.  12  (a)  [PI.  XVIII.]. 

The  order  of  the  first  six  magistrates  of  this  group 
is  definitely  shown  by  die  connexions.  Apollodotos, 
Apollophanes,  Moschos,  and  Phanes  all  used  the  same 
obverse  die  for  their  drachms ;  and  a  comparison  of  the 
state  of  the  die  in  the  various  coins  points  to  the 
succession  being  as  given.  Apollodotos  and  Apollo- 
phanes are  also  proved  to  come  at  the  beginning  of  the 
group  by  their  use  of  dies  F  and  H,  inherited  from  the 
previous  series.  Die  F  was  used  by  both,  showing 
more  signs  of  wear  in  the  coins  of  Apollophanes ;  die 
H  seems  to  have  been  left  aside  during  the  term  of 
Apollodotos  and  to  have  been  brought  out  again  by 
his  successor.  Herakleides  apparently  did  not  strike 
drachms ;  but  he  can  be  interpolated  in  the  list  by  the 


282  J.    G.    MILNE. 

evidence  of  die  J,  which  he  used  in  common  with 
Moschos.  Both  the  coins  of  Moschos  struck  from  this 
die  show  a  flaw  between  the  two  front  turrets  of  the 
crown,  which  does  not  appear  in  the  coins  of  Herakleides. 
Herakleides,  therefore,  preceded  Moschos,  but  probably 
came  after  Apollodotos  and  Apollophanes,  and  had  a 
new  die  made  to  replace  the  old  ones  F  and  H  used  by 
his  predecessors.  Ktoupon  is  similarly  brought  into  the 
list  on  the  evidence  of  die  L,  which  he  seems,  so  far  as 
can  be  judged  from  the  coins,  to  have  used  before 
Phanes.  Up  to  this  point  all  the  obverse  dies  of  the 
group  show  such  close  likeness  in  artistic  treatment  that 
they  may  reasonably  be  supposed  to  have  been  engraved 
by  the  same  hand ;  and  this  may  equally  be  said  of  the 
reverse  dies,  with  the  exception  of  that  of  Phanes, 
which  looks  to  be  the  work  of  an  inferior  artist.  The 
position  of  Nikostratos  and  Leokrates  is  more  uncertain, 
since  they  did  not  use  the  same  dies  as  any  other  magis- 
trates ;  but  the  resemblance  of  the  style  of  their  obverse 
dies  to  that  of  the  rest  of  the  group  is  so  close  as  to 
justify  their  being  placed  here ;  and  the  general  treat- 
ment of  the  reverses  is  also  similar.  These  two  should 
probably  be  put  together  at  the  end  of  the  group,  and 
not  interpolated  anywhere  between  Apollodotos  and 
Phanes ;  their  coins  are  struck  on  flans  which  are  on  the 
average  of  distinctly  smaller  size  than  those  of  the 
magistrates  already  discussed,  which  gives  a  presumption 
that  they  are  later,  as  the  general  tendency  of  the  silver 
in  this  series  shows  a  gradual  diminution  in  size  of  flan ; 
also  Nikostratos  struck  drachms,  for  which  he  did  not 
use  the  same  obverse  die  which  had  served  all  the 
magistrates  who  issued  drachms  down  to  Phanes.  The 
relative  position  of  the  two  is  uncertain ;  Nikostratos 


THE   SILVER   COINAGE   OF   SMYRNA. 


283 


may  have  preceded  Leokrates,  or  vice  versa ;  at  present 
there  is  no  evidence  to  show  which  was  the  earlier. 


Second 


14.  DIONYSIOS. 


Tetr.  AIONYZIOZ 
BA  YZ 


/ IMYP \ 
\  NAIQN/ 


(a)  Berlin  (Prokesch- 
Osten) :  33  mm., 
16-37  grms.  (6) 
Glasgow  (Hunter 
cat.  3) :  30  mm., 
16-87  grms.  (<•) 
Hague :  31  mm., 
16-35  grms.  (rf) 
London  (Lambros, 
1894):  31  mm., 
16-56  grms.  (e) 
Paris  (de  Luynes 
2287)  :  31  mm., 
16-67  grms.  (f) 
J.  G.  Milne 
( =  Sotheby's  sale 
3/4/14,  lot  64)  : 
33  mm.,  16-45 
grms.  (<j)  Philip- 
sen  sale  (lot  22 13): 
31  mm.,  16-70 
grms. 


15.    POLYNIKOS. 
Tetr.  nOAYNIKOZ   /  IMYPNAIX 


bel°W  \( 

wreath! 


(a)  Berlin  (Imhoof)  :  29 
mm.,  16-75  grms. 
(fe)Vienna(35306): 
29  mm.,  14-83 
grms. 


16.  METRODOROS. 


Tetr.   MHTPOAOPOZ 
below  I 
wreath/  ** 


(a)  Cambridge  (Mc- 
Clean)  :  33  mm., 
16'41  grms. 


284  J.    G.    MILNE. 


17.  HEBAKLEIDES. 

Tetr.  HPAKA6IAHZ  (a)  London  (B.  M.  C.  6) : 

29  ram.,      16-84 
grins.        (1)   I'aris 
(4159)  :     Itt    inm. 
(c)Vienna(15772): 

30  mm.,      16-67 
grms.      (d)  Prowe 
sale      1914      (lot 
1025)  :     32    mm., 
16-39  grins. 

[Lot  259  of  the 
Carfrae  sale  was 
probably  of  this 
type :  its  weight 
agrees  with  that 
of  (d),  but  it  was 
not  figured  in  the 
catalogue.] 


18.  METROBIOS. 

Tetr.   MHTPOBIOZ  (a)  Paris     (4162)  :      31 

below  \  BA  YZ  mm- 

wreath/  ° 

Dr.   MHTPOBIOZBA  («)  Paris    (Waddington 

1938):     19    mm., 
4-22  grms. 


19.  ARTEMOK. 

Dr.   APTeMQNreA  («)   Berlin     (Fox)  :      19 

mm.,  4'10  grms. 


20.  THEOTIMOS. 

Tetr.  eeOTIMOC  („)  Iterlin  (Imhoof)  :  30 

mm.,  16-54  grms. 
(ft)  Paris  (Wad- 
dington 1932):  31 
mm.,  16-65  grms. 


THE    SILVER   COINAGE    OF    SMYRNA.  285 

IMYPNAIX      (c)  Cambridge  (Mc- 

^N  Clean):    33   mm., 

16-28  grms. 

Dr.  860TIMOC  (a)  Copenhagen  :         21 

mm.,  3-88  grms. 

The  following  are  the  obverse  dies  »used  in  this 
group : — 

Tetradrachms. 

O.  14  (a)  [PI.  XVII.],  (c),  (d),  (e),  [(a)  and  (c)  same  rev. 

die]. 

P.  14  (/)  [PI.  XVII.]. 
Q.  14    (6)  [PI.  XVII.],  (r/),   [same    rev.   die,  on  which 

BA  YZ  has  been  erased]  ;  15  (a),  (b). 
R.  16  (a)  :  17  (a)  [PI.  XVII.]. 
S.   17  (6)  [PI.  XVII.],  (c),  (d);   18  (a);  20  (c). 
T.  20  (a),  (b)  [PI.  XVII.]. 

Drachms. 

y.  18  (a)  [PI.  XVIII.]  ;  19  (a) ;  20  (a). 

In  this  group  the  order  of  the  magistrates  can  be 
determined  by  the  dies,  as  in  the  last,  with  one  break. 
Dionysios  appears  to  have  used  two  dies,  0  and  P,  which 
are  not  shared  by  any  other  magistrate ;  O  is  found 
associated  with  three  different  reverse  dies,  and  may 
have  been  worn  out  during  the  magistracy  of  Dionysios  ; 
on  the  other  hand,  only  one  specimen  from  P  seems  to 
have  survived,  and  when  this  was  struck  the  die  was 
evidently  in  a  very  bad  condition ;  so  it  may  have  been 
a  poor  die,  which  broke  up  at  once.  His  third  die  was 
also  used  by  Polynikos,  whose  coins  from  it  show  it  in 
a  more  worn  state ;  and  this  was  presumably  the  latest 
of  the  three  dies  used  by  Diouysios,  as  the  reverses  of 
the  coins  struck  from  it  show  that  the  word  BA  YZ  has 
been  erased  on  the  die.  This  was  doubtless  an  official 


-8(5  J.   G.    MILNK. 

title,'2  which  lapsed  during  the  monetary  magistracy  of 
Dionysios,  and  was  accordingly  removed  from  his  dies. 
The  work  of  dies  0  and  Q  is  clearly  from  the  same  hand  ; 
P  is  rather  different  in  style. 

There  is  a  successive  connexion  of  dies  between  the 
remaining  magistrates.  Metrodoros  and  Herakleides 
shared  die  K,  which  has  some  minor  peculiarities ;  the 
goddess  wears  an  earring,  and  there  is  a  small  spike  in 
each  space  between  the  turrets  of  the  crown.  This  die 
seems  somewhat  fresher  in  the  case  of  the  coin  of 
Metrodoros.  Herakleides  also  used  die  8,  which  was 
subsequently  used  also  by  Metrobios  and  Theotimos : 
there  is  a  slight  flaw  beginning  to  show  on  the  coin  of 
Metrobios,  which  is  more  spread  on  that  of  Theotimos. 
Metrobios  and  Theotimos  also  struck  drachms,  from  the 
same  obverse  die  ;  and  this  die  was  also  used  by  Arte- 
rnoii,  of  whom  no  tetradrachrns  are  known ;  from  com- 
parison of  the  states  of  die  in  the  drachms  it  appears 
that  Artemon  came  between  Metrobios  and  Theotimos. 

All  the  dies  of  these  tetradrachrns  of  the  last  four 
magistrates,  both  obverse  and  reverse,  show  very  similar 
work  ;  the  reverses  16  (a)  and  20  («)  are  rather  different 
from  the  rest,  but  20  (e)  at  any  rate  is  linked  to  the  other 
coins  of  Theotimos  and  that  of  Artemon  by  the  use  of 
the  lunate  forms  of  6  and  C ;  the  lunate  €  also  occurs  on 
the  coins  of  Herakleides. 

It  might  also  be  questioned  whether  Dionysios  and 
Polynikos  come  at  the  beginning  or  the  end  of  the 


-  The  title  should  no  doubt  be  expanded  Bao-i\evs.  I  am  not  aware 
that  this  form  of  contraction  has  been  found  before,  but  the  contracted 
adjective  j8a"°s  occurs  in  Ptolemaic  papyri.  Though  fia<n\evs  is  not 
known  as  a  title  of  a  magistrate  at  Smyrna — on  which  my  inquiries 
have  been  confirmed  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Hasluck — it  is  used  elsewhere  on 
the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  occurring  close  to  Smyrna  at  Kyme. 


THE   SILVER   COINAGE    OF    SMYRNA.  287 

group  ;  but  the  style  of  their  coins  is  rather  more  akin 
to  the  previous  group. 

Third  Group. 
21.  ANAXENOU. 

Tetr.    ANAZHNQP  (a)  Copenhagen:    31     mm., 

A0HNIQNOZ  16-72 


22.  DIONYSIOS. 

Tetr.  AIONYZIOZ  (a)  Berlin  (Prokesch-Osten): 

MOTYAOZ  31  mm.,  16-49  grins. 

23.  APOLLAS. 

Tetr.  AHOAAAZ      -  (a)  Berlin     (Imhoof)  :      30 

TAAATHZ  muii)  16-36  grms. 

24.  THEODOTOS. 

Tetr.  0EOAOTOZ  (a)  Glasgow   (Hunter    Cat. 

fcsf  4)  :     30    mm.,    16-78 

gruis. 

25.  MENODOTOS. 

Tetr.  MHNOAOTOZ  (a)  Goth  a  :    33   mm.,    16-35 

zAPAmnNoz  ffring 

o 

26.  HERAKLEIDES. 

Tetr.   HPAKAEIAOY  (a)  Brussels    (C.    H.)  :     29 

[^p  under  lion's  mm.,  16'36  grms.     (6) 

L  Paw  Paris  (4161)  :  31  mm. 

[Lot  200  of  the 
Bunbury  sale  was  ap- 
parently a  speqjmen 
of  this  type.] 

HPAKAEI  (C)  Berlin   (Fox):    33   mm., 

A  HZ  jfr  16-60  grms.     (d)  Mu- 

nich :  31  mm.  (e)  Sir 
H.  Weber:  33  mm., 
16'  17  srrms. 


288  J.    G.    MILNE. 

HPAKAEI  £,  (/)  Paris  (4160):    31    mm. 

AHZ      m  (0)  Paris  (de  Luynes 

2288) :  29  mm.,  16-40 
grms. 

])r.  HPAKAEIAHZ  (u)   Berlin  (Fox)  (=  Borrell 

in  ex.  p$>  sale  1852,  lot  198) :  19 

mm.,  3'94  grms. 

27.  HERMIPPOS. 

Tetr.   EPMinnOZ  /  IMYP  \      (a)  Berlin      (Ace.     19562)  : 
ZinYAOY    VNAinNy'  31    mm.,    15'30  grms. 

(6)  Cambridge  (Mc- 
Clean):  33mm.,  16'52 
grms.  (c)  Hague  :  31 
mm.,  16  4  grms.  (d) 
Munich  :  30  mm.  (e) 
Paris  (Waddingtou 
1931):  34mm,  16'40 
grms.  (/)  Sir  H. 
Weber:  29 mm.,  15-74 
grms.  (g)  Rhouso- 
poulos  sale  (lot  3776)  : 
33  mm.,  16*25  grms. 
(h)  Prowe  sale  1914 
(lot  1026)  :  33  mm., 
16-30  grms. 


28.  DEMETRIOS. 
Tetr.  AHMHTPI      /  IMYP  \      (a)  Vienna      (34969):       32 

oz  |f      VNAION/  mm.,  IG-OI  grms. 

AHMHTPI  (6)  John  Ward  coll.  (675): 

OZ  ftq  32  mm.,  15-88  grms. 

[There  was  a  coin  of 
this  magistrate  in  the 
Lambros  sale,  1910 
(lot  737)  :  31  mm., 
16'03  grms.  It  was 
not  illustrated  in  the 
catalogue,  so  I  cannot 
say  to  which  variety  it 
belongs.] 


THE    SILVER    COINAGE    OF    SMYRNA.  289 

29.  PHANOKRATES. 
Tetr.  1>ANOKPA  (a)  paris    (4163)  :    34  mm. 


Dr.  *ANOKPATHZ  (a)  London    (B.   M.   C.   8)  : 

in  ex-  ffT  18  mm.,  3-38  grms. 

The  following  obverse  dies  are  used  in  this  group  :— 

Tetradrachms. 

U.  21  (a)  [PI.  XVII.]  ;  22  (a). 

V.  23  (a)  [PI.  XVII.]. 

W.  24  (a)  [PI.  XVII.]. 

X.  25  (a);  26  (a),  (b)  [PI.  XVII.],  [same  rev.  die]. 

Y.  26  (d)  [PI.  XVIII.],  (e). 

Z.  26  (c),  (/),  (g)  [PI.  XVIII.],  [(/)  and  (g)  same  rev. 

die]  ;   27  (c),  (e),  (^),  (A),  [(e)  and  (h)  same  rev.  die  ; 

(c)  same  rev.  die  as  (/)  with  obv.  BB  ;  (g)  same 

rev.  die  as  (b)  with  obv.  BB]. 
AA.  27  (a)   [PI.  XVIII.],  [same  rev.  die  as   (d)  with 

obv.  BB]. 

BB.  27  (b)  [PI.  XVIII.],  (d),  (/),  [(&)  same  rev.  die  as 
(g)  with  obv.  Z  ;  (d)  same  rev.  die  as  (a)  with 
obv.  A  A  ;  (/)  same  rev.  die  as  (c)  with  obv.  Z]  ; 
28  (a). 

CO.  28  (b)  ;  29  (a)  [PI.  XVIII.]. 

Drachms. 

8.  26  (a)  [PI.  XVIII.]. 
e.  29  (a)  [PI.  XVIII.]. 

The  determination  of  the  order  of  the  magistrates 
whose  coins  are  included  in  this  group  is  a  matter  of 
greater  uncertainty  than  in  the  two  previous  ones.  In 
some  cases  there  is  no  connexion  to  be  obtained  by 
a  common  use  of  dies  ;  and  there  is  also  less  similarity  of 
style  in  the  dies  of  the  group  taken  as  a  whole  than  is 
the  case  in  the  first  and  second  groups.  The  order  of 

NUM.    CHKON.,   VOL.   XIV.,    SERIES   IV.  X 


'290  J.    G.    MILNE. 

the  first  four  names  is  therefore  rather  tentative.  Anaxe- 
nor  and  Dionysios  may  be  placed  together  on  account 
of  their  common  use  of  die  U,  which  appears  to  have 
been  employed  at  an  earlier  date  by  Anaxenor  than  by 
Dionysios.  This  die  and  V,  which  was  used  only  by 
Apollas,  are  rather  hard  in  style,  and  V  in  particular 
shows  inferior  workmanship;  but  the  general  effect  is 
similar  to  the  later  coins  of  the  second  group,  and 
accordingly  these  dies  may  perhaps  be  regarded  as  the 
earliest  of  this  group.  They  introduce  a  new  detail  of 
work  in  the  form  of  two  pellets  in  each  of  the  two  spaces 
between  the  turrets  of  the  crown — a  detail  which  recurs 
on  dies  W  and  X,  which  are  accordingly  placed  next  in 
order.  The  general  workmanship  of  these  two  dies  is, 
however,  much  better,  and  shows  a  much  softer  style ; 
W,  which  is  used  only  by  Theodotos,  is  placed  first  to 
avoid  breaking  the  series  of  die  connexions  which  exists 
between  the  remaining  magistrates  of  the  group. 
Menodotos  and  Herakleides  are  connected  by  the  use  of 
die  X,  and  Herakleides  and  Herniippos  by  that  of  die 
Z.  The  coins  of  Herakleides  show  a  good  deal  of  varia- 
tion in  style  and  details,  both  on  the  obverse  and  on  the 
reverse  ;  his  reverse  die  used  with  obverse  die  X  has  his 
name  in  the  genitive  case,  and  the  monogram  in  front 
of  the  lion,  while  the  reverse  dies  used  with  obverse  dies 
Y  and  Z  give  the  name,  according  to  the  usual  practice, 
in  the  nominative,  and  place  the  monogram  after  it.  As 
regards  the  obverse  dies,  Y  is  distinctly  inferior  in  style 
to  X,  and  seems  to  be  by  a  fresh  artist ;  while  Z  appears 
to  come  from  yet  another  hand,  and  is  of  coarse  execution. 
The  last  die  was  also  used  by  Hermippos,  whose  coins 
show  a  rather  puzzling  set  of  combinations  of  obverse 
and  reverse  dies ;  in  eight  specimens  there  are  examples 


THE   SILVEK   COINAGE    OF    SMYRNA.  291 

from  three  obverse  and  four  reverse  dies ;  one  reverse 
die  occurs  with  Z  only,  two  others  with  Z  and  BB,  the 
fourth  with  AA  and  BB.  As  the  number  of  coins  of 
Hermippos  which  still  exist  is  larger  than  in  the  case  of 
almost  any  other  magistrate  in  the  three  series,  it  is 
possible  that  his  issue  was  an  exceptional  one  and 
involved  the  concurrent  use  of  two  obverse  dies,  between 
which  the  reverse  dies  were  interchanged;  or  Z  may 
have  been  worn  out  before  two  of  the  reverse  dies  used 
with  it,  a  third  reverse  die  may  have  been  made  for  A  A 
and  have  outlasted  it,  and  all  three  old  reverse  dies  may 
have  been  brought  out  for  use  with  BB.  It  may  be 
noted  that  27  (a),  the  one  coin  struck  from  AA,  shows  a 
badly  flawed  die  ;  so  perhaps  A  A,  just  as  was  suggested 
for  P  above,  was  a  poor  die  which  broke  up  quickly.  In 
style  AA  and  BB  are  very  similar,  and  may  well  be  from 
the  same  hand  as  Y ;  so  that  it  may  be  suggested  that 
Z  represents  the  interpolation  of  a  fresh  artist  for  a 
single  occasion  at  the  mint.  A  difference  begins  to  be 
noticeable  in  a  detail  of  the  treatment  of  the  reverse  type 
about  this  time.  In  the  earlier  coins  of  the  second  series, 
the  lion  is  represented  standing,  in  a  restful  pose ;  but  in 
some  of  the  coins  of  Herakleides,  and  more  markedly 
still  in  all  those  of  Hermippos,  he  is  almost  crouching, 
as  if  about  to  spring.  The  two  remaining  magistrates 
of  this  group  can  be  placed  by  die  connexions;  Deme- 
trios  used  die  BB,  after  Hermippos,  in  a  rather  flawed 
condition;  and  he  shared  die  CO  with  Phanokrates, 
whose  coin  appears  to  show  a  later  state  of  the  die  than 
that  of  Demetrios.  This  last  die  is  again  by  a  fresh 
artist,  and  shows  distinctly  better  work  than  most  of  the 
preceding  ones  in  the  group;  at  the  same  time  it  has 
some  affinity  of  style  to  the  dies  of  the  next  series. 

x2 


292  J.   G.    MILNE. 

There  is  not  much  information  to  be  obtained  from 
the  dies  of  the  two  drachms  of  this  group,  during  which 
the  issue  of  drachms  was  evidently  very  small.  They 
are  from  different  obverse  dies,  and  all  that  can  be  said 
is  that  the  work  of  die  8  resembles  very  closely  that  of 
the  dies  of  the  second  group,  while  that  of  die  e  shows 
less  affinity  of  style. 


THIRD   SERIES:   TETRADRACHMS   AND 

DRACHMS. 
Tetmdrachms. 

Obv.  —  As  last  series. 


Rev.  —  Lion  couched  r.  ;    above    Mitrts  ;    below,  magis- 

IN  f\  I  ^  L  IN 

trate's  name  ;  whole  in  oak-wreath. 

Drachms. 

Obv.  and  Rev.  —  As  last  series. 

30.  SARAPION. 

Dr.  ZAPAni.QN  (a)  London  (B.  M.  C.  7):  19 

(cut  over  IMYPNAIQN)  mm.?  3.62  grins. 

31.  APOLLONIOS. 

Tetr.  AflOAAO  («)  Berlin     (Lobbecke)  :      35 

NIOZ  mm.,  16-31  grms. 

Dr.  AHOAAQNIOZ  (a)  Paris  (Waddington  1937): 

(cut  over  IMYPNAICIN)  19  mniv  3.34  grms.      (£) 

J.  G.  Milne  (=  Benson 
sale,  lot  691)  :  19  mm., 
3-86  grms.  (y)  Philip- 
sen  sale  (lot  2215)  :  17 
mm.,  4'05  grms.  (1  =  Hel- 
bing's  sale  9/4/13,  lot 
567). 


THE    SILVER   COINAGE    OF    SMYRNA.  293 


32.  HERMAGORAS. 

fir.  EPMArOPAZ  (a)  London    (Lennep,    1894)  : 

A  19  mm.,  3-72  grms. 


33.  DIOSKOURIDKS. 

Tetr.  AIOZKOY  (a)  Athens  :    36   mm.,     16-58 

PIAHZ  grms>      (fc)  Berlin    (Im- 

hoof)  :  30  mm.,  16-45 
grms.  (c)  Paris  (Wad- 
dington  1930) :  30  mm., 
14-04  grms.  (<1)  M.  R. 
Jameson  :  35  mm.,  16-25 
grms.  (e)  Sotheby's 
sale  26/4/07  (lot  93)  : 
33  mm.,  16-32  grins. 

[There  was  a  specimen 
of  this  coin  in  the  Bor- 
rellsaleof  1852  (lot  197) 
—30  mm.,  14-02  grms.— 
which  I  imagine  is  very 
probably  the  one  now  at 
Paris.] 


34.  MEGAKLES. 

Tetr.  MEfA  («)  Paris  (Waddington  1934): 

KAHZ  35  mm.,  16-69  grms. 


35.  HERODOTOS. 

Tetr.  HPOAO  («)  J.  G.  Milne  (=  Philipsen 

TOZ  sale,  lot  22 14):  34mm., 

16-51  grms. 


36.  EPANDROS. 

fir.   EHANAPOZ:  on  throne,  FE,    (a)  Paris  (4165)  :    18  mm. 
in  field  r.  bunch  of  grapes  (£)       Dr.       Imhoof- 

Blumer:  18  mm.,  3-7  5 
rms. 


294  J.    G.    MILNE 

37.  IATKODOROS. 
Dr.  I  ATPOACiPOZ:  enthrone,  FTP,     (a)  Munich:    17  ram. 

I 

in  field  r.  bunch  of  grapes 

The  following  obv.  dies  occur  in  the  group  :— 

Tetradrachms. 

DD.  31  (a)  [PL  XVIII.]. 

EE.  33  (e). 

FF.  33  (a),  (6)  [PI.  XVIII.],  (c),  [(*>)  and  (c)  same  rev. 

die]. 

GG.  33  (d)  [PL  XVIII.]. 
HH.  34  (a)  [PL  XVIII.]. 
II.  35  (a)  [PL  XVIII.]. 

Drachms. 

s.  30  (a)  [PL  XVIII.]. 

£.  31  (a),  (j3)  [PL  XVIII.],  (y),  [all  same  rev.  die]. 

77.  32  (a)  [PL  XVIII.]. 

0.  36  (a)  [PL  XVIII.],  (j8). 

1.  37  (a)  [PL  XVIII.]. 

The  arrangement  of  the  coins  of  the  third  series  is 
more  difficult  than  that  of  any  of  the  preceding  groups. 
There  are  no  instances  where  the  same  die  is  used  by 
two  magistrates,  and  the  only  criterion  in  the  coins 
themselves  for  determining  their  order  is  the  style  :  this, 
however,  can  be  helped  by  some  considerations  arising 
from  comparison  with  the  bronze  coins.  In  fact,  it  is 
primarily  the  latter  test  which  leads  to  the  placing  of 
some  of  the  drachms  in  this  series  :  the  tetradrachms  are 
distinguished  from  the  second  series  by  the  attitude  of 
the  lion  on  the  reverse,  but  the  type  of  the  drachms  is 
virtually  unchanged.  The  fullest  series  of  magistrates' 
names  on  the  autonomous  coins  of  Smyrna  is  to  be 
found  in  the  bronze  Homereia :  and  certainly  the  latest 


THE   SILVER    COINAGE    OF    SMYRNA.  295 

group  of  the  Homereia  consists  of  those  with  a  star  on 
the  reverse.  Of  the  names  on  the  tetradrachms  of  the 
third  series,  two — Dioskourides  and  Herodotos — do  not 
occur  on  any  of  the  Homereia  :  Apollonios  is  found  both 
on  the  Homereia  with  a  star  and  on  earlier  ones : 
Megakles  only  on  the  star-group.  This  gives  a  slight 
presumption  that  the  third  series  of  tetradrachms  are 
practically  coincident  in  period  with  the  star-group  of 
Homereia.  As  regards  the  magistrates  striking  drachms, 
Apollonios  is  placed  by  his  tetradrachms  :  Epandros 
and  latrodoros  occur  on  the  Homereia  only  in  the 
star-group,  and  so,  following  the  presumption  just  stated, 
may  be  assigned  to  the  same  period.  The  drachm  of 
Hermagoras  is  classified  by  style  :  but  that  of  Sarapion 
has  other  indications,  which  again  need  reference  to  the 
bronze  coins.  In  the  reverse  dies  both  of  Sarapion  and 
Apollonios,  the  magistrate's  name,  on  the  left  side  of 
the  coin,  has  clearly  been  cut  over  the  ethnic :  on  the 
right,  in  the  usual  place  for  the  drachms  of  this  type, 
there  is  the  ethnic  with  no  signs  of  recutting.  It  is 
hardly  likely  that  in  two  separate  cases  the  die-cutter 
made  the  blunder  of  cutting  the  ethnic  on  the  wrong 
side  of  the  coin,  and  had  to  alter  the  die,  before  he  cut 
the  magistrate's  name  :  it  is  more  probable  that  dies 
originally  designed  with  the  ethnic  only  were  reused 
and  altered  with  the  insertion  of  magistrates'  names.  It 
is  true  that  no  silver  coins  of  Smyrna  of  this  period  with 
ethnic  only  and  without  magistrate's  name  are  known : 
but  an  issue  of  bronze  coins,  both  of  Homereia  and  of 
the  smaller  denomination  with  reverse-type  statue  of 
Aphrodite,  does  occur  on  which  there  is  no  magistrate's 
name  ;  and  they  probably  belong  in  date  just  before  the 
star-group  of  Homereia  :  the  Homereia  of  this  issue  are 


296  J.    G.    MILNE. 

almost  always  restruck  on  earlier  Homereia,  which,  so 
far  as  they  can  be  made  out,  belong  to  the  group  pre- 
ceding the  star-group.  The  reason  for,  and  date  of,  this 
issue  of  bronze  without  magistrate's  name  will  be  dis- 
cussed later :  but  its  existence  gives  support  to  the 
supposition  that  dies  for  drachms  may  have  been  cut 
without  a  magistrate's  name  on  the  reverse,  and  that  it 
is  two  of  these  dies  which  are  found  altered  for  the 
issues  of  Sarapion  and  Apollonios. 

The  foregoing  are  the  general  reasons  for  grouping 
together  the  coins  given  as  the  third  series :  the  order 
in  which  they  are  arranged  is  largely  tentative.  On  the 
assumption  that  the  series  was  coincident  in  date  with  the 
star-group  of  bronze  Homereia — the  commencement  of 
which  was  accompanied  by  modifications  in  the  reverse 
types  of  most  of  the  bronze  denominations,  which  may 
well  be  parallel  to  the  modification  in  the  reverse  type 
of  the  tetradrachm  in  the  third  series — the  considerations 
stated  above  with  regard  to  the  alteration  of  dies  by 
Sarapion  and  Apollonios  suggest  that  they  came  earliest 
in  the  series,  and  reused  the  old  nameless  dies  of  the 
previous  authorities.  The  style  of  the  obverse  die  of 
Sarapion  is  better  than  that  of  Apollonios,  the  latter 
being  in  lower  relief  and  rather  heavy :  and  on  this 
ground,  perhaps,  Sarapion  may  be  put  before  Apollonios. 
Apollonios,  being  the  only  magistrate  of  the  series  who 
struck  both  tetradrachms  and  drachms,  so  far  as  we 
know  at  present,  may  serve  as  a  starting-point  for 
arranging  the  remaining  coins  of  either  denomination, 
In  the  drachms,  the  obverse  die  of  Hermagoras  seems  to 
be  by  the  same  artist  as  that  of  Apollonios,  though  the 
reverse  die  is  poorer  work  ;  but,  as  already  pointed  out, 
Apollonios  reused  an  old  reverse  die.  The  obverse 


THE    SILVER   COINAGE    OF    SMYRNA.  297 

dies  of  Epandros  and  latrodoros  are  clearly  from  one 
hand,  and  that  of  a  fresh  artist,  whose  style  is  flat  and 
sketchy :  the  reverses  also  probably  are  by  the  same 
man,  and  introduce  new  details  in  the  bunch  of  grapes 
as  a  symbol  in  the  field  and  the  monogram  on  the  throne. 
As  for  the  tetradrachms,  die  EE  of  Dioskourides  comes 
very  close  in  style  to  die  DD  of  Apollonios ;  the  other 
two  dies  of  Dioskourides,  FF  and  GG,  show  a  considerable 
degradation  in  style,  which  is  shared  by  the  obverse  die 
of  Megakles.  The  obverse  die  of  Herodotos  is  not  quite 
so  debased  as  GG  and  HH,  and  perhaps  represents  a 
new  hand  ;  it  rather  resembles  in  flatness  of  workmanship 
the  dies  of  the  drachms  of  Epandros  and  Jatrodoros. 
On  the  whole,  it  seems  probable  that  Apollonios  and 
Hermagoras  were  closely  connected  in  point  of  time, 
Apollonios  being  the  earlier,  as  shown  by  his  reverse 
die :  that  Dioskourides  and  Megakles  may  be  grouped 
together,  Dioskourides  coming  first :  and  that  Herodotos, 
Epandros,  and  latrodoros  represent  the  latest  and 
weakest  art  in  the  silver  coins  of  Smyrna.  The  relative 
order  of  the  last  three  is,  however,  quite  uncertain. 

In  concluding  this  part  of  my  paper,  I  have  to 
acknowledge  with  grateful  thanks  the  help  which  I 
have  received  from  many  sources.  I  am  indebted  to  the 
officers  in  charge  of  the  cabinets  at  Athens,  Berlin, 
Brussels,  Cambridge,  Copenhagen,  Glasgow,  Gotha,  the 
Hague,  London,  Munich,  Naples,  Oxford,  Paris,  Petro- 
grad,  and  Vienna  for  casts  of  the  coins  in  their 
charge  and  for  much  information  :  the  coins  at  Athens, 
Cambridge,  London,  Oxford,  and  Paris  I  have  examined 
personally,  when  every  facility  was  given  to  me.  Dr. 
Imhoof-Blumer,  M.  Eobert  Jameson,  and  Sir  Hermann 
Weber  have  most  kindly  supplied  me  with  casts  of  their 


298  J.    G.    MILNE. 

coins;  and  I  have  to  thank  Dr.  Hirsch  also  for  some 
casts.  To  Mr.  Edward  Barff  of  Smyrna  I  owe  a  special 
debt  of  gratitude,  as  it  is  through  his  constant  and  ready 
assistance  that  I  have  obtained  the  greater  part  of  my 
coins  of  Smyrna,  without  which  I  should  hardly  have 
taken  up  the  study  of  the  series. 

,T.  fr.  MILNE. 


XIV 
THE  COINAGE    OF   PISIDIAN  ANTIOCH. 

(See  Plate  XIX.) 

THE  coins  here  described  belong  to  three  groups. 

(1)  During  journeys  made  in  connexion  with  the  Asia 
Minor  Exploration  Fund  through  the  region  of  Pisidian 
Antioch  during  the  last  thirty-two  years,  small  sets  of 
coins  have  been  purchased  in  the  villages  and  towns 
from  time  to  time  and  carefully  preserved.     Many  of 
them  were  in  a  very  bad  condition,  and  this  is  naturally 
also  the  case  with  many  of  those  which  belong  to  the 
next  group. 

(2)  During  the  recent  excavations  at  the  Hieron  of 
Men  Askaenos,  near  Pisidian  Antioch,  a  certain  number 
of  coins  have  been  found,  and  many  not  actually  found 
in  excavation,  but  coming  from  the  neighbourhood,  have 
been    shown   to  the    excavators.     By  the    courtesy  of 
Sir  William  Eamsay  I  have  been  allowed  to  examine 
practically  all  these  coins  and  make  full  lists  of  them 
from  time  to  time.     The  bearing  of  these  coins  on  the 
dates  of  occupation  of  the  site  excavated  will  be  dis- 
cussed after  the  excavation  of  the  city,  which  may  last 
for  several  years  yet,  is  completed. 

(3)  Some  coins  belonging  to  the  British  Museum,  but 
not  published  in  the  Catalogue  of  Pisidia,  are  included. 

The  object   of  the   present   paper  is   to   describe    a 


300  G.    F.    HILL. 

selection  of  coins  which  are  of  interest  to  numismatists 
primarily.  In  one  or  two  cases  the  provenance  enables 
us  to  attribute  to  the  Pisidian  colony  coins  of  which  the 
attribution  would  otherwise  be  uncertain. 

Babelon1  and  Imhoof-Blumer 2  have  restored  to 
Pisidian  Antioch  the  autonomous  coins,  with  a  bust  of 
Men  on  the  obverse  and  a  humped  bull  with  ANTIOXE 
and  various  magistrates'  names  on  the  reverse,  which 
had  usually  been  ascribed  to  the  Carian  city  of  the 
same  name.  In  confirmation  of  this  change,  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  there  were  at  least  four  of  these  coins 
among  those  submitted  to  me.  Unfortunately  all  were 
quite  illegible,  except  one  which  appears  to  read 
APAKON. 

The  new  evidence  also  confirms,  if  further  confirmation 
were  necessary,  Imhoofs  attribution  to  Pisidian  Antioch 
of  the  group  of  coins  with  eagle  on  obverse  and  star  on 
reverse.3 

Three  specimens  of  the  kind  without  magistrates' 
names,  two  with  the  eagle  to  right,  one  with  the  eagle  to 
left,  are  recorded  in  the  lists  which  I  have  made.  To 
Imhoofs  list  may  be  added  another,  with  eagle  to  right 
on  obverse,  and  the  magistrate's  name  [0]PA  ZY  on  the 
reverse  (^E.  13  mm.),  which  has  long  been  in  the  British 
Museum.  [PI.  XIX.  1.] 

It  may  be  noted  that  the  magistrates'  names 
APAKO[N]  and  MENANAPO[Y]  occur  on  both  this  series  and 
on  the  series  with  the  bust  of  Men  and  the  humped  bull 
mentioned  above,  showing  that  the  two  series  belong  to 
the  same  place  and  period. 

1  Invent.  Waddington,  Nos.  3566-70. 

2  Kleinasiatische  Mi'mzen,  p.  357. 

3  Revue  Suisse,  xiv.  (1908),  p.  141. 


THE    COINAGE    OF    PISIDIAN    ANTIOOH.  301 

The  small  coins  of  the  Colony  without  Emperors' 
heads,  or  at  least  without  their  names,  are  represented  by 
the  following  varieties  :— 

Types :  Obv. — Bust    of    Hermes,    with    caduceus    behind 
shoulder. 

Rev. — Modius    containing    corn.      Cp.   B.    M.    C., 
No.  2. 

1.  Obv.— ANT)  1.,  OCH  r.     Bust  r. 

Rev.— COLO  1.,  NIAE  r. 
M.  14  mm. 

2.  Obv.— ANTIO  1.,  C  r.,  H  below.     Bust  1. 

'Rev.— AICO  1.,  L  above,  ONI  r.  (i.e.  COLONIAl). 
JE.  12  mm.     [PI.  XIX.  4.J 


Types :  Obv. — Bust    of    Hermes,    with    caduceus    behind 
shoulder. 

Rev. — Bull  standing.     Cp.  Imhoof-Blumer,  Kleinas. 
Miinzen,  p.  358,  No.  6. 

3.   Obv.— [ANJJI  1.,  QCH  r.  (?).     Bust  r. 

Rev. — AN  T  above,  IOC  r.     Bull  r. 
M.  13  mm. 


Types :  Obv. — Bust  of  Hermes,  caduceus  behind  shoulder. 

.Bet.— "Winged     caduceus.       Cp.     Imhoof-Blumer, 

Kleinas.  Miinzen,  p.  358,  No.  7. 

4.  Obv.— ANTIO  1.,  C  -  -  r.     Bust  1. 
Rev. — COLO  L,  NIA  r. 

M.  13  mm.     [PI.  XIX.  2.] 


302  G.    F.    HILL. 

Types :  Obv. — Bust  of  Hermes,  caduceus  behind  shoulder. 
Be*.— Cock.     Cp.  B.  M.  C.,  No.  1. 

5.  Obv. — ANTIO  1.,  CHIA  r.     Bust  1. 

Eev. — CO  1.,  LON  r.,  I  below.     Cock  r. 

M.  12-5   mm.      [PI.    XIX.    3.]     Same 
dies  as  jB.  M.  (7.,  No.  1. 

6.  Obv.—k  ].,  NTIOC  r.     Bust  r. 
Eev.— CO  1.,  LON  (?)  r.     Cock  r. 

M.   12-5  mm. 

Types  :  Obv. — Bust  of  Men  on  crescent. 

Eev.— Cock.     Cp.  B.  M.  C.,  No.  3. 

7.  Obv. — ANTIO  1.,  CHIA  r.     Bust  1. 

Eev. — COLO  r.,  -  -  1.     Cock  r. 
M.  13  mm. 

8.  Obv.— ANTI  r.,  OCHI  1.     Bust  r. 

Eev. — Inscr.  illegible.     Cock  r. 
^E.  14  mm. 

The  busts  oil  these  small  coins  seeni  to  me  to  be  assimi- 
lated to  various  emperors.  Thus  the  Hermes  on  Nos.  1, 
4,  and  5  seem  to  resemble  Hadrian,  while  that  on  No.  2 
may  be  meant  for  the  young  Caracalla.  On  the  follow- 
ing coin  we  seem  to  have  busts  of  Pius  and  Marcus  : — 

9.  Obv.— ANT  r.     Bearded  bust  r.  (Pius?). 

Eev. — COLO    1.       Beardless    bust    1.    (Marcus    as 
Hermes  ?)  with  caduceus  over  shoulder. 

M.  13mm.     [PI.  XIX.  5.] 
Imhoof-Blumer,   however,4  considers  that   these  and 


4  Kleinasiatische  Milnsien,  p.  358. 


THE   COINAGE    OF   PISIDIAX    ANTIOCH.  303 

other  small  copper  coins  of  the  same  class  probably 
belong  to  the  time  of  Severus.  However,  the  re- 
semblances which  I  have  pointed  out  seem  to  indicate 
a  longer  period  for  the  issue  of  these  coins ;  and  indeed 
it  is  not  probable  that  so  many  varieties  of  small  change 
should  have  been  issued  during  so  short  a  period. 

The  following  issues  (with  the  possible  exception  of 
No.  10)  belong  to  the  time  of  Augustus  and  Tiberius : — 

10.  Obv. — CCAN     above.       Founder    ploughing    r.    with 

yoke  of  cattle. 

Rev. — £  in  middle.  Four  military  standards  (two 
with  eagles). 

M.  18  mm.     [PI.  XIX.  6.] 

11.  Obv. — CAESAR  on  r.     Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare. 

Rev.— COL  •  CAES  above ;  AV  |  GVS  |  TVS  in  middle, 
between  four  military  standards  as  on  pre- 
ceding. 

M.  2-2  mm.     [PI.  XIX.  7.]    Cp.  Imhoof- 
Blumer,  Kleinaa.  Miinzcn,  p.  358,  No.  9. 

The  new  specimen  was  poorly  preserved  ;  that  which 
is  here  illustrated  was  already  in  the  British  Museum. 

12.  Obv.—      -  V!  •  AVG  •  F  •  AVGVST  •  IMP  •  VIM      Head 

of  Tiberius  1.,  bare. 

Rev. — C  C  (large)  across  field.  Statue  of  the  Julia 
Gens,  seated  r.,  resting  with  1.  on  sceptre, 
holding  patera  in  r. 

M.  22  mm.     [PI.  XIX.  8.] 

The  type  of  the  reverse  is  found  not  only  on  Konian 
coins  of  the  period  (Cohen2,  Tiberius,  17)  but  at  Corinth 
(Irnhoof  and  Gardner,  Num.  Comm.  E  xcvi.)  and  at 
Caesaraugusta  in  Spain  (Heiss,  PI.  xxv.  27). 


304  G.    F.    HILL. 

Under  the  latter  mint,  in  the  British  Museum  trays, 
the  following  coin  has  long  been  placed ;  but  in  its 
fabric  and  style  it  is  distinctly  not  Spanish,  and  Don 
Antonio  Vives  informs  me  that  nothing  similar  to  it  is 
familiar  to  him  in  his  experience  of  Spanish  coins.  It 
may  just  possibly  be  of  Antioch,  although  it  does  not 
seem  to  bear  any  indication  of  the  mint : — 

12a.  Obv,— Tl 1., TVS  r.     Head  of  Tiberius  r., 

bare.     Plain  border. 

Rev. — IVLIA  A  1.,  -  -  -  TA  r.     Similar  figure  to  that 
on.  No.  12.     Plain  border. 

M.  24  mm.     [PI.  XIX.  9.] 

A  propos  of  the  coin  of  Augustus,  Imhoof  remarks  that 
on  this  earliest  coin  the  colony  bears  only  the  title 
Colonia  Caesarea.  The  coin  of  Tiberius  (No.  12)  shows 
that  it  still  bore  that  title  in  his  reign ;  whereas  the 
coin  No.  10  seems,  if  my  reading  of  the  obverse  is 
correct,  to  mark  the  transition  to  the  new  name.  Un- 
fortunately we  cannot  date  it  exactly. 

A  coin  of  Tiberius  mentioned  by  Babelon,5  reading 
CAE  •  ANTIO  •  COL  •  S  •  R  •  is  described  as  retouched  ;  this 
we  may  well  believe,  since  the  letters  S  •  R  do  not 
normally  appear  on  Antiochian  coins  until  a  much  later 
period,  and  the  size  of  the  piece  (34  mm.)  is  also  a  sign 
of  lateness.6 


3  Invent.  Waddington,  3580. 

*  Cp.  Mionnet,  iii.  p.  492,  No.  2,  which  appears  to  be  a  tooled  coin  of 
Gordian  III.  Sir  W.  M.  Ramsay  writes  :  "  The  name  of  the  colony 
appears  simply  as  C.  C.  in  an  inscription  which  belongs  to  the  period 
about  50  A.D.  The  revival  of  the  old  name  Antiochia  as  an  adjunct  to 
the  Roman  title  Colonia  Caesarea  may  probably  have  taken  place  under 
Vespasian,  or  perhaps  Nero  ;  and  coins  reading  C  .  C  .  AN  .  may  be 
dated  accordingly." 


THE   COINAGE    OF    PISIDIAN    ANTIOCH.  305 

Between  the  earliest  period  of  the  colony  and  the  reign 
of  Vespasian  there  seems  to  be  a  gap  in  the  coinage. 
Hitherto  coins  of  Titus  but  none  of  his  father  have  been 
attributed  to  the  colony.  But  among  the  new  coins  are 
three  of  Vespasian,  all  extremely  badly  worn.  The 
greater  part  of  the  legends  can,  however,  be  restored 
with  the  help  of  a  similar  coin  at  Berlin  (from  the 
Imhoof-Blumer  collection),  the  description  of  which  I 
owe  to  Dr.  Imhoof-Blumer's  kindness : — 

13.   Obv.—  IMP  VESPASIANO  CAESAR  I  AVG  COS  VII  P  P 
Bust  of  Vespasian  r.,  laureate. 

Rev. — LEGV     on     1.     upwards,     CC (?)    on    r. 

upwards  ;  eagle  staiiding,  with  wings  spread, 
between  two  military  standards. 

JEt.  26-5-24  mm.  Three  specimens.  Two 
of  them  are  countermarked  on  the  obverse 
with  a  figure  of  Men,  standing  to  front, 
crescent  at  shoulders,  resting  on  sceptre 
with  r.,  holding  Victory  in  1. 

[PI.  XIX.  10.] 

These  coins  date  from  the  year  76,  when  Vespasian 
was  consul  for  the  seventh  time. 

Indications  of  the  presence  of  veterans  of  the  fifth 
legion  (Gallica  7)  at  Antioch  are  already  known  in  four 
tombstones  from  Antioch  (C.  I.  L.,  iii.  293,  294;  cp. 
Le  Bas-Waddington,  1823 ;  and  two  others  of  which 
Sir  W.  M.  Ramsay  informs  me).  One  at  least  of  these 
must  belong  to  quite  the  earliest  period  of  the  colony. 
Otherwise  it  would  have  been  tempting  to  suppose  that, 
since  the  name  of  the  fifth  legion  does  not  occur  on  the 


7  The  identity  of  Gallica  with  Alaudae  is  not  certain,  though  assumed 
by  earlier  authorities  with  no  evidence.  Dessau  (Index  to  Inscr. 
Lat.  Sel.)  distinguishes  them.  The  name  Alaudae  is  never  used  in  the 
Antiochian  inscriptions. — [W.  M.  11.] 

NUM.    CHRON.,    VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES  IV.  Y 


306  G.    F.    HILL. 

coins  until  the  year  76,  it  may  have  been  veterans  of 
the  fifth  Macedonica  (which  served  in  the  Jewish  war), 
rather  than  of  the  Gallica,  who  were  settled  at  Antioch.8 
Such  a  veteran  may  have  brought  with  him  the  coin  of 
Titus  commemorating  the  subjection  of  Judaea  which  is 
mentioned  below. 


ICRS 


This  countermark  occurs  on  a  number  of  coins,  all  but 
one  uufortuf  ately  worn  so  smooth  that  it  is  impossible 
to  deterrninl  their  date  with  certainty.  Three  were 
among  the  coins  submitted  to  me.  A  fourth  [PI.  XIX.  12], 
which  came  from  the  same  district  many  years  ago,  is  a 
Greek  coin  of  Titus,  commemorating  the  suppression  of 
the  First  Revolt  of  the  Jews,  and  doubtless  struck  in 
Judaea.9  One  of  three  others  [PI.  XIX.  11]  is  counter- 
marked  on  the  opposite  side  with  a  bust  of  Men  on  a 
crescent  to  right,  indicating  a  further  connexion  with 
Antioch.  The  letters  of  the  countermark  can  hardly 
be  read  as  anything  but  CRAS,  although  on  some 
specimens  there  seems  to  be  no  horizontal  bar  to  the  R. 
It  is  highly  improbable  that  it  was  impressed  by  the 
authority  of  Sulpicius  Crassus,  who  was  proconsul  of 
Asia  towards  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Commodus ; 10  for 
by  what  authority  should  a  proconsul  of  Asia  counter- 
mark coins  in  Antioch  ?  Whatever  be  the  meaning  of 
the  mark,  the  extremely  worn  condition  of  all  the  coins 
shows  that  the  originals  may  have  been  in  circulation 


8  Several  other  veterans,  who  had  served  in  Syrian  legions,  are  men- 
tioned in  inscriptions  of  Antioch. — [W.  M.  R.] 
11  B.  M.  C. :  Palestine,  PI.  xxxi.  3-5. 
10  Waddington,  Pastes  des  Provinces  Asiatiques,  p.  243,  No.  159. 


THE    COINAGE   OP   PISIDIAN    ANTIOCH.  307 

for  something  like  a  century  before  they  were  counter- 
marked. 

From  the  remainder  of  the  coins  available  I  single 
out  the  following,  mostly  of  Antioch  itself,  and  worthy 
of  notice  : — 

14.  Obv.— LAVR  -  -  r.,  [CjAISAR  1.     Bust  of  L.  Verus  r., 

bare  (1). 

Rev. — ANTIOCH  above,  COLON  in  exergue.  Wolf 
r.  suckling  twins. 

M.  15  mm.     [PI.  XIX.  13.] 

15.  Obv.— PI   VSAVGSE    L,    VERVS    r.       Head    of    Sept. 

Sever  us  r.,  laureate. 

Rev.— ANTI  OCHGE  1.,  NICOL  CAES  r.  Female 
genius  (Fortune),  standing  L,  with  branch 
and  cornucopiae. 

M.   22  mm.      Cp.  Mionnet,    iii.  p.   494, 
No.  17. 

Obv.— IMPCAE  L,  SMAVRAN  r.  Bust  of  young  Cara- 
cal la  r.,  laureate. 

tfer— [FORTVJNACOLONIA  E  r.,  ANTIOCH  1.  For- 
tune, standing  1.,  with  branch  and  cornu- 
copiae. 

16.  JE.  22  mm. 

17.  JE.  24  mm.  (same  olv.  die,  rev.  ORTVNACOL  -  -  r., 

ANTIOCH F  1.).      Of.  Mionnet,  iii.  p.   495, 
No.  25. 

18.  Obv.— IMPCAES  1.,  MAVRAN  r.     Bust  of  young  Cara- 

calla   r.,    laureate,    wearing   paludamentum 
and  cuirass. 

licv.— AN  Tl  OCHFOR  1.,  TVNACOLONIAE  r.  For- 
tune 1.,  with  branch  in  r.,  cornucopiae  in  1. 

M.  22  mm. 

This  corrects  my  description  of  B.  M.  C.,  No.  17,  which 
is  also  of  Caracalla. 

Y'2 


308  G.   P.   HILL. 

19.  Obv. ].,  gfTASCAE  r.     Bust  of  Geta  r.,  wearing 

palud amentum  and  cuirass. 

Rev.—  ANT[I]  ].,  OCHCOL  r.  Eagle  to  front,  wings 
open. 

^E.  19  mm.  Cp.  Babelon,  Invent.  Wad- 
dington,  3595,  and  Mioiinet,  iii.  p.  498, 
No.  40. 

20.  Obv.— ANTON  IN  VSPjVSFELAVG     around.        Bust    of 

Elagabalus  r.,  laureate. 

Rev. — ANTIOCHCO  L  above,  ONI  in  exergue.  Wolf 
r.  and  twins. 

JE.  17mm.  Cp.  Imhoof-Blumer,  Kleinas. 
Miinzen,  p.  361,  No.  21. 

21.  Obv.—  -  -  SEVER     L,     ALEXAND  -    -    r.        Bust    of 

Severus  Alexander  r.,  laureate. 

Rev.— COLCE  1.,  SANTIOCHIA  r.     Bust  of  Men  r. 
M.  22mm. 

22.  Obv.  —  IMPCMIVLPHILIPPVSPFAVG  around.      Bust  of 

Philip   Jun.    r.,    laureate,   wearing   paluda- 
meutum  and  cuirass. 

Rev. — ANTIOCHCOLON  -  -  in  arc  below,  beginning 
on  r.  ;  in  field,  S  R.  Two  cornuacopiae 
crossed,  with  caduceus  between  them. 

M.  19  mm.     [PI.  XIX.  14.] 

23.  Oto.—IMPCAESGMESSQDECIOTRAlAV  around.   Bust 

of  Trajan  Decius  r.,  radiate,  wearing  palu- 
damentum  and  cuirass. 

Rev. — ANTIOCHICOLCA  around,  S  R  in  exergue. 
River- god  Anthios  reclining  1.,  r.  holding 
cornucopiae,  1.  resting  on  overturned  urn 
from  which  water  flows. 

JSi.  23  mm.  Same  obv.  die  as  B.  M.  6'., 
No.  124.  Cp.  Babelon,  Invent.  Waddinyton, 
3614  ;  Mionnet,  Supp.,  vii.  p.  107,  No.  10. 


THE    COINAGE    OF    PIS1DIAX    ANTIOCH.  309 

24.  Obv.— IMPCAESPLICGALLIENVS    around.       Bust    of 

Gallienus  r.,  laureate. 

Bev—  COLCAE   1.,   S  above,  ANTIOC   H   r.     Double 
cornucopiae  containing  two  busts. 

M.  30  mm. 

This  coin  is  from  the  same  dies  as  that  described  by  de 
Saulcy,  Terre  Sainte,  p.  18,  No.  6  Us  [here  PI.  XIX.  15], 
which  is  accordingly  of  Pisidian  Antioch.  Compare  the 
coin  of  Volusiau,  Rev.  Num.,  1902,  p.  348,  No.  92,  PI.  x. 
11,  on  which  the  two  busts  represent  Volusiau  and  the 
god  Men. 

25.  Obv. — I MPCAESPAILCAINGALLIENO(?)  around.   Bust 

of  Gallienus  r.,  radiate. 

J5ei,. — ANTI  O  1.,  CHICL  r.,  SR  in  exergue.     Legion- 
ary eagle  between  two  standards. 
M.  23-5  mm. 

The  following  coins,  belonging  to  groups  (I)  and  (2), 
are  of  other  mints  : — 

Attaleia  Pamphyliae  (?). 

26.  Obv. — Two  heads  of  Athena  r.,  jugate. 

Jfrtf.— [ATTAjAEQN  (?)  on  r.     Zeus  seated  1. 
M.  17  mm. 

Apollonia  Pisidiae. 

27.  Obv. — Inscription  obscure.     Bust  of  Geta  (?)  r. 

Rev. — AHOAAQN  1.,  IATQNAY  -  -  r.     Hygieia  stand- 
ing r.,  feeding  serpent. 

M.  21  mm. 
Sagalassus. 

28.  Obv.— AY  •  KMAY  •    •  ANTQN6INO    C  •  C6B    around. 

Bust  of  Caracalla  r.,  laureate,  undraped. 

_Re0._CArAAAC  I.,   CeQN  r.     Apollo  seated  1.,  head 
r.,  with  lyre  on  column  beside  him. 
M.  25  mm. 


310  G.    F.    HILL. 

Apamea  Cibotus. 

29.  Obv. — Head  of  Athena  r.,  helraeted  ;  countermark, 


Rev. — Inscription  illegible.     Eagle  with  spread  wings 
on  maeander,  between  caps  of  Dioscuri. 

M.  23  mm. 


Philomeliutn. 

30.  Obv.— IOYAIA  1.,   MAM6AC6B  r.     Bust  of  Mamaea  r. 

on  crescent. 

Rev. — 4>lAOMHA€UN6niMIOYAnAYA6l    around,  and 
in  centre  S  P  Q  R 
M.  34  mm. 

31.  Obv.— AYKMAN[TnjrOPAIANO     around.        Bust     of 

Gordian  III  r.,  laureate,  undraped. 

JJet?. — cj>|AOM  1.,  HA6ON  r.  Eagle  to  front,  wings 
spread. 

M.  17  mm. 

32.  33.  Two   coins   of   Trajan  Decius,  as  B.  M.   C.,  39 

and  43. 

Iconium. 

34.  Obv.— IMPCAESMANGORDIANVSAVG  around.  Bust 
of  Gordian  III  r.,  laureate,  wearing  paluda- 
mentum  and  cuirass. 

.Ret?.— COCEL  IHAD  1.,  ICONIHS  r.,  S  R  in  exergue; 
Roma,  helmeted,  seated  1.,  holding  Victory 
in  r.,  resting  with  1.  on  spear,  at  foot  of 
which  shield. 

M.  34  mm.     [PI.  XIX.  16.] 


The  blundered  inscription  on  the  reverse  is  intended 
for  Colonia  Aelia  Hadriana  (Augusta)  Iconensium. 


THE    COINAGE   OF    PISIDIAN   ANTIOCH.  311 

Parlais. 

35.  Obv.— [IMJPLAVR  L,  COMMO  -  -  r.     Bust  of  Corn- 

modus  r.,  laureate,  undraped  (?). 

Rev.—  IVLAVGHA  1.,  COLPARLA  r.  Men  standing  to 
front,  head  r.  resting  on  sceptre,  1.  holding 
pine-cone  ;  at  his  feet  r.  a  cock  (?). 

M.  21  mm.     Cp.  Imhoof-Blumer  in  Rev. 
Suisse,   1908,  p.  88,  No.  3,  where  it  is  re- 
marked that  HA  (for  Hadriana)  is  not  other- 
wise found  on  coins  of  the  colony. 
Adana. 

36.  Obv. — Bust   of  Gordian  III  and   inscription  as   on 

B.  M.  C.,  No.  19  (same  die). 

Jfci;._CABeiNTPANKYAA€INAC  -  •  -  [AAANG]  and 
in  inner  circle  ON.  Bust  of  Tranquillina  r. 

M.  30  mm. 

Seleucia  ad  Calycadnum. 

37.  Obv.— nTAK!AC€YHPAN€Y  -  -     around.        Bust     of 

Otacilia  r. 

J?f».--C€A€YK[6n]  NTONnPKAAYKeA  around,  GV06 
in  field  1.,  PAC  in  field  r.  Nike  1.,  carrying 
wreath  and  palm-branch. 

JE.    31   mm.     Cp.  Mionnet,   iii.    p.   GOT, 
No.  326 ;  Supp.,  vii.  p.  244,  No.  347. 

Another  specimen  in  the  British  Museum  has  the 
same  reverse  type  with  a  different  arrangement  of  the 
legend. 

Tarsus. 

38.  Obv.— [A]YT  -  -  A[Y]PC  -    HP OCCGB    around. 

Bust  of  Caracalla  r.,  laureate,  wearing  palu- 
damentum  and  cuirass  :  in  field,  f!  [l~l] 

Rev.— [ANTONJIANHCC  1.,  €Y  -  -  r. ;  in  field  1. 
A|MK|rB  The  god  Saudan  standing  r.  on 
lion. 

M.    35   mm.     Cp.    Dressel   in  Z.  f.  N.< 
xxiv.  p.  84. 


312  G.    F.    HILL. 

159.  Obv. C6YHP   OCAN  -  -  around;    in   field,    [PI] 

[PI]  (?)     Bust  of  Caracalla  r.,   laureate,  un- 
d raped. 

jffo^— [T]APCO[Y]MH|[T]POKOINOB|[O]YAION  in  ex- 
ergue; in  field,  f  B.  The  Emperor  with  spear 
standing  1.,  confronted  by  a  female  figure 
carrying  Nike  on  globe,  who  crowns  the 
Emperor. 

M.  34  mm. 

Uncertain  Greek  Imperial. 

40.   Obv.— IMPA  -  -  r.,  TR  •  POT  1.     Head  of  Augustus  r. 

Rev. — Inscription  obliterated  ;  founder  ploughing  r. 
with  yoke  of  oxen. 

M.  27  mm. 

In  fabric,  in  the  style  of  the  head  on  the  obverse,  and 
in  the  obverse  inscription,  this  closely  resembles  the 
coins  of  the  Syrian  Antioch.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
colonial  reverse  type  does  not  occur  there.  In  some 
lights  the  letters  in  the  exergue  of  this  specimen  seem 
to  suggest  ANTl  -  - ,  but  perhaps  the  wish  is  father  to  the 
thought. 

A  word  may  be  added  here  about  the  sources  of  coins 
other  than  those  struck  at  Antioch  itself  which  occur 
among  those  examined  and  identified  by  me.  In  the 
following  list  all  coins  are  of  Imperial  times  and  of 
bronze  unless  otherwise  stated  : — 

Macedon.     Thessalonica,  1  (late  autonomous,  after  88  B.C., 
as  S.  M.  C.,  No.  32). 
Bithynia.     Nicaea,  1 . 
Caria.     Aphrodisias,  1. 
Phrygia.     Apamea,  1  (autonomous,  133-48  i?.c.). 

„  Philomelium,  6. 

Cappadocia.     Caesarea,  1. 
Lycaonia.     Iconium,  1. 
Parlais,  2. 


THE    COINAGE    OF   PISIDIAN    ANTIOCH.  313 

Pisidia.     Apollonia,  1. 
„          Baris,  1. 
„          Pappa  Tiberia,  1. 
,,  Sagalassus,  1. 

„          Selge,  1  (JE.  -tth  cent.  B.C.). 
Pamphylia.     Aspendus,  1  (autonomous,  2d.-lst  cent.  B.C.). 

„  Attaleia  (?),  1  (late  autonomous). 

Cilicia.     Adana,  1. 

„          Seleucia  ad  Calycadnum,  1. 
„          Tarsus,  3. 
Syria.     Antiochus  I  (?),  1. 
„         Seleucus  IV,  1. 
„         Antioch,  2. 
Judaea.     Judaea  Capta,  1. 

It  will  be  observed  that  very  few  coins  have  travelled 
far,  and  that  coins  of  neighbouring  cities,  such  as 
Philomelium  and  those  in  Pisidia  and  Lycaonia,  are  in 
the  great  majority.  Provenance  is  thus  shown,  as 
always  in  the  case  of  bronze  coins,  to  be  good  evidence 
for  attribution. 

It  is  a  curious  fact  that  not  one  of  the  large  coins  of 
sestertius  size  issued  at  Antioch  from  Septimius  Sever  us 
to  Grordian  III  has  passed  through  my  hands,  although 
they  are,  comparatively  speaking,  not  rare.11  On  the 
other  hand,  coins  of  apparently  the  same  denomination 
from  mints  like  Iconium,  Philomelium,  and  Tarsus  were 

not  wanting. 

G.  F.   HILL. 

11  Sir  W.  M.  Ramsay  has  since  shown  me  a  specimen  of  the  Gordian, 
B.  M.  C.,  No.  85,  acquired  in  the  district.  He  adds  that  he  has  observed 
very  large  numbers  of  Antiochian  coins  in  the  hands  of  shopkeepers  at 
Iconium.  Coins  of  the  colony  evidently  circulated  in  great  numbers 
about  Iconium  as  well  as  in  the  rest  of  the  region  and  towns  around 
Antioch.  As  regards  the  large  coins,  their  comparative  scarcity  on  the 
spot  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  they  are  thought  to  be  valuable,  so 
that  when  discovered  they  speedily  find  their  way  to  more  important 
commercial  centres. 


XV. 

PORTRAITS  D'IMPERATRICES  DE   L'EPOQUE 
CONSTANTINIENNE. 


L'EXISTENCE  de  la  jeune  Helene,  femme  de  Crispus, 
belle-fille  de  Constantin,  que  j'avais  admise  comme 
demontree  dans  ma  Numismatique  Constantinienne,1  a 
ete  mise  en  doute,  pour  des  raisons  fort  serieuses,  par 
M.  Percy  Webb.2 

Les  arguments  mis  en  avant  par  ce  tres-savant  et 
consciencieux  auteur  ont  ebranle  mes  propres  con- 
victions. Je  le  lui  ai  ecrit ;  et  il  a  bien  voulu  publier 
une  note  dans  les  Miscellanea3  du  Numismatic  Chronicle 
pour  mettre  au  point  le  probleme  de  1'existence  de  deux 
imperatrices  du  nom  d'Helene,  sous  le  regne  de  Con- 
stantin le  Grand. 

Depuis  lors,  inon  attention  a  ete  attiree  sur  un 
caractere  distinct  if  des  bustes  des  deux  Helenes,  que  je 
n'avais  pas  suffisamment  utilise  dans  mes  recherches. 
Je  veux  parler  de  la  difference  de  coiffure  de  ces  deux 
imperatrices. 


1  Numismatique  Constantinienne,  tome  ii.,  pp.  450-456,  dans  1'etude 
sur  "!' Atelier  de  Thessalonica." 

2  Percy   H.   Webb,   "Helena    N.    P.,"    dans    Num.-  Chron.,   1912, 
pp.  352-360. 

3  Num.  Chron.,  1913,  pp.  377-379. 


PORTRAITS  D'IMPERATRICES.  315 

J 'avals,  en  realite,  indique  dans  ma  Numismatique 
Constantinienne  que  les  effigies  de  la  jeune  Helene 
presentaient  des  cheveux  ondules,  sans  aucune  decora- 
tion speciale.4  J'avais  fait  remarquer  egalement,  an 
sujet  des  effigies  de  Galerie  Valerie,  1'importance  de 
1'arrangement  de  la  coiffure  pour  la  determination  des 
bustes  des  imperatrices.5  Mais  je  ne  m'etais  pas  avise 
de  ce  que  Sainte  Helene  portait  toujours  deux  varietes 
de  coiffures,  avec  ou  sans  diademe,  que  ne  presentaient 
jainais  les  effigies  de  la  jeune  Helene. 

La  question  a  besoin  d'etre  reprise  d'un  pen  plus  haut. 

Une  remarquable  publication  de  Lady  Evans,  parue 
dans  le  Numismatic  Chronicle  en  1906,  avait  attire 
1'attention  sur  les  coiffures  des  imperatrices  romaines 
et  il  etait  facile,  a  1'aide  de  ce  beau  travail,  de  suivre 
tous  les  aspects  de  la  mode.6  L'auteur  avait  indique 
les  caracteres  les  plus  distinctifs  des  coiffures  de  chaque 
imperatrice  jusqu'au  Vme  siecle  de  Fere  chretienne,  et 
avait  bien  defini  les  coiffures  de  Ste.  Helene.7  Des  ondu- 
lations  sur  le  front  sont  surmontees  d'un  large  bandeau  ; 
lequel  maintient  en  place  une  tresse  de  cheveux  qui, 
ramenee  du  derriere  de  la  tete,  vient  former  une  boucle 
par  devant,  sous  le  bandeau.  Parfois,  disait  Lady  Evans, 
le  bandeau  est  une  large  bande,  appareinrnent  de  laine, 
qui  entoure  la  tete.  Cette  bande  encercle  la  partie  de  la 
chevelure  qui  couvre  la  tete,  comme  un  turban  est 


4  Numism.  Constantinienne,  t.  ii.,  p.  356. 

5  Ibid.,  t.  ii.,  p.  306. 

6  Lady  Evans,  "  Hair-dressing  of  Roman  Ladies,"  dans  Num.  Chron., 
1906,  pp.  37-65. 

"  Op.  cii.,  p.  60 ;  voir  la  Planche  vi ;  on  y  trouvera  No.  71  une  coiffure 
de  GalSrie  Valerie,  No.  76  le  medallion  de  Ste.  H61ene,  No.  73  un 
medallion  au  nom  de  Fausta  avec  1'effigie  de  Ste.  Helene;  No.  72 
1'effigie  de  Fausta. 


316  JULES   MAURICE. 

dispose  autour  (Tun  fez.  Et  1'auteur  rappelait  les 
invectives  de  Tertullien  dans  le  De  Virginibus  Velandis 
centre  celles  qui  portent  des  uiitres  et  des  bandes  de 
laine  qui  ne  voilent  pas  leurs  tetes,  mais  en  font  des  for- 
teresses.  On  ne  voit  pas  ce  que  ces  chevelures  massives 
avaient  d'immoral,  mais  Tertullien  etait  austere  jusqu'a 
Fabsurde.8  Ses  critiques  n'ont  pas  empeche  Ste.  Helene 
d'adopter  cette  coiffure.  J'irai  meme  plus  loin.  J'ai 
fait  remarquer 9  que  Lady  Evans  avait  fort  judici- 
eusement  defini  une  certaine  mode  persistante  de 
coiffures  (Syrian  tradition}.  Ce  genre  de  coiffures,  inau- 
gure  par  Julia  Paula  et  Julia  Soaemias,  si  Ton  tient  compte 
de  1'existence  siumltanee  d'un  croissant  et  d'une  certaine 
rnaniere  de  relever  les  tresses  de  cheveux  sur  la  uuque, 
a  ete  conserve  par  Orbiana,  Otacilia  Severa,  Severina, 
Magnia  Urbica  et  Galerie  Valerie  [PI.  XX.  1-3].  Les 
tresses  de  cheveux  relevees  sur  la  nuque  et  ramenees 
sur  le  crane  avancent  de  plus  en  plus  vers  le  sommet  de 
la  tete  et  viennent  enfin  se  fixer  sous  le  croissant.10 

Ce  genre  de  coiffure  est  le  prototype  de  celle  qu'a 
portee  Ste.  Helene  [PI.  XX.  4-10].  Le  diademe  on  le 
bandeau  ont  remplace  dans  la  coiffure  de  Ste.  Helene  le 
croissant  de  celle  de  Galerie  Valerie.  Mais  la  masse  des 
cheveux  chez  Ste.  Helene,  comme  chez  Galerie  Valerie, 
apres  avoir  reconvert  la  tete,  descend  sur  la  nuque,  y 
forme  une  large  boucle  et  est  ramenee  en  une  ou  deux 
tresses  qui  remontent  sur  la  chevelure  jusqu'au  sommet 
de  la  tete.  Ces  tresses  se  fixent  sous  le  diademe. 

s  Tertullien,  D.  V.  V.,  c.  18. 

9  Dans  Num.  Constantin. ,  t.  ii.,  p.  306. 

10  Voir  sur  ces  coiffures  les  planches,  annexees  au  travail  de  Lady 
Evans.      PI.   V.   No.   60  =  Julia  Paula ;    No.   59  =  Julia    Soaemias  ; 
No.  61  =  Orbiana  ;  PI.  VI ,  No.  63  =  Otacilia  Severa  ;  No.  66  =  Seve- 
rina ;  No.  69  =  Magnia  Urbica  ;  No.  70  et  71  =  Galeria  Valeria. 


PORTRAITS  D'IMPERATRIGES.  317 

II  est  assez  interessant  de  voir  la  mode  d'un  certain 
genre  de  coiffure  passer  de  Galerie  Valerie  a  Ste.  Helene. 
Ces  imperatrices  ont-elles  suivi  toutes  deux  la  tradition 
orientale  ou  bien  Ste.  Helene  a-t  elle  voulu  irniter 
Galerie  Valerie  ? 

On  sait,  par  Lactauce,  que  cette  lille  de  Diocletien  et 
femme  de  Galere  a  ete  persecuted  ainsi  que  sa  mere 
Prisca  pour  sa  religion,  et  que  Diocletien  voulut  con- 
traindre  ces  imperatrices  aux  sacrifices  paiens.11  Entin 
Maxiniin  Daza  les  poursuivit  de  sa  baine1'2  et  Licinius 
les  fit  mourir.13  Elles  etaient  chretiennes,  tout  porte  a  le 
croire.  Ste.  Helene  n'a-t-elle  pas  trouve  dans  la  religion 
de  Galerie  Valerie  une  raison  suffisante  pour  Finiiter  en 
tout  ?  La  tradition  syrienne  serait  devenue  une  tradi- 
tion chretieune.  Mais  Sainte  Helene  n'a  porte  le 
diademe  qu'apres  avoir  ete  proclaruee  Augusta,  en  324. 
Quelle  coiffure  portait-elle  conime  jeune  fille  ou  jeuue 
femme  ?  La  tres  interessante  decouverte  d'un  buste  de 
Ste.  Helene  par  M.  Delbrueck  nous  1'apprend  peutetre, 
mais  il  faut  d'abord  identifier  ce  buste.  Ste.  Helene 
(Augusta)  se  presente  sur  certains  medaillons  que  j'ai 
decrits,  sans  le  diademe,  mais  avec  le  lourd  et  large 
bandeau  de  laine  dont  il  a  ete  question  plus  haut.  La 
coiffure  se  compose,  sur  le  beau  medaillon  de  Londres 
[PI.  XX.  13]  que  j'avais  signale,  d'un  tour  de  front  forme 
de  grosses  ondulations  de  cheveux  qui  encadrent  le  front, 
surrnonte  d'un  lourd  bandeau  de  laine,  lequel  entoure 
une  calotte  de  cheveux  qui  couvre  le  crane  et  est  lisse 
sur  le  medaillon. 

M.  Delbrueck  a  compare  ce  medaillon  au  buste  ignore 

11  Lactance,  DC  Mortibus  Persecutvrum,  c.  xxix. 

12  Ibid.,  c.  xli. 

13  Ibid.,  c.  li. 


318 


JULES   MAURICE. 


du  Musee  des  Conservateurs  qui  presente  les  parties 
essentielles  de  la  coiffure  de  Ste.  Helene.  Les  traits 
de  la  figure  correspondent,  autant  qu'on  en  peut  juger, 


FIG.  1  — Buste  de  Ste.  Helene. 


ii  ceux  du  medaillon,  inais  nous  ne  possedons  que  des 
effigies  de  Ste.  Helene  agee,  tandis  que  le  buste  est  celui 
d'une  jeune  fenime.  Yoir  pour  le  buste  les  figures  Nos. 
1  et  2. 


PORTRAITS  D'IMPERATRICES.  319 

II  semble  toutefois  (|ue  les  traits  du  buste  et  ceux  du 
medaillon  soient  assez  seinblables  pour  qu'on  puisse 
attribuer  1'un  et  1'autre  de  ces  portraits  a  Ste.  Helene.14 


FIG.  "2. — Buste  de  Ste.  Helene. 

Cette  princesse  aurait  adopte,  des  le  debut  de  sa  vie,  le 

14  B.  Delbrueck,  Portraits  Byzantinischer  Kaiserinnen,  dans  Mit- 
tciluiujen  d.  k.  D.  Arch.  Instituts,  RomiscJie  Abtcilmig,  vol.  xxviii., 
1913,  pp.  327  a  330. 


320  JULES   MAURICE. 

genre  de  coiffure  qu'elle  conserva  toujours,  mais  apres  sa 
nomination  comme  Augusta,  elle  aurait  porte  le  diademe 
et  1'on  n'aurait  plus  represente  qu'exceptionnellement  le 
lourd  bandeau  que  1'on  voit  autour  de  sa  tete  sur  le 
medaillon  et  sur  le  buste.  Le  bandeau  est  forme  sur  le 
buste  d'une  maniere  difficile  a  expliquer.  Les  cheveux 
du  dessus  de  la  tete,  di vises  en  deux  masses  par  une 
raie,  fournissent  par  derriere  deux  tresses  qui  remontent 
et  encerclent  la  tete,  mais  on  ne  voit  pas  le  point  ou  les 
deux  tresses  se  reunissent  sur  le  sommet  de  la  tete.  II 
en  resulte  qu'un  bandeau  de  fausses  tresses  a  du  etre 
applique  sur  les  cheveux  naturels,  ou  bien  que  1'artiste 
a  coinmis  une  bevue  et  represente  une  coiffure  im- 
possible a  realiser.  II  faut  ajouter  que  les  cheveux  qui 
encadrent  le  front  sur  le  buste  ne  sont  pas  ramenes  en 
avant  et  ne  sont  pas  ondules  comme  ceux  qui  forment  le 
tour  de  front  de  Ste.  Helene,  sur  le  medaillon  de 
Londres. 

Quoiqu'il  en  soit,  les  parties  essentielles  de  la  coiffure 
sont  les  memes  et  1'effet  produit  est  analogue.  Le  buste 
fait  songer  au  medaillon. 

II  est  remarquable  que  la  coiffure  de  Ste.  Helene  ait  ete 
reproduite  dans  ses  traits  essentiels  sur  les  monuments 
chretiens  de  1'epoque  de  Constantin  et  notamment  qu'elle 
ait  ete  attribute  aux  femmes  des  Hebreux  sauvees  de  la 
catastrophe  de  la  mer  rouge  et  en  particulier  a  Marie, 
sceur  d' Aaron,  dans  les  bas-reliefs  des  sarcophages 
d'Arles  et  de  Rome. 

Je  presente  aux  lecteurs  la  photographie  du  groupe 
des  Hebreux  dans  le  bas-relief  de  la  face  anterieure 
du  sarcophage  de  1'eglise  St.  Trophime  a  Aries  (Fig.  3). 
On  peut  observer  sur  cette  photographie  la  coiffure 
de  Marie,  soeur  d' Aaron,  qui  tient  le  tambourin  et  est 


PORTRAITS  D'IMPERATRICES.  321 

placee  a  droite  de  la  scene.  Cette  coiffure  se  coin- 
pose  des  trois  parties  essentielles  de  la  coiffure  de  Ste. 
Helene,  a  savoir :  un  tour  de  front  ondule,  un  bandeau, 
et  uue  calotte  de  ckeveux  sur  la  tete,  couvraut  le  crane. 
Deux  autres  fenimes,  qui  se  dissiinulent  dans  le  fond 
de  la  scene,  ont  des  coiffures  pareilles.  M.  Delbrueck  a 
signale  egalement  Fimitation  de  la  coiffure  de  Ste. 
Helene  dans  la  peinture  de  Marie,  soaur  d'Aaron,  qui  fait 
partie  de  la  mosaique  de  1'arc  de  triomphe  de  Ste.  Marie 
Majeure  a  Eome.15 

II  en  resulterait  que  la  coiffure  de  Ste  Helene, 
derivant  elle-meme  de  celle  de  Galerie  Valerie,  aurait  ete 
reproduite  par  les  sculpteurs  et  les  peintres  en  niosaique 
chretiens. 

Les  effigies  de  Fausta  [PI.  XX.  12  et  14]  et  la  jeune 
Helene  [PL  XX.  11]  presentent  un  genre  de  coiffure 
differant  completement  du  genre  de  celles  de  Galerie 
Valerie  et  de  Ste.  Helene.  Fausta  a  remis  en  usage  la 
coiffure  de  Lucilla,  femme  de  Lucius  Verus,16  derivee 
elle-meme  de  certaines  coiffures  de  Faustine  jeune.17 
Elle  consiste  essentiellement  en  epaisses  ondulations 
courant  sur  la  tete  perpendiculairement  a  la  longueur 
des  cheveux  lesquels  sont  releves  en  un  no3ud  sur  la 
nuque. 

La  chevelure  de  Fausta  presente  un  nceud  inter- 
mediaire  entre  ceux  de  Lucille  et  de  Faustine.  II  est 
forme  de  1'extremite  des  tresses  enroulees. 

II  est  permis  de  se  demander  si  Fausta  n'a  pas  vu 

15  Delbrueck,  op.  laud.,  p.  332.     Cette  mosaique  est  repre'sentee  dans 
J.  P.  Richter  and  A.  C.  Taylor,  "  The  Golden  Age  of  Classic  Christian 
Art,"  PI.  13-15. 

16  Lady  Evans,  op.  laud.,  p.  54  et  PI.  iv.,  Nos.  44  et  45. 

17  Ibid.,  voir  la  coiffure  toute  simple  et  charmante  de  cette  impera- 
trice  dans  la  Planche  iv.  41  et  42. 

NUM.  CHRON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES  IV.  Z 


322 


JULES   MAURICE. 


dans  1'analogie  de  son  nom  avec  celui  de  Faustine 18 
une  raison  flatteuse  de  copier  la  coiffure  de  cette  iin- 
peratrice  dont  elle  se  rapprochait  un  peu  par  sa  beaute, 
bien  que  ses  traits  fussent  moins  reguliers. 

Lady  Evans  a  emis  1'opinion  vraisemblable  que  les 
tres-epaisses  ondulations  qui  couvrent  la  tete  de  Lucille 
etaient  reniplies,  ouatees.19  Celles  de  Fausta  sont  moins 


WOK 


FIG.  3. — Bas-relief  d'un  sarcophage. 

epaisses.  Les  plis  des  cheveux  courent  au  travers  de 
ces  ondulations  et  leur  masse  se  forme  en  tresses  qui 
se  reunissent  pour  former  le  noeud  de  la  nuque. 

La  coiffure  de  la  jeune  Helene  non  plus  n'a  rien  de 

18  Ainsi  que  1'a  pens6  M.  Percy  H.  Webb,  "  Fausta  N.  F.  and  other 
Coins,"  dans  Num.  Chron.,  1908,  pp.  81-83. 

19  Lady  Evans,  >op.  laud.,  Num.  Chron.,  1906,  p.  54;   J.  Maurice, 
Num.  Constantin.,  t.  ii.,  p.  452. 


PORTRAITS  D'IMPERATRICES.  323 

celle  a  trois  etages  de  Ste.  Helene.  Nous  ne  connaissous 
la  jeune  Helene  que  par  les  effigies  monetaires  et  meme, 
ainsi  que  je  1'ai  deja  explique  et  le  rappellerai  plus  loin, 
que  par  ses  effigies  gravees  sur  les  coins  de  1'atelier  de 
Tliessalouica  et  reproduites  sur  les  inonnaies  de  cet 
atelier.20 

La  coiffure  de  la  jeune  Helene  [PI.  XX.  11]  est  de  la 
plus  extreme  simplicite.  Les  cheveux  lisses  sont  ramenes 
en  arriere ;  ils  forment  des  plis  fins  et  se  reunissent  en 
quelques  tresses  pour  former  un  noeud  sur  la  nuque. 
Assez  voisine  de  celle  de  Fausta,  cette  coiffure  s'eu 
distingue  par  sa  simplicite ;  elle  ne  presente  aucun 
arrangement  elegant,  tel  que  les  ondulatious  de  la  cheve- 
lure  de  Fausta. 

Cette  coiffure  est  caracteristique  et  distingue,  d'une 
facon  qui  me  parait  certaine,  la  jeune  Helene  de  Ste. 
Helene,  a  condition  de  considerer,  comme  je  1'ai  fait,  les 
premieres  pieces  de  Helena  Augusta  (Ste.  Helene), 
frappees  a  Alexandrie,  comme  Fayant  ete  avant  que 
Fimage  officielle  de  cette  imperatrice  ne  soit  parvenue 
en  Egypte  On  s'explique  ainsi  facilenient  que  ces 
premieres  effigies  ne  se  ressemblent  pas  eiitre  elles, 
ay  ant  ete  mal  copiees  sur  les  pieces  emises,  un  an 
plus  tot,  aux  noins  de  Fausta  N(obilissima)  F(emina)  et 
de  Helena  N.  F.21  Les  ateliers  avaient  en  effet  1'habi- 
tude  a  cette  epoque,  lorsqu'il  leur  manquait  1'effigie  de 
la  personne  iniperiale  au  nom  de  laquelle  ils  devaient 
frapper  monnaie,  d'en  einprunter  une  autre,  de  quelqtie 
personne  de  la  situation  la  plus  voisine  de  celle  dont  le 
portrait  manquait. 

10  Num,  Constantin.,  t.  ii.,  pp.  450-456. 

21  Le  travail  de  M.  Gnecchi  et  la  planche  qu'il  a  donnee  dans  la 
Rivista  Italiana  de  1890,  Fasc.  II.  et  PI.  iv.,  sont  a  cet  egard  significatifs. 


324  JULES   MAURICE. 

II  faut  egaleineiit  reconnaitre,  avec  M.  Percy  Webb, 
qu'exceptionnellement  le  buste  et  Feffigie  de  Ste.  Helene 
ont  ete  pretes  a  Fausta  a  1'epoque  ou  leurs  medailles 
furent  frappees  simultanement  de  324  a  326.22  C'est 
meme  le  cas  qui  se  presente  sur  uu  celebre  inedaillon  du 
Cabinet  de  France  [PI.  XX.  15].  Apres  ces  eliminations, 
on  reconnaitra  qu'il  existe  trois  types  de  coiffures  ab- 
solument  caracteristiques,  sous  le  regne  de  Constantin  ; 
;i  savoir  celui  de  Ste.  Helene  avec  ses  trois  etages ;  celui 
de  Fausta  aux  cheveux  lisses  et  ondules  formant  une 
seule  masse  et  termines  en  nceud  sur  la  nuque,  celui  de 
la  jeune  Helene  se  rapprochant  de  celui  de  Fausta 
mais  ne  comportant  pas  d'ondulations  et  differant  totale- 
ment  par  sa  simplicite  de  la  coiffure  de  Ste.  Helene. 

L'existence  de  la  jeune  Helene  est  bien  etablie,  a  mon 
avis,  an  point  de  vue  historique.  En  effet  elle  ue  repose  pas 
sur  un  document  unique,  mais  sur  deux :  1°  Une  loi  du 
code  Theodosien  dans  laquelle  raninistie  est  accordee  a 
beaucoup  de  condamnes  de  droit  commun  a  1'occasion  de 
la  naissance  du  premier  enfant  de  Crispus  et  de  la  jeune 
Helene.23  2°  Les  monnaies  frappees  a  Thessalonica  et 
ne  pouvant  pas  etre  attributes  a  Ste.  Helene  parce  que 
1'efKgie  ne  s'y  presente  pas  sous  les  aspects  constants 
et  protocolaires  de  celle  de  cette  imperatrice. 

Pour  repondre  aux  objections  qui  m'ont  ete  faites, 
je  dois  resuiner  une  communication  a  1'Acadeinie  des 
Inscriptions  et  Belles  Lettres  du  22  Mai  dernier24  et  y 
renvoyer.  Les  documents  concernant  la  jeune  Helene  sont 
rares  comme  ceux  relatifs  a  Crispus  parce  qu'apres  la  mort 

21  Percy  H.  Webb,  dans  Num.  Chron.,  1912,  pp.  352-360  et  PI.  xxi., 
voir  le  No.  29. 

23  Cod.  Theod.,  libre  ix.,  titre  38,  loi  1. 

21  Comptes  rendus  de  1' Academic  des  Inscriptions  et  Belles  Lettres, 
seance  du  22  mai,  1914. 


PORTRAITS  D'IMPERATRICES.  325 

de  ce  dernier,  qui  eut  lieu  au  benefice  des  enfants  de 
Fausta,  ceux-ci  firent  disparaitre  toute  trace  de  1'histoire 
de  Crispus  et  de  la  jeune  Helene.  Le  nom  de  Crispns 
ne  parait  meme  pas  dans  La  vie  de  Constantin  par  Eusebe 
publiee,  apres  la  mort  de  cet  auteur,  dans  le  regne  de  Con- 
stance II  et  retouchee  sous  1'influence  de  cet  empereur. 
Toutes  les  lois  relatives  a  la  legitimation  de  Crispus, 
qui  le  rendaient  Fheritier  de  son  pere,  ont  ete  supprimees 
on  decoupees.  Elles  sont  raanifestement  retouchees  ou 
supprimees  pour  faire  disparaitre  la  memoire  de  ce 
malheureux  prince.25 

Le  nom  de  Crispus,  qui  se  trouvait  en  tete  des  lois 
promulguees  en  faveur  des  Chretiens,  a  disparu.26  C'est 
par  miracle  que  la  loi  unique  que  nous  possedons  sur 
Crispus  et  Helene  nous  soit  parvenue.  Les  codes  pre- 
sentent  d'autres  exemples  de  lois  qui  ont  echappe  a  une 
destruction  voulue.  Apres  avoir  indique  ces  raisons  de 
la  rarete  des  documents  relatifs  a  Crispus  et  a  la  jeune 
Helene,  j 'attire  1'attention  sur  un  fait  tres  important : 
toutes  les  monnaies  autbentiques  de  la  jeune  Helene  ont 
ete  frappees  a  Thessalonica  en  S23-324.27 

M.  Percy  Webb  a  reconnu  1'importance  de  ce  fait. 
II  a  bien  voulu  dire,  pour  confirmer  ma  classification  de 
ces  pieces,  que  le  style  de  celles  memes  qui  ne  portent 
pas  de  marques  d'atelier  permet  de  les  attribuer  a 
celui  de  Thessalonica.  Mais  M.  Percy  Webb  se 
demande  si  1'attribution  de  ces  pieces  a  cet  atelier 
confirme  mes  autres  raisons  de  croire  a  1'existence  de 


23  Cod.  Theod.,  livre  iv.,  titre  6,  "  de  naturalibus  filiis."  La  1*«  loi 
a  disparu,  la  seconds  est  incomplete.  L'empereur  Z6non  fait  allusion 
a  cette  legislation  disparue. 

26  Sozomene,  Hist.  Eccles.,  i.,  5. 

-7  Num.  Constantin.,  ii.,  450  ff. 


326  JULES   MAURICE. 

la  jeime  Helena28  Je  repondrai :  certainement  oui ; 
puisque  d'une  part  il  n'y  avait  aucune  raison  de 
frapper  exclusivement  dans  1'atelier  de  Thessalonica 
les  raonnaies  de  la  mere  de  1'empereur,  c'est  a  dire  Ste. 
Helene.  II  existait  au  contraire  une  raison  positive 
d'y  frapper  les  monnaies  de  la  jeune  Helene  et  de  ne 
les  emettre  que  dans  cet  atelier ;  Crispus  organisait,  en 
cette  annee  323,  a  Thessalonica,  la  flotte  avec  laquelie 
il  devait  livrer  a  son  pere  la  clef  de  Constantinople,  la- 
quelie ne  pouvait  etre  prise  que  par  mer,  et  assurer  ainsi 
la  conquete  de  1'Orient.  11  etait  destine  a  cette  epoque, 
et  le  fut  jusqu'au  jour  de  sa  mort,  a  tenir  le  second 
rang  dans  1'empire.  II  etait  le  fils  prefere  de  Con- 
stantin  le  Grand.  Ce  fut  ce  qui  amena  sa  fin  tragique 
provoquee  par  les  intrigues  criminelles  de  1'imperatrice 
Fausta.29  Constantin  voulait  reconstituer,  au  profit 
de  sa  famille,  la  tetrarchie  de  Diocletien,  et  Crispus 
devait  occuper  le  rang  du  second  Auguste.  Cette 
situation  exceptionelle  de  son  fils  aine  justifiait,  en 
323,  la  frappe  des  monnaies  au  nom  et  a  1'effigie  de 
sa  femme,  la  jeune  Helene,  en  meme  temps  de  celles 
de  Fausta.  L'ordre  d'emettre  ces  monnaies  ne  pouvait 
pas  venir  de  Crispus,  ainsi  que  M.  Percy  Webb  s'est 
demande.80  II  n'y  avait  en  323-324  qu'une  seule  ad- 
ministration central e  des  monnaies  envoyant  des  ordres 
a  tous  les  ateliers  de  1'empire.31  L'ordre  venait  done  de 
Constantin  le  Grand  et  faisait  partie  de  son  plan  de 
reorganisation  de  1'empire,  au  benefice  de  sa  famille. 


28  Percy  Webb,  Miscellanea,  dans  Num.  Chron.,  1918,  p.  378. 
49  Je  suis  oblige  de  renvoyer  a  mon  travail  indiquee,  en  cours  de 
publication. 

30  Dans  Num.  Chron.,  1913,  p.  378. 

31  Num.  Constantinienne,  t.  i.,  pp.  xi.,  xv. 


PORTRAITS  D'IMPERATRICES.  327 

II  faisait  f rapper  monnaie  au  nom  des  deux  impera- 
trices  qui  allaient  devenir  en  326  les  epouses  des  deux 
Augustes.  II  donna,  il  est  vrai,  en  324,  le  titre 
d'Augusta  a  Fausta,  mais  ce  fut  parce  qu'il  avait 
eleve  sa  mere  a  ce  rang.  II  n'en  voulut  pas  priver  sa 
femme ;  et  en  attendant  qu'il  put  y  elever  la  jeune 
Helene,  il  etait  naturel  qu'il  fit  cesser  remission  de  ses 
mommies. 

Ste.  Helene,  au  contraire,  ne  devait  pas  monter  en 
rang.  Nous  savons  d'autre  part  par  Theophanes  qu'elle 
recut  le  droit  d'effigie,  apres  la  guerre  d'Orient  et 
avant  que  Constantin  ait  commence  a  construire  Con- 
stantinople dans  Byzance.32  Or  cette  affirmation  de 
Theophanes  est  d'accord  avec  le  fait  que  des  la  fin  de 
la  guerre  entre  Constantin  et  Licinius,  en  Orient,  et 
dans  tout  1'empire  apres  cette  guerre,  on  frappa  dans 
tous  les  ateliers  monetaires  des  pieces  au  nom  de 
Helena  Augusta,  dont  1'effigie  etait  diademee.33  II  est 
naturel  d'admettre  que,  le  dire  de  Theophanes  et  le 
temoignage  des  emissions  concordant,  nous  pouvons 
fixer  le  commencement  de  1'emission  des  monnaies  de 
Ste.  Helene  apres  la  guerre  d'Orient,  a  la  fin  de 
1'annee  324. 

Les  projets  de  Constantin  le  Grand  pour  1'annee  326, 
dont  il  vient  d'etre  question,  sont  signales  par  les 
monnaies  comme  par  les  lois.  Si  les  lois  avaient  fait  de 
Crispus  1'heritier  legitime  de  son  pere,  devant  s'elever 
au  rang  supreme ; M  d'innombrables  monnaies,  d'autre 
part,  frappees  dans  tout  I'empire  apres  la  decheance 


31  Theophanes,  Chronographia,  anno  5816  mundi. 

33  Voir  toutes  les  emissions  mone'taires  commenQant  en  324. 

34  Cf.  Cod.  Thtod.,  livre  iv.,  et  Cod.  Just.,  livre  v.     Constantin  fait 
allusion  a  son  propre  rescrit  disparu,  dans  Cod.  Just.,  v.  27,  5. 


328  JULES   MAURICE. 

de  Licinius,  etaient  dediees  a  la  Providence  des 
Augustes.85 

J'ai  montre  que  ce  pluriel  ne  pouvait  s'expliquer 
que  par  le  projet  arrete  de  Constantin  d'elever  son  fils 
aine  au  rang  d'Auguste  et  que  dans  d'autres  occasions,  il 
s'etait  ainsi  servi  des  monnaies,  comme  moyen  de  pub- 
licite  pour  faire  connaitre  ses  intentions  a  ses  sujets.36 

Je  dois,  pour  finir,  rappeler  les  caracteres  des  portraits 
de  la  jeune  Helene  que  nous  pouvons  relever  sur  les 
petites  pieces  frappees  a  Thessalonica.37 

Cette  princesse  avait  un  cou  epais,  des  traits  lourds  et 
une  machoire  fortement  accusee.  Elle  n'avait  pas  la 
majeste  et  les  nobles  traits  de  Ste.  Helene,  dont  le  nez 
aquilin,  la  bouche  bien  fendue  et  calme,  le  regard 
profond  et  1'expression  severe  du  visage  presagent 
la  figure  de  Constantin  le  Grand.38  Elle  avait  encore 
moins  le  cou  fin,  souple  et  elegant,  et  les  traits 
delicats  qui  donnaient  a  la  figure  de  Fausta  une 
grace  seductrice.  On  ne  peut  toutefois  arriver  a  ces 
conclusions  qu'en  tenant  conipte  des  substitutions 
d'effigies.  II  est  natnrel  que,  vivante  ou  morte,  apres 
1'effroyable  drame  de  326  qui  vint  bouleverser  1'empire 
au  moment  ou  il  devait  atteindre  a  son  apogee,  la  jeune 
Helene  disparut  de  1'histoire.  Une  loi  d'avril  326 
par  laquelle  Constantin  ecarte  les  accusations  d'adul- 
tere  lorsqu'elles  proviennent  par  des  parents  consanguins 
du  mari,39  et  les  monnaies  de  Crispus  frappees  jusqu'en 

35  Elles  composent  les  Emissions  de  tous  les  ateliers  qui  debutent  en 
novembre  324. 

36  Avant  les  guerres  de  314  et  324;  cf.  Num.  Constantinienne,  t.  i., 
190,  278,  325 ;  t.  ii.,  450. 

37  Num.  Constantin.,  t.  ii.,  p.  456. 

38  Ibid.,  t.  i.,  Planche  viii. 

39  Cod.  Theod.,  ix.  7,  2 — les  parents  sont  ainsi  d6sigm's :  "  patrueli 
consobrino  et  consanguineo  maxirae  fratri." 


PORTRAITS  D'IMPERATRICES.  329 

jnillet  326,40  prouvent  que  Constantin  n'avait  pas 
encore  accepte  les  accusations  portees  centre  son  fils, 
pendant  la  premiere  partie  de  1'annee  326,  et  que  ce  fut 
au  moment  meme  des  fetes  des  Triennalia  (juillet  326) 
qu'une  revelation  subite  qui  ne  put  etre  qu'une  mise 
en  scene  savamment  ourdie  comnie  celle  qui  avait  en 
310  amene  la  mort  de  Maximien  Hercule,41  vint  de- 
barrasser  Fausta  du  rival  et  maitre  de  ses  fils.  Crispus 
etant  mort,  la  jeune  Helene  rentra  forcement  dans 
1'ombre  et  lorsque  les  fils  de  Fausta  regnerent,  on 
s'attacha  a  ne  rien  laisser  subsister  des  memoires  mal- 
heureuses  et  condamnees  de  Crispus  et  de  la  jeune 
Helene. 

JULES  MAURICE. 


40  Ces   pieces   ont   et6   6mises  pour   celebrer  les   anniversaires   des 
Cesars;   t.  ii.,  pp.   353,   464;    t.   iii.,   pp.   70,   205.      II   est  probable 
que  ces  monnaies  ont  etc  frappees  en  325  et  326. 

41  Lactance,  De  Mwtibus  Persecutorum,  cxxx.,  confirme  par  le  Pan6- 
gyrique,  vii.,  c.  20. 


XVI. 

THE  COINAGE  OF   THE    REIGN   OF 
EDWARD   IV. 

(Continued  from  Vol.  X.  p.  145.) 
(See  Plates  XXI.-XXIV.) 

THE  POST-EESTOKATION  PERIOD,  APRIL,  1471,  TO 
APRIL,  1483. 

IN  the  consideration  of  the  coinage  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  IV  the  writer  has  now  reached  the  last  of  the 
three  periods  into  which  it  appeared  naturally  to  divide 
itself,  and  a  brief  historical  survey  may  be  desirable  of 
events  from  the  final  deposition  of  Henry  VI  after  his 
brief  restoration  until  the  death  of  Edward  IV. 

After  residing  in  Flanders  since  his  flight  from  Eng- 
land in  October,  1470,  Edward  with  a  few  followers  re- 
turned and  landed  at  Ravenspur  early  in  March,  1471. 
He  was  soon  joined  by  other  adherents,  and  at  first  gave 
out  that  he  had  only  come  back  to  claim  his  Duchy  of 
York,  but  with  rapidly  increasing  forces  he  shortly 
dropped  this  pretext  and,  boldly  proclaiming  his  kingly 
right,  advanced  rapidly  to  London,  which  he  entered  on 
April  11,  having  avoided  the  Lancastrian  army  under 
the  Earl  of  Warwick  which  had  advanced  northward  to 
meet  him.  Warwick  had  left  his  brother,  the  Archbishop 
of  York,  in  charge  of  the  unhappy  Henry  VI,  but  this 


THE    COINAGE    OF    THE    REIGN    OF    EDWARD   IV.      331 

time-serving  prelate  no  sooner  heard  of  the  successful 
advance  of  Edward  than  he  hastened  to  secure  a  pardon 
for  himself  by  assisting  his  admission  into  the  city  and 
by  delivering  his  charge  into  the  king's  hands.  After 
putting  King  Henry  together  with  the  Archbishop  into 
custody,  Edward  went  by  boat  to  Westminster,  where, 
after  having  the  crown  set  on  his  head  by  the  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  he  hastened  to  see  the  queen  in  the 
sanctuary  of  the  Abbey,  where  she  had  lived  unmolested 
since  his  flight  from  England.  Here  in  the  previous 
November  she  had  given  birth  to  their  son,  afterwards 
Edward  V,  whom  to  his  great  joy  she  now  placed  in  his 
arms.  After  passing  the  next  day  (Good  Friday)  at  West- 
minster he  hastened  northward  to  meet  the  Lancastrian 
army  under  Warwick,  which  in  order  to  secure  the  capital 
he  had  previously  avoided.  After  the  defeat  and  death 
of  the  earl  at  the  battle  of  Barnet,  Edward  proceeded  to 
deal  with  the  army  assembled  in  the  west  under  Queen 
Margaret  and  the  young  Prince  Edward  her  son.  The 
victory  of  Tewkesbury  and  the  death  of  the  prince 
having  entirely  crushed  the  Lancastrian  cause,  there 
only  remained  the  imprisoned  Henry  VI  as  a  possible 
obstacle  in  Edward's  path,  and  he  was  murdered  in  his 
prison  on  the  night  of  the  king's  triumphant  return  to 
London.  The  remainder  of  Edward  IVs  reign  was  occu- 
pied mainly  with  the  restoration  of  order  in  the  affairs 
of  the  State,  and  no  important  events  occurred  affect- 
ing the  coinage  excepting  in  as  far  as  the  ecclesiastical 
mints  of  York  and  Durham  are  to  some  extent  concerned  ; 
these  will  be  noticed  in  treating  of  these  mints.  The 
Royal  Mints  of  York  and  Bristol  continued  to  work  for 
some  time  after  Edward's  return,  Bristol  only  ceasing 
to  do  so  in  July,  1472.  After  that  date  no  money  was 


332  FREDK.    A.    WALTERS. 

struck  at  any  Royal  Miut  but  the  Tower.1  There 
appears  to  have  been  no  delay  in  coining  money  after 
Edward's  return,  but  fresh  obverse  dies  must  have  been 
made  in  all  cases,  as  I  have  detected  no  instance  of 
an  alteration  of  the  king's  name,  but  apart  (in  most 
instances)  from  the  mint-mark  the  same  punches  were 
employed  as  had  served  for  Henry  VI.  The  annulet 
mint-mark  which  I  unhesitatingly  associate  with  the 
first  coins  struck  after  Edward's  return  has,  I  believe,  a 
special  meaning  which  locates  its  position.  The  annulet 
is  the  ring  of  St.  Edward,  which  was  the  badge  or 
cognizance  of  Westminster  Abbey,  often  used  as  an 
addition  to  the  regular  shield  of  arms,  or  by  itself  alone. 
Edward's  gratitude  and  joy  at  the  protection  received 
there  by  the  queen  during  his  absence,  and  the  birth 
of  his  son  in  the  sanctuary  would  naturally  have  sug- 
gested for  the  new  coins  such  an  emblem  as  this.2 

A  brief  summary  of  the  legend  connected  with  St. 
Edward's  ring  may  here  be  of  interest.  King  Edward 
in  his  old  age  was  present  at  the  hallowing  of  a  church 
at  Havering  in  Essex  to  be  dedicated  to  St.  John  the 
Evangelist.  During  the  procession  an  old  man  begged 
an  alms  from  him  in  honour  of  God  and  St.  John.  The 
king  having  nothing  ready  to  give  took  off  the  ring 
from  his  finger  and  gave  it  to  the  poor  man,  who  thanked 
him  and  departed.  Some  time  after  two  English 


1  Exchequer  Accounts  K.  R.  Bundle  294,  No.  28. 

2  It  is  not  necessary  in  this   connexion  to   assume  that  the  king 
personally  selected  the  mint-marks,  but  as  some  of  them,  at  least,  are 
obviously  chosen  out  of  compliment  to  him  with  reference  to  personal 
events  or  associations,  such  as  the  sun  and  the  rose,  and  as  the  mint 
was  part  of  the  Royal  establishment  in  the  Tower,  it  would  appear  not 
to  be  improbable  that  the  king's  approval  was  given  for  those  marks 
which  had  reference  to  himself  even  if  he  may  not  have  ordered  them. 


THE   COINAGE   OF   THE    REIGN    OF    EDWARD   IV.      333 

pilgrims  in  the  Holy  Land  who  had  lost  their  way  were 
met  by  a  "  fair  ancient  man  "  who  spoke  to  them,  and 
after  putting  them  on  their  right  way  told  them  that 
he  was  John  the  Evangelist,  and  gave  them  a  ring 
which,  as  he  said,  he  had  received  from  their  King 
Edward  at  the  hallowing  of  his  church,  and  charged 
them  on  their  return  to  take  it  to  the  king,  and  say 
that  St.  John  the  Evangelist  had  sent  it  to  him  as  a 
sign  that  he  should  settle  all  his  worldly  affairs,  for 
he  would  shortly  be  with  him  in  heaven.  The  king 
received  the  ring,  which  he  at  once  recognized  with  joy, 
and  thanked  God  and  St.  John  for  giving  him  this 
warning  of  his  death,  which  occurred  shortly  after.  The 
ring  is  recorded  to  have  been  given  to  the  monastery  of 
Westminster  by  Abbot  Laurentius,  who  died  in  1175, 
and  was  preserved  as  one  of  the  most  valued  relics  of 
the  Church.  It  was  frequently  used  as  a  cognizance  of 
the  Abbey  in  all  succeeding  periods  until  the  dissolu- 
tion, the  last  instance  probably  being  on  the  funeral 
roll  of  Abbot  Islip— 1533.  Edward  II  at  his  coronation 
offered,  it  is  recorded,  a  pound  of  gold  made  like  a  king 
holding  a  ring  in  his  hand,  and  a  mark  of  gold  made 
like  a  pilgrim  putting  forth  his  hand  to  receive  it.3 

Although  the  annulet  or  ring  of  St.  Edward  was  very 
shortly  after  the  king's  return  adopted  as  the  special 
mint-mark,  the  short- cross  fitchee  used  during  the  restora- 
tion of  Henry  VI,  and  on  some  previous  groats  of 
Edward  IV,  was  at  first  continued  to  some  small  extent, 
but  in  most  instances  it  only  appears  on  the  reverse,  and 
is  owing  probably  to  the  use  of  a  Henry  VI  reverse 
die,  with  the  new  annulet  obverse.  Bristol  issued  post- 
restoration  coins  of  gold  and  silver  with  the  annulet 

3  Dart's  History  of  the  Abbey  Church  of  Westminster,  pp.  50,  51. 


334:  FREDK.    A.    WALTERS. 

mint-mark,  aud  it  appears  on  pennies  of  the  same  period 
struck  at  York,  although  at  the  latter  mint  the  long- 
established  lys  mint-mark  is  not  displaced  on  the  larger 
coins.  The  post-restoration  coins  of  the  Koyal  Mint  of 
York  are  very  rare,  and,  so  far,  are  only  known  in  silver, 
although  according  to  the  mint  accounts  gold  was  also 
struck  there,  but  the  quantity  of  both  metals  coined  was 
very  small.  The  mint  accounts  as  far  as  at  present 
classified  make  no  mention  of  any  money  struck  at 
Canterbury,  but  on  the  contrary  state  for  several  of  the 
later  years  of  this  reign  that  no  money  was  struck  any- 
where but  at  the  Tower. 

On  a  few  of  what  I  consider  the  earliest  annulet 
coins  the  mint-mark  on  the  reverse  is  a  trefoil  of 
pellets  joined  together,  which  is  probably  emblematic 
of  the  Trinity,  seeing  that  the  annulet  had  also  a 
religious  significance,  and  that  sacred  emblems  were  at 
the  period  in  question  rather  frequent  on  the  coins. 
The  earliest  post-restoration  angels  have  St.  Michael 
with  a  cross  in  the  centre  of  his  nimbus,  and  in  some 
instances  a  trefoil  where  its  meaning  is  more  obvious 
than  on  the  groats.  The  groats  with  the  trefoil-marked 
reverse  have  almost  invariably  small  annulets  as  stops 
on  the  obverse,  and  the  annulet  mint-mark  is  larger 
than  when  it  came  to  be  used  on  both  sides.  The 
annulet  stops  are  found  on  no  other  groats  of  Edward  IV. 
One  of  the  first  necessities  after  the  king  was  again 
firmly  seated  on  the  throne  was  a  new  great  seal,  as 
his  last  one,  having  been  altered  to  serve  for  Henry  VI 
by  the  obliteration  of  his  name  and  badges,  was  useless. 
The  new  seal  was  a  very  fine  one,  showing  the  king 
seated  under  a  rich  canopy  wearing  an  arched  crown 
(thus  long  anticipating  a  similar  presentment  of  the 


THE    COINAGE    OF    THE    11EIGN    OF    EDWARD   IV.      335 

royal  bust  on  the  coins).4  On  either  side  is  a  shield  of 
arms  with  roses  and  suns  in  splendour  (separately)  above 
and  below.  There  is  also  a  rose  and  a  sun  below  and 
on  either  side  of  the  pedestal  to  the  throne,  while 
above  the  king's  head  and  below  the  canopy  is  a  six- 
leaved  rose.  The  legend  has  roses  between  the  words. 
It  will  be  noticed  that  on  this  last  seal  the  roses  and 
suns  are  used  separately,  and  are  not  like  the  former 
roses  on  suns.  I  have  given  these  details  of  the  last 
seal  of  Edward  IV  as  its  characteristics  are  found,  in 
some  form  and  as  circumstances  suggested,  on  the  coins 
of  almost  all  the  issues  after  his  return  from  exile 
until  his  death.  His  family  badge  of  the  rose  and  his 
personal  badge  of  the  sun  are  brought  into  great  pro- 
minence, and  in  a  different  manner  from  formerly.  These 
features  were  very  soon  introduced  or  revived  upon  the 
coins,  particularly  on  those  of  Bristol  and  the  prelatical 
mints.  On  a  few  half-groats  of  London  the  rose  is  used 
as  a  reverse  mint-mark  with  the  annulet  on  the  obverse; 
but  this  is  the  only  instance  of  its  use  on  the  early 
silver  post-restoration  coins  of  London.  At  Bristol 
both  the  rose  and  the  sun  are  used  as  obverse  mint- 
marks  for  groats  where  the  annulet  serves  for  the 
reverse.  On  the  angels  and  half-angels,  now  the  only 
gold  coins  issued,  the  rose  at  once  took  the  place  of 
the  fleur-de  lys  of  Henry  VI,  and  occasionally  is  intro- 
duced in  and  at  the  end  of  the  reverse  legend  on  half- 
angels.  A  few  early  post- restoration  angels  have  the 
sun  in  place  of  the  rose  at  the  right  of  the  cross,  a 


4  Although  not  used  on  the  coins  until  the  second  coinage  of  Henry  VII, 
the  arched  crown  is  shown  in  the  Coronation  group  of  Henry  V  on  his 
chantry  at  Westminster,  and  over  the  arms  of  Henry  VI  at  Croydon 
Palace. 


336  FllEDK.    A.    WALTERS. 

specimen  being  described  in  the  Montagu  Catalogue 
(Lot  593).  It  is  a  very  rare  coin,  and  I  have  not  seen  a 
specimen,  but  several  are  known  on  which  the  sun  can 
be  seen  beneath  a  rose  which  has  been  punched  over 
it  on  the  die.  On  the  later  issues  of  both  gold  and 
silver,  roses  and  suns  are  found  as  on  the  great  seal 
between  some  of  the  words  of  the  legends,  but  in  no 
case  do  we  find  the  rose  on  the  sun,  as  on  the  pre- 
restoration  gold  coins,  which  is  again  a  following  of 
the  principle  adopted  for  the  latest  great  seal.  To 
return  to  the  sequence  of  mint-marks,  the  first  change 
was  the  introduction  of  a  pellet  into  the  centre  of  the 
annulet,  when  also  a  distinct  change  is  to  be  observed 
in  the  character  of  the  king's  bust,  which  becomes 
generally  larger  with  the  hair  standing  more  away  from 
the  face.  The  legend  reads  D6CI  and  the  B-like  E 
now  disappears.  At  the  same  time  the  position  of  the 
annulet-and-pellet  mint-mark  is  clear,  for  we  find  coins 
on  which  it  appears  on  one  side,  while  the  original 
annulet  alone  is  on  the  other.  A  special  feature  of 
probably  the  earliest  annulet-and-pellet  groats  is  a 
large  rose  at  each  side  of  the  king's  bust,  which  is, 
however,  discontinued  very  shortly,  and,  indeed,  the 
annulet-and-pellet  mint-mark  on  any  coins  had  a  very 
short  life,  as  all  are  rather  rare.  I  have  a  half-groat 
and  a  halfpenny  both  of  which  are  hitherto  unpublished, 
as  is  also  the  penny  of  which  I  have  seen  a  specimen. 
Angels  and  groats  are  much  less  rare  than  other 
denomination  s. 

The  mint-mark  coming  next  in  order  is  a  cross  with 
four  pellets  in  the  angles.  I  place  it  here  because 
the  bust  and  lettering  on  the  groats  approach  nearest 
in  character  to  the  annulet-and-pellet  groats,  while 


THE    COINAGE    OF    THE   REIGN   OF   EDWARD    IV.       337 

the  reading  D6CI  is  continued  only  on  the  coins  of 
this  issue  and  on  those  of  the  early  plain  cross  pierced 
issue  which  followed ;  the  location  is  confirmed  by  a 
groat  in  my  collection  having  the  cross  and  four 
pellets  mint-mark  on  the  obverse,  while  that  on  the 
reverse  is  the  cross  pierced  punched  over  the  annulet 
(and  pellet  ?).5  Angels  are  found  with  the  cross 
and  four  pellets  mint-mark,  but  I  have  not  seen  the 
smaller  denominations  in  either  gold  or  silver.  With 
this  issue  a  new  feature  appears  which  was  continued  to 
the  end  of  this  reign,  and  even  after.  An  7f  with  a  V- 
shaped  bar  is  found  on  the  obverse  in  ARGL',  and  on 
the  reverse  in  TSS,  but  only  in  these  two  instances, 
the  other  TCs  being  unbarred,  as  on  all  previous  coins. 
The  barred  X  would  seem  to  be  a  privy  mark  to  which 
importance  was  attached,  as  after  its  first  appearance  it 
is  never  wanting  in  the  two  positions  mentioned.  After 
a  very  short  time  (judging  by  the  fewness  of  the  coins) 
the  cross  and  four  pellets  gave  way  as  a  mint-mark 
to  a  plain  cross  pierced  of  rather  the  pattee  form, 
but  the  character  of  the  bust  and  the  reading  D6CI 
continued.  Half  groats  and  pennies  attributable  to 
this  period  are  found,  but  the  cross  mint-mark  is  nearly 
always  punched  over  the  annulet  (and  pellet?).  Up  to 
this  time  the  fleurs  to  the  cusps  of  the  tressure  are 
always  trefoils  of  pellets.  With  the  next  succeeding 
issue  a  general  change  is  to  be  noticed  ;  the  king's  head 
becomes  larger,  and  the  features  and  other  details  are 
executed  with  greater  neatness.  The  fleurs  of  the 
tressure  become  large  three-leaved  terminals,  while  a 
new  and  special  feature,  usually  of  the  reverse  only,  is 

s  The  plain  cross  pierced  is  more  often  than  not  the  reverse  mint- 
mark  of  the  cross  and  four  pellets  groats. 

NUM.  CHRON.,  VOL.   XIV.,  SERIES  IV.  2  A 


338  FREDK.    A.    WALTERS. 

the  introduction  of  small  roses  or  suns  in  the  outer 
legend,  generally  in  two  places,  after  DSVfll  and 
TYDIVTORGC.  In  this  particular  another  feature  of  the 
latest  great  seal  is  to  be  observed.  The  mint-mark  is 
now  a  pierced  cross  with  a  pellet  in  one  angle — not 
always  the  same  one,  but  usually  in  the  lower  right  or 
left  corner.  Whether  this  difference  of  position  for  the 
pellet  was  intentional  or  merely  the  result  of  careless- 
ness there  is  nothing  to  indicate,  as  no  other  variation 
is  to  be  remarked  on  coins  with  either  variety  of  mint- 
mark.  The  pierced  cross  and  pellet  must  have  con- 
tinued in  use  for  some  time  as  angels  and  groats  are 
very  common,  although  smaller  pieces  are  much  rarer, 
as  is  the  case  with  all  issues  of  this  reign.  After  the 
pierced  cross  and  pellet  had  been  in  use  for  some  con- 
siderable time  a  return  appears  to  have  been  made  to 
the  cross  pierced  without  any  pellet,  although  I  am 
inclined  to  think  that  the  position  of  the  pellet  or 
pellets  (which  was  probably  a  privy  mark)  was  merely 
given  a  different  place,  as  on  some  of  the  groats  in 
question  a  pellet  is  placed  on  either  side  of  the  king's 
neck,  and  between  the  ordinary  pellets  in  two  quarters 
of  the  reverse,  while  on  others  a  pellet  is  found  in  the 
centre  of  the  piercing  of  the  cross  mint-mark  giving 
the  effect  of  a  sunk  circle.6  Some  groats  are,  however, 
without  the  pellets  in  any  position  on  the  obverse. 
This  last  group  I  place  here  because  the  same  punches 
have  obviously  been  used  for  the  bust,  &c.,  as  were 
used  for  some  of  the  earlier  groats  of  the  next  issue. 
The  halfpenny  with  pellets  at  sides  of  bust  is  known, 
but  I  believe  no  other  values  have  been  discovered  so 

6  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  H.  B.  Earle  Fox  for  calling  my  attention  to 
this  groat. 


THE    COINAGE    OF    THE    REIGN   OF   EDWARD   IV.      339 

far.  But  for  this  they  might  have  seemed  more  correctly 
located  after  the  first  variety  with  the  pierced  cross 
mint-mark. 

The  last  mint-mark  adopted  was  the  well-known 
heraldic  cinquefoil,  which  was  probably  in  use  for  several 
years,  as  the  cinquefoil  angels  and  groats  are  very  abun- 
dant, much  more  so  than  those  of  any  other  post-restora- 
tion issue,  while  the  mint  accounts  for  the  later  years  of 
Edward's  reign  show  a  regular  coinage  of  a  considerable 
amount  of  both  gold  and  silver.  The  groats  of  this  issue, 
but  not  the  smaller  silver  coins,  all  have  a  rose  on  the 
king's  breast  or  what  has  been  considered  to  be  a  rose, 
although  I  believe  it  to  be  a  curled  leaf  of  conventional 
foliage  ££^,  as  a  similar  object  used  as  a  mint-mark  on 
the  York  and  Durham  pennies,  and  on  some  Canterbury 
coins  at  this  period,  certainly  is.  On  the  groats  the 
break  in  the  circle  is  not  generally  visible  owing  to  its 
coming  on  the  front  of  the  cusp  of  the  tressure,  but 
where  used  in  other  positions  it  is  quite  distinct  when 
well  struck  up.  A  reason  for  believing  that  the  cinque- 
foil  was  in  use  as  a  mint-mark  for  a  lengthy  period  is 
that  we  find  it  on  groats  and  smaller  pieces  with  more 
than  one  type  of  bust.  On  the  earliest  it  is  the  same  as 
on  the  last  variety  of  the  pierced  cross  and  pellet  issue, 
and  on  the  latest  it  exactly  resembles  the  bust  on  the 
groats  of  Edward  V  and  Richard  III,  while  on  the  groats, 
at  least,  there  are  intermediate  varieties.  One  variety 
has  the  A  with  V-shaped  bars  in  every  instance  where 
the  letter  occurs  in  both  obverse  and  reverse  legends. 

As  previously  stated  no  money  was  coined  at  any 
provincial  Royal  Mint  after  the  closing  of  that  at  Bristol 
about  July,  1472.  The  Archiepiscopal  Mint  at  Canter- 
bury appears  to  have  issued  half-groats  which  can  be 

2  A  2 


340  FREDK.    A.    WALTERS. 

fairly  connected  with  all  the  post-restoration  London 
issues  by  the  character  of  the  king's  portrait.  No  change 
occurred  on  the  occupancy  of  the  See,  and  Cardinal 
Bourchier  appears  to  have  enjoyed  the  uninterrupted 
favour  of  the  king,  with  the  result  that  nothing  occurred 
to  cause  any  very  marked  changes  in  the  coinage  from 
the  Archbishop's  mint,  save  that  his  badge  was  latterly 
omitted. 

At  York  there  were  several  changes,  and  things  went 
very  differently,  as  we  shall  see  in  treating  of  this 
mint. 

At  Durham  the  changes  in  the  occupancy  of  the  See 
are  reflected  on  the  coins,  as  we  shall  find  in  treating 
the  issues  during  the  period  under  consideration. 


THE  EOYAL  PROVINCIAL  MINTS. 

THE  BRISTOL  MINT. 

The  mint  at  this  town  continued  working  without 
interruption  after  the  return  of  Edward  IV  and  until 
July,  1472,  up  to  which  date  the  amount  of  gold  and 
silver  coined  during  each  successive  month  with  one 
exception,  is  given  in  the  Exchequer  rolls,7  and  here  it 
may  be  well  to  give  the  accounts  in  which  these  are  set 
forth. 

7  Exchequer  Accounts,  K.  B.  Bundle  294,  No.  20. 


THE    COINAGE   OF   THE    REIGN   OF    EDWAKD   IV.      341 


llth  of  Edward  IV. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Ibs.       ozs. 

Ibs.        ozs. 

May      .     . 
June     .     . 

28         3 
9         4 

127         3 
80        6 

July     .     . 
September 
October    . 

10         5 
10        6 
7        6 

82        9 
74        6 
21        8 

November 

7        3 

24        4 

December 

8        3 

24        0 

January    . 
February  . 

5        8 
4        0 

34        6 
40        0 

12th  of  Edwa 

-dl 

V. 

March 

4        6 

77        3 

April 
May 
June 

6        6 
3        6 
5        6 

85        0 
68        0 
75        0 

July 

6        9 

88        6 

In  an  account  (subsequent  to  this  latter  date)  of  John 
Wode,  Esq.,  keeper  of  the  exchange  and  money  within  the 
Tower  of  London  and  keeper  of  the  mints  of  gold  and 
silver  in  the  Kingdom  of  England  ...  of  profits  issuing 
from  the  exchanges  and  mints,  in  the  Tower  of  London, 
City  of  York  and  town  of  Bristol  from  the  September  30, 
10  Edward  IV,  to  April  14  then  following,  "  he  does  not 
render  account  it  being  the  time  of  the  usurpation  of 
Henry  VI  late  de  facto,  but  not  de  jure  king  of  England, 
and  because  he  (the  said  John)  received  during  that 
time  no  issues  or  profits  of  the  said  office  nor  could  he 
receive  the  same."  He  proceeds  to  state  in  reference 
to  the  Bristol  Mint  that  "  he  does  not  account  for 
£17  17s.  10H  part  of  £51  17s.  W±d.  the  amount  of  the 
the  king's  seigniorage,  or  117  Ibs.  3  ozs.  of  gold  and 
903  Ibs.  3  ozs.  of  silver  weighed,  worked  and  minted  in 
the  king's  exchange  in  Bristol  between  April  14,  11 
Edward  IV,  and  July  23,  12  Edward  IV,  because  Hugh 
Brice,  deputy  of  Lord  Hastings,  master  of  the  said  mint 
had  and  took  the  said  £17  17s.  W^d.  on  account  of  the 


342  FREDK.    A.    WALTERS. 

king  and  still  holds  the  same  and  refuses  to  deliver  the 
same,  for  which  £17  17s.   10^.,  the  said  Hugh  Brice 
ought  to  account  to  the  king  (which  he  does  later).     But 
accounts  for  £34  the  residue  of  the  said  £51  17s.  IQ^d. 
issuing  from  the  coinage  of  the  said  117  Ibs.  3  ozs.  of 
gold  and  903  Ibs.  3  ozs.  of  silver  received  by  him  from  the 
hands  of  John  Mokelowe,  deputy  of  the  said  keeper  of 
the  king's  exchange  in  the  said  town  for  the  time  afore- 
said."8    Although  as  much  as  117  Ibs.  3  ozs.  weight  of 
gold  was  coined  into  angels  and  probably  angelets  also 
between  May,  1471,  and  July,  1472,  it  is  interesting  to 
note  that  possibly  out  of  the  whole  only  two  angels  have 
come  down  to  our  times.   One  formerly  in  the  Cuff  collec- 
tion is  now  in  the  British  Museum,  while  another  is  in 
the  Evans  collection  ;  both  are  almost  identical  in  every 
detail  and  have  the  annulet  mint- mark  on  the  obverse 
only.     There  was  no  specimen  of  this  coin  in  either  the 
Montagu   or   Eashleigh    collections,   and   I   have    been 
unable  to  trace  any  other  specimen  than  the  two  I  have 
mentioned.     Probably  the  earliest  post-restoration  groat 
of  Edward  IV  struck  at  Bristol  is  one  with  the  rose 
mint-mark  on  both  obverse  and  reverse.     This  coin  is 
struck  from  the  identical  reverse  die  used  for  the  Bristol 
groat  of  Henry  VI  reading  fiffRBICCVS  (No.  1  in  my 
list,  Num.  Chron.,  Fourth  Series,  Vol.  X.  p.  142),  where 
certain  peculiarities  which  I  have  noted  can  be  readily 
identified  on  both  coins.     As  I  have  before  remarked, 
the  mint-mark  and  other  features  used  in  the  London 
Mint  would  seem  to  have  taken  a  little  time  to  reach 
the   provincial   mints,   and   consequently   the    annulet, 
which  I  consider  the  earliest  mint-mark  introduced  in 

8  L.T.R.  Foreign  Accounts,  16  Edw.  IV,  No.  HO. 


THE   COINAGE    OF   THE    REIGN   OF   EDWARD   IV.      343 

the  post-restoration  period,  is  not  found  on  what  appear 
to  be  the  earliest  Bristol  coins  where  the  rose  is  used 
alone  at  first,  but  later  it  is  used  with  the  annulet  as  a 
reverse  mint-mark.  The  sun  is  also  found  as  an  obverse 
mark  with  an  annulet  reverse,  and  some  groats  have  the 
annulet  on  both  obverse  and  reverse.  In  the  British 
Museum  there  is  a  Bristol  half-groat  of  this  period 
which  has  the  rose  mint-mark  on  the  obverse  and  the 
short- cross  fitchee  on  the  reverse  (probably  a  Henry  VI 
die).  It  is  the  only  specimen  I  have  met  with  and 
was  purchased  as  long  ago  as  1840.  It  is  to  be  noted 
that  all  post-restoration  coins  of  Bristol  are  without 
emblems  in  the  field  of  the  obverse,  a  feature  which 
would  appear  to  have  continued  at  this  mint  until  the 
restoration  of  Henry  VI,  when  it  ceased,  and  was  not 
revived.  No  Bristol  coin  smaller  than  the  half-groat 
has  so  far  been  discovered  of  this  coinage,  but  there  is 
no  reason  to  suppose  that  all  denominations  were  not 
struck,  particularly  as  we  now  have  in  the  British 
Museum  a  Bristol  halfpenny  of  the  light  coinage  of 
Henry  VI,  which  only  came  to  light  after  I  wrote  on 
that  period. 

THE  ROYAL  MINT  AT  YORK. 

The  Eoyal  Mint  at  this  city  continued,  like  that  at 
Bristol,  to  work  after  the  return  of  Edward  IV,  but  its 
activity  was  not  for  long,  as  from  the  mint  accounts  it 
appears  to  have  stopped  after  the  following  September. 
As  in  the  case  of  Bristol  I  will  here  give  the  monthly 
amounts  of  bullion  coined  according  to  the  Exchequer 
rolls  from  April  to  September,  1471. 


344 


FEEDK.    A.    WALTEKS. 


Gold. 

Silver. 

April    . 

Ibs.       ozs. 
7         4 

Ibs.       ozs. 
38         4 

May      . 

8         4 

40         8 

June     . 

11        6 

51         4 

July 

9        4 

44        4 

August 

9        6 

36        6 

Septembei 

8        6J 

31        6 

Out  of  54  Ibs.  6J  ozs.  of  gold  coined  during  these  six 
months  into  angels  or  angelets  no  specimen  appears  so 
far  to  be  known,  and  very  possibly  none  exists,  seeing 
that  in  the  case  of  Bristol,  where  more  than  double  the 
amount  of  gold  was  coined,  we  can  only  trace  two  angels. 
In  silver,  groats,  half-groats,  and  pennies  are  found,  but 
all  are  rare  or  very  rare,  as  is  to  be  expected  when  we 
see  how  comparatively  small  an  amount  was  coined. 
The  absence  of  emblems  in  the  field  of  the  obverse  is, 
as  in  the  case  of  Bristol,  the  chief  distinctive  mark  of 
the  York  post-restoration  coins  from  the  Eoyal  Mint. 
Except  on  pennies  the  mint-mark  continued  to  be  the 
invariable  fleur-de-lys  which  had  never  been  discon- 
tinued since  it  displaced  the  sun  and  crown  mint-marks 
in  the  early  days  of  the  light  coinage.  I  have  a  penny 
with  the  annulet  mint -mark,  which,  from  the  character 
of  the  bust,  I  should  place  a  little  later  than  the  one  I 
have  seen  with  the  lys  mint-mark,  and  I  am  now  of 
opinion  that  the  penny  with  the  rose  mint-mark  and 
a  rose  on  the  king's  breast  belongs  to  this  period, 
although  I  at  first  placed  it  with  the  earlier  rose-marked 
coins.  The  bust  is  distinctly  of  later  character,  and  I 
felt  doubts  about  its  location  from  the  first.  As  the 
York  regal  coins  of  this  issue  offer  so  few  distinctive 
marks  by  which  they  can  be  identified  in  describing 
them,  it  is  specially  necessary  to  bear  in  mind  that  they 


THE   COINAGE    OF   THE   REIGN   OF   EDWARD   IV.      345 

are  to  be  easily  recognized  by  the  characters  of  the  bust 
and  lettering,  which  are  identical  with  the  same  features 
of  the  restoration  coins  of  Henry  VI. 


THE  ECCLESIASTICAL  MINTS. 

YORK. 

Although  not  in  the  usual  alphabetical  order  it  is 
perhaps  better  to  take  first  the  Archiepiscopal  Mint  of 
York  as  being  the  most  important  of  the  ecclesiastical 
mints,  and  at  this  period  the  most  historically  interest- 
ing. As  we  have  already  seen  Archbishop  Nevill 
obtained  a  pardon  from  Edward  IV  dated  April  13,  1471 
(two  days  before  Edward's  entry  into  London),  in  return 
for  his  treachery  to  Henry  VI,  and  for  about  a  year  after, 
until  probably  April,  1472,  remained  in  favour  with 
the  king,  being  entertained  by  him  at  Windsor,  when 
Edward  promised  to  come  and  hunt  with  him  at  his 
palace  of  the  Moor  near  Langley  in  Hertfordshire,  but 
the  day  before  the  king  should  have  come  the  Arch- 
bishop was  commanded  to  go  to  Windsor,  and  on  his 
arrival  was  arrested  on  a  charge  of  high  treason  for 
conspiring  with  the  Earl  of  Oxford,  the  most  powerful 
remaining  Lancastrian  noble.  All  the  goods  of  the 
Archbishop  were  seized  by  the  king's  command,  and  he 
himself  was  sent  to  Calais  and  thence  to  the  Castle  of 
Hammes,  where  he  lingered  in  prison  till  the  autumn 
of  1474,  "and  the  king  all  this  season  took  the  profit 
of  the  Archbishoprick."  He  returned  to  England  after 
being  again  pardoned,  a  broken  man,  and  died  a  few 
months  later.9  After  the  death  of  Archbishop  Nevill  in 

9  Stratford's  Edward  IV,  pp.  210-211. 


346  FREDK.    A.    WALTERS. 

1474  the  See  remained  vacant  for  a  period,  as  Bishop 
Booth  of  Durham  was  only  appointed  to  the  Arch- 
bishopric on  September  1,  1476,  and  during  this 
vacancy  the  king  would  enjoy  the  temporalities.  Arch- 
bishop Booth  died  in  May,  1480.  He  was  succeeded  in 
the  same  year  by  Archbishop  Thomas  Rotherham,  who 
held  the  See  for  the  next  twenty  years  until  well  into 
the  reign  of  Henry  VII. 

During  all  these  changes  the  Archbishop's  mint  would 
seem  to  have  been  continually  active,  and  we  have 
pennies  which  appear  to  belong  to  every  period.  Those 
which  from  the  character  of  the  king's  bust  must  have 
been  struck  very  soon  after  the  return  of  Edward  IV 
have  the  short-cross  fi  tehee  pierced  as  a  mint-mark. 
Others  with  the  lys  probably  were  also  struck  during 
the  year  previous  to  the  imprisonment  of  Archbishop 
Nevill.  During  the  time  of  his  deprivation,  when  the 
king  "  took  the  profit  of  the  Archbishoprick "  his 
emblems  6  and  a  key  were  replaced  by  an  6C  to  the  left 
of  the  king's  bust,  and  on  the  right  by  the  curious 
curled  leaf,  formerly  mistaken  for  a  rose,  to  which  I  have 
previously  alluded. 

The  mint-mark  of  these  pennies  is  a  rose.  It  is 
probable  that  Archbishop  Nevill  after  his  pardon  and 
return  struck  no  specially  marked  coins,  and  if  he 
continued  the  working  of  the  mint  he  may  have  used 
the  royal  dies  during  the  short  time  that  elapsed  before 
his  death.  Between  this  event  and  the  appointment  of 
Archbishop  Thomas  of  Kotherham  in  1476,  the  mint 
would  again  have  been  in  the  king's  hands,  and  there 
are  pennies  which  from  the  late  character  of  the  bust 
are  evidently  attributable  to  this  period.  They  have 
the  key,  denoting  the  archiepiscopal  mint,  to  the  right 


THE    COINAGE    OF   THE    REIGN   OF    EDWARD    IV.      347 

of  the  king's  head,  and  to  the  left  we  find  the  curled 
leaf  emblem,  which  may  readily  be  mistaken  on  badly 
struck  specimens  for  the  6  of  Archbishop  Nevill, 
although  the  general  character  of  the  coins  is  after  his 
time.  I  have  specimens  with  a  rose  mint-mark  and  also 
with  a  cross,  but  it  is  uncertain  whether  the  latter  is 
pierced  or  not.  With  the  accession  of  Archbishop 
liotherham  the  rose  ceases  to  be  used  as  a  York  mint- 
mark,  and  he  appears  to  have  adopted  and  retained  the 
curled  leaf,  which,  however,  has  been  usually  called  a 
rose.  The  other  distinctive  feature  of  all  his  coins  is 
the  letter  T  to  the  left  of  the  king's  bust.  On  some  a 
mullet  or  star  is  introduced  either  on  the  king's  breast 
or  to  the  right  of  the  crown  or  sometimes  in  both  places. 
The  mint  would  not  appear  to  have  issued  so  large  an 
amount  as  previously  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
reign  of  Edward  IV,  as  the  pennies  of  both  Archbishop 
Rotherham  and  the  periods  of  the  Royal  occupation 
are  not  nearly  so  numerous  as  those  of  Archbishop 
Nevill. 


THE  CANTERBURY  MINT. 

Although  it  has  been  assumed  that  both  a  royal  and 
an  ecclesiastical  mint  continued  to  be  worked  at  Canter- 
bury during  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Edward  IV, 
it  would  appear  to  be  very  doubtful  whether  any  coins 
were  struck  in  that  city  except  at  the  Archbishop's 
mint.  After  the  closing  of  the  mints  at  Bristol  and 
York,  the  mint  accounts  state  that  no  money  was  minted 
anywhere  but  at  the  Tower,  and  even  apart  from  this 
evidence  it  would  seem  unlikely  that,,  when  so  much 
more  important  provincial  mints  were  definitely  closed, 


348  FREDK.    A.    WALTERS. 

one  should  have  been  continued  at  Canterbury  for  merely 
striking  a  few  half-groats  and  smaller  coins.  We  find 
half-groats,  with  the  Bourchier  knot  and  other  ecclesi- 
astical emblems,  which  from  the  character  of  their  details 
can  be  identified  with  the  London  coins  of  similar  value 
of  every  succeeding  issue  after  the  return  of  Edward  IV 
until  the  cinquefoil  was  introduced,  when  the  Canterbury 
half-groats  cease  without  exception  to  bear  the  special 
badge  of  Cardinal  Bourchier,  and  the  mint-mark  adopted 
is  a  rather  large  rose  for  both  obverse  and  reverse. 
Whether  the  Archbishop  was  directed  to  make  less  dis- 
play of  his  own  cognizances  or  whether  he  thought  it  more 
politic  to  do  so  as  the  king's  power  became  more  abso- 
lute there  is  no  evidence  at  present  to  show,  but  the  con- 
tention that  these  rose-marked  half-groats  are  ecclesiastical 
is  strengthened  by  the  fact  that  what  are  evidently  the 
latest  do  bear  a  rather  unobtrusive  ecclesiastical  emblem 
in  having  as  an  obverse  mint-mark  a  cross  fitchee  which 
at  first  sight  seems  quite  out  of  place  here.  It  is, 
however,  one  of  the  crosses  fitchee  that  are  woven 
on  the  archiepiscopal  pallium  or  pall,  and  has  nothing 
to  do  with  the  similar  London  mint-mark  of  the  earlier 
part  of  this  reign.  These  half-groats  have  the  cinque- 
foil  for  the  reverse  mint-mark  as  used  on  the  London 
coins,  which  would  only  seem  to  have  reached  Canter- 
bury quite  at  the  last,  as  the  coins  on  which  it  appears 
are  very  uncommon.  Pennies  and  also  halfpennies  are 
found  corresponding  with  the  late  rose-marked  half- 
groats,  but  I  have  seen  no  specimen  with  either  the 
cross  fitchee  or  cinquefoil  mint-marks.  All  coins  of  this 
late  issue,  except  those  with  the  cross  fitchee,  have  a 
CC  on  the  king's  breast,  and  some  of  the  half-groats  have 
it  in  the  centre  of  the  cross  on  the  reverse,  some  are  said 


THE    COINAGE    OF    THE    EEIGN    OF    EDWARD   IV.      349 

to  have  a  rose  instead  of  the  CC  on  the  obverse  or  reverse, 
but  it  is  really  the  curled  leaf  emblem,  although  a  dis- 
tinctly struck  specimen  is  very  rarely  to  be  met  with. 
A  penny  with  the  Bourchier  knot  under  the  bust  and 
no  emblems  in  the  field,  which  I  at  first  attributed  to 
the  earlier  part  of  this  reign,  I  now  consider  to  belong 
to  an  early  post-restoration  issue. 

THE  DURHAM  MINT. 

Bishop  Laurence  Booth,  who  was  so  high  in  favour 
with  the  king  that  he  was  appointed  Lord  Chancellor 
in  1473,  obtained  a  charter  dated  July  21  in  that  year, 
by  which  he  and  his  successors  were  allowed  to  coin  both 
pennies  and  halfpennies,  and  also  to  make  trussels  and 
standards  for  the  same  during  the  king's  pleasure.  The 
grant  recites  that  it  had  been  immernorially  the  privi- 
lege of  the  Bishop  of  this  See  to  coin  the  former  but 
never  the  latter.  Bishop  Booth,  by  his  licence  dated 
August  26,  the  same  year  that  he  received  his  charter, 
authorizes  William  Omoryche  of  York,  goldsmith,  to 
grave  and  print  two  dozen  of  trussels  and  one  dozen  of 
standards  for  pennies,  and  four  standards  and  eight 
trussels  for  halfpennies.  Another  licence,  dated 
August  4  following,  to  the  same  person  was  to  grave 
and  print  three  dozen  of  trussels  and  two  dozen  of 
standards  for  pennies,  but  no  mention  is  made  of  half- 
pennies.10 

On  September  1,  1476,  Bishop  Booth  was  promoted 
to  the  Archbishopric  of  York,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Bishop  Dudley,  who,  although  elected  on  the  26th  of  the 

10  Mark  Noble,  "  On  the  Mint  and  Coins  oftiie  Episcopal-Palatines  of 
Durliam,"  p.  39. 


350  FREDK.    A.    WALTERS. 

same  month,  did  not  have  the  temporalities  restored  to 
him  until  October  14,  1477,  or  more  than  a  year  after- 
wards, during  which  interval  the  mint  as  part  of  the  tempo- 
ralities would  have  been  in  the  hands  of  the  king  and 
worked  by  his  deputy.  Bishop  Dudley,  in  consequence 
of  the  charter  granted  to  Bishop  Booth,  gave  his  licence, 
dated  March  21  in  the  first  year  of  his  consecration,  to 
William  Omoryche,  who  is  now  called  of  Durham,  to 
make,  grave,  and  print  three  dozen  of  trussels  and  two 
dozen  of  standards  for  pennies,  and  two  dozen  of  trussels 
and  one  dozen  of  standards  for  halfpennies  within  the 
Castle  of  Durham. 

Bishop  Dudley  died  in  1483,  the  same  year  as  the 
king. 

What  may  be  considered  the  earliest  type  of  post- 
restoration  pennies  of  Durham  are  apparently  from 
London-made  dies ;  they  have  B  to  the  left  and  D  to  the 
right  of  the  king's  bust,  and  on  the  reverse  there  is  a 
B  in  the  centre  of  the  cross.  After  Bishop  Booth 
obtained  his  charter  the  pennies  struck  from  the  dies 
made  by  William  Omoryche  are  easily  recognized  from 
their  different  character  and  inferior  workmanship. 
Those  which  are  probably  from  the  first  set  of  dies 
ordered  have  a  B  to  the  left  of  the  crown,  which  latter 
is  varied  from  all  previous  examples  in  having  a  leaf  of 
five  points  in  the  centre  instead  of  the  usual  fleur-de-lys. 
A  curious  object  which  resembles  a  V  is  conspicuous  on 
these  coins.  It  is  placed  on  the  obverse  in  the  centre 
of  the  king's  neck,  and  on  the  reverse  with  the  pellets 
in  the  second  quarter.  The  only  meaning  that  I  can 
suggest  for  this  peculiar  emblem  is  that  it  denotes  the 
dies  made  by  William  Omoryche,  as  it  occurs  on  all 
that  are  from  their  workmanship  attributable  to  him, 


THE    COINAGE    OF   THE    KEIGN   OF    EDWARD   IV.      351 

although  it  is  not  clear  why  he  should  use  this  mark, 
and  possibly  it  had  no  meaning,  and  was  merely  a  fancy 
of  his  own.     Some   of  the   pennies   of   which   we   are 
speaking  have  a  cross  at  each  side  of  the  neck,  which 
would  seem  to  be  another  mark  of  the   die  engraver. 
Very  similar  pennies  which  it  may  be  permissible  to 
attribute  to  the  second  set  of  dies  ordered  of  William 
Omoryche  omit  the  V  on  the  breast,  but  retain  it  in  the 
same  position    on    the    reverse,   while   the   two    small 
crosses  are  now  placed  above  the  king's  crown  instead  of 
at  the  sides  of  the  neck.     On  all  these  pennies  of  both 
varieties  the  mint-mark  is  a  rose,  and  there  is  a  D  in  the 
centre  of  the  cross  on  the  reverse.     After  the  translation 
of  Bishop  Booth  to  York,  and  during  the  year  which 
elapsed  before  the  temporalities  were  restored  to  Bishop 
Dudley,  the  mint  would  have  been  in  the  hands  of  the 
king's  deputy,  and  the  coins  attributable  to  this  period 
are    quite    unmistakable    owing    to    their    being  from 
London-made  dies  with  the  king's  bust  corresponding 
in  character  with  the  later  London  pennies,  and  they 
are  usually  better  struck  than  the  preceding  and  suc- 
ceeding episcopal  issues.     Apart  from  their  distinctive 
character  their  only  special  mark  is  a  lys  at  each  side  of 
the  king's  bust.     The  mint-mark  is  the  curled  leaf,  and 
on  some  there  is  a  D  in  the  centre  of  the  reverse  cross, 
while    others    are   without    it.      The   inferior   work    of 
William  Omoryche  is  at  once  recognizable  in  the  pennies 
struck  for  Bishop  Dudley ;  they  vary  little  from  those  of 
Bishop   Booth  save  in  having  a  I)  to  the  left  of  the 
king's  neck,  and  V  to  the  .right,  while  D  is  continued  in 
the  centre  of  the  reverse. 

Although  Bishop  Booth  had  made  four  standards  and 
eight  trussels  for  halfpennies,  and  Bishop  Dudley  two 


352  FEEDK.    A.    WALTERS. 

dozen  trussels  and  one  dozen  of  standards  for  the  same 
small  coins,  only  one  specimen  appears,  as  far  as  I  can 
ascertain,  to  be  at  present  known.  It  is  in  the  British 
Museum,  and  resembles  the  ordinary  light  halfpennies 
on  the  obverse,  while  the  reverse  reads  dlVITTVS  D6CR7SSH 
with  D  in  the  centre  of  the  cross.  In  Num.  Chron.,  N.S. 
Vol.  I.  p.  21,  Mr.  Christmas  alludes  to  one  in  his  col- 
lection with  a  lys  each  side  of  the  head.  This  would 
correspond  with  the  pennies  struck  during  the  royal 
occupancy  of  the  mint,  and  would  prove  that  halfpennies 
continued  to  be  struck  after  Bishop  Booth's  time  until 
their  issue  was  resumed  by  his  successor. 

There  is  a  question  in  connexion  with  the  coins 
struck  during  the  episcopate  of  Bishop  Booth  that  I 
have  not  found  possible  to  solve  in  a  satisfactory  manner. 
It  has  been  said  that  this  Bishop  behaved  so  discreetly 
during  the  troubled  period  of  his  episcopate  that  he 
enjoyed  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  both  parties, 
although  he  was  probably  at  heart  a  Yorkist.  There 
seems  to  be  no  evidence  that  he  was  at  any  time  in 
disgrace  with  Edward  IV,  or  had  his  revenues  seques- 
trated, yet  there  are  pennies  of  more  than  one  period 
presenting  the  same  characteristics  as  those  struck  while 
the  king  was  in  possession  of  the  temporalities  between 
the  translation  of  Bishop  Booth  and  their  restoration  to 
Bishop  Dudley.  I  refer  to  the  early  pennies  with  the 
crown  mint-mark,  and  to  a  later  variety  on  which  the 
bust  is  quite  of  the  147 1  type.  These  are  some  of  the 
coins  that  gave  rise  to  the  assumption  that  there  was  a 
Koyal  Mint  at  Durham,  which  it  is  now  admitted  was 
never  the  case.  I  trust,  however,  that  others  may  be 
able  now  or  later  to  clear  up  the  difficulty. 


THE    COINAGE    OF   THE    REIGN   OF   EDWARD   IV.      353 


LIST  OF  COINS. 

COINS  OP  THE  LONDON  MINT  AFTER  APRIL,  1471,  DURING 
THE  PERIOD  WHEN  THE  SHORT-CROSS  FITCHEE  PIERCED 
AND  THE  ANNULET  WERE  IN  USE. 

GOLD. 

Angels. 

1.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  short  cross  fitchee  pierced.  ffDWTTED  A 
DI  *  6R7V  A  E6CX  A  TTOGL  A  <>  •«•  FET^RCC  Y  St. 
Michael  slaying  the  dragon  as  on  the  angels  of 
Henry  VI  ;  a  cross  in  the  centre  of  the  nimbus 
of  the  archanel. 


Rev.—  No  mint-mark.  P6CE  ttEYSff'  TV7T  S7VLV7S 
ROS  XP(T  EffDO;'  TOE  Ship  with  shield  of 
arms  and  cross  above  all  as  on  angels  of 
Henry  VI,  but  an  &.  to  the  1.  and  a  rose  to  the 
r.  of  the  cross.  [PI.  XXI.  2.] 

British  Museum. 

2.  Obv.  —  Minkmark  annulet  (to  1.  of  angel's  head).     Legend 
as  No.  1,  but  D6CI  instead  of  DI  ;  .trefoil  stops. 


Eev.—  No  mint-mark.     All  as  No.  1,  but 

trefoil  stops  between  words.  F.  A.  W. 

3.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  annulet  (to  r.  of  angel's  head).     All 
as  No.  1,  but  reads  FETTRCCIGC  trefoil  stops. 

Rev.  —  No   mint-mark.       Legend,    &c.,    as   No.    1,   but 
;  saltire  stops.  F.  A.  W. 


4.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  annulet  to  r.  ;  legend  as  No.  1,  but 

DGCI  ;  trefoil  stops  ;  trefoil  in  centre  of  nimbus 
of  St.  Michael. 

Rev.  —  No  mint-mark.     Legend  as  No.  1  ;  trefoil  stops. 

F.  A.  W. 

5.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  annulet  to  r.     Legend  as  No.  1  ;  no 

cross  or  trefoil  in  nimbus  of  St.  Michael. 

Rev.  —  No  mint-mark.     Legend  as  No.  1,  but  EGCDeCTO' 

F.  A.  W. 

NUM.    CHRON.,   VOL.  XIV.,   SERIES   IV.  2  B 


354  FREDK.    A.    WALTERS. 

6.   Obv.  —  Mint-mark  annulet.     All  as  last,  but  DGCI 
Rev.  —  Legend  as  No.  1.  [PI.  XXI.  5.]  British  Museum. 

Half-angels. 

1.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark    short    cross    fitchee    pierced.       0 

CTRVX  A  TtVeC  r  SPeCS  y  V  r  niCCfi  x  Usual 
obverse  type  of  the  archangel  Michael  pierc- 
ing the  dragon. 

Rev.—  No  mint-mark.  ffDWTYRD  DI  GRTT  EGCX 
7YR6L'  ^  FE7T  Usual  reverse  type  of  ship 
with  6C  and  rose  at  sides  of  mast. 

[PL  XXI.  4.]     British  Museum. 

2.  Obv.—  Mint-mark  annulet.    6CDW7TED  DI  6E7T  R6CX 

7YR6L'     Usual  obverse  type. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  annulet  and  rose  side  by  side.  O 
dRVX  7VVGC  Y  SPSS  A  VRICC7Y  r  Usual 
reverse  type.  British  Museum. 

3.  0&0.«—  Mint-mark  annulet.     eCDWT^RD  Y  DI  Y  6E7V  A 

RffX  Y  7VR6L  A  Usual  obverse  type  ;  ci'oss 
in  nimbus  of  angel. 


Rev.—  Mint-mark  annulet.     0  dRVX  Y  TTVeC  A  SP6CS 
©    VnidTY   ^   ©      Rose    after    SP6CS    and 
;  usual  reverse  type.         F.  A.  W. 


SILVER. 

Groats. 

1.   Obv.—  Mint-mark    large   annulet.      ffDWTTRD    DI 


6R7V  RffX  o  KYlGL  <>  FETTRtt  Annulet 
stop  after  DI  and  ESX  ;  bust  exactly  as  on 
restoration  groats  of  Henry  VI. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  short  cross  fitchee  pierced.     POSVI 

mvm  r  TYDIVTORGC  mecvm  QIVIT^S 

LORDOR  The  same  B-like  R's  as  on  restora- 
tion groats  of  Henry  VI.  [PL  XXI.  3.] 


THE    COINAGE    OF    THE   EEIGN    OF    EDWARD   IV.      355 

2.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark   short  cross  fitchee  pierced  ;    usual 

legend  and  type. 

Rev.  —  Large  trefoil  ;  usual  legends  and  type. 

L.  A.  Lawrence  Collection. 

3.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark   large    annulet.      ffDWTTRD'  °  DI 

GR7V  °  RSX  °  TtnSL'  oy  FRTmCC  An- 
nulet stop  after  all  words  except  DI  and 
FR7VRGC  ;  all  cusps  of  tressure  fleured. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  large  trefoil  ;  legends  as  No.  1  ;  no 
stops  ;  usual  cross  and  pellets.       F.  A.  W. 

4.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  smaller  annulet;  legend  as  No.   1, 

but  saltire  stops  ;  all  cusps  of  tressure  fleured. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  large  trefoil  ;  usual  legends  ;  trefoil 
after  DSVm  F.  A.  W. 


5.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  smaller  annulet  ;  legend  as  No.  1  ; 

saltire  stops  ;  cusps  of  tressure  above  crown 
not  fleured. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  smaller  annulet  ;  usual  legends  ;  no 
stops. 

6.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  smaller  annulet  ;  legends  as  No.  1  ; 

trefoil  stops. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  smaller  annulet  ;  usual  legends  ; 
saltire  stops.  [PI.  XXI.  7.] 

7.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  annulet;   usual  legends  and  type; 

saltire  stops  ;  all  cusps  of  tressure  fleured. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  annulet  enclosing  pellet  ;  usual 
legends  ;  no  stops.  [PI.  XXI.  8.]  F.  A.  W. 

Half-groats. 

1.  Obv.—  Mint-mark  annulet.  6CDW7VRD'  x  DI  x  6R7V 
EGCX  x  7TRGL  S  FR  Saltire  stops  ;  similar 
bust  to  Henry  VI  restoration  half-groats  ; 
cusps  of  tressure  above  crown  not  fleured. 

Rev.—  Mint-mark  annulet.  POSVI  D6CV5H  7VDIV- 
TOR6C  maVftl  CQVITfiS  LCmDOR  Pellets 
united  as  trefoils.  [PI.  XXI.  10.]  F.  A.  W. 


356  FREDK.    K.    WALTERS. 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  annulet;  legend  as  No.  1,  arch  on 

breast  plain. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  rose  ;  usual  type  and  legends. 

L.  A.  Lawrence  Collection. 

3.  Obv. — Mint-mark  annulet ;  legend  as  No.  1 ;  all  cusps 

of  tressure  fleured. 

Rev. — No  mint-mark  ;  usual  legends ;  pellets  trefoil- 
wise.  W.  M.  Maish. 

Pennies. 

1.  Obv.— Mint-mark  annulet.    6CDW7TRD  DI  6E7I  E6CX 

7TR6L 

Rev.— aiVITTYS   LORDOR     Usual  cross  and  pellets 
(not  united).  F.  A.  W. 

2.  Obv. — Short  cross  fitchee  pierced  ;  "  restoration  "  type 

of  bust ;  legend  as  No.  1 . 

Rev.—  No  mint-mark ;  usual  type.   dlVITTVS  LORDOR 

Half-penny. 

Obv.— Mint-mark  annulet.     6CDW7YRD  DI  6R7T  EffX 

Rev.— dlVITTVS  LORDOR     Pellets  united  as  trefoils. 

F.  A.  W. 


COINS  FROM  THE  LONDON  MlNT  WHILE  THE  ANNULET 
ENCLOSING  PELLET  WAS  USED  AS  A  MINT-MARK. 

GOLD. 
Angels. 

1.  Obv.— Mint-mark  annulet.  ffDWTVRD' A  DQI  A  6R7V  A 
R6CX  A  7VR6L  A^A  FRTVRd  A  Usual  type 
for  angels. 

Rev. — Mint-mark    annulet    enclosing    pellet.      P6CR 

ccRvaam  x  TVTT  x  STVLVTV  x  ROS  x  xpa'  x 

RffDecmPT'     Usual  type;  6C  to  r.  of  cross 
and  to  1.  rose  punched  over  a  sun. 

[PI.  XXII.  1.] 


THE    COINAGE    OF   THE   REIGN   OF    EDWARD   IV.      357 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark         annulet         enclosing         pellet. 

6CDW7TRD  A  Dai  v  GRft  r  RaX  *  7YOGL 
A<>r  FRTYnOU     Usual  obverse  type. 

Rev.—  Annulet  enclosing  pellet.  P6CR  dRVdfffll 
TV7T  SfiLVTY  ROS  XPff  RSDamPT  Sal- 
tire  stops ;  usual  reverse  type ;  GC  to  1.  and 
sun  to  r.  of  mast. 

Montagu  Collection,  lot  593. 

3.  Obv. — Mint-mark  annulet  enclosing  pellet ;  legend  as 

No.  1  ;    angel  rather  shorter  and  somewhat 
different  to  usual  character ;  saltire"  stops. 

Rev.— No  mint-mark.  PffR  dRVSa  TV7V  STtLVTY  A 
DOS  XPd  RGDamTO  a  to  1.,  rose  to  r.  of 
cross.  F.  A.  W. 

Half-angel.     None  discovered  or  recorded. 


SILVER. 
Groats. 

1.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  annulet  enclosing  pellet.  6CDW7TRD' 

Dai  x  GR7F  x  Rax  x  7TR6L'  £  FRTYnCC 
Larger  bust  with  more  bushy  hair  ;  rose  in 
field  each  side  of  bust.  All  cusps  of  tressure 
fleured  with  trefoils  of  pellets  rather  larger 
than  on  last  issue. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  annulet  enclosing  pellet  ;  usual  type 
and  legends  ;  saltire  stop.  [PL  XXI.  9.]  The 
R's  in  the  legends  cease  to  resemble  B's  and 
return  to  the  usual  form. 

2.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark         annulet         enclosing         pellet. 

6CDW7VRD'  x  DSI  x  GR7T  Rax  x  TmGL'  ^ 
FR7TRCC  x  All  arches  of  tressure  fleured  ; 
same  bust  as  last  ;  no  roses  in  the  field. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  annulet  enclosing  pellet  ;  usual 
reverse  type  and  legends. 

3.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  annulet  enclosing  pellet. 

DI  aRTT  RaX  x  TYRGL'      FRTYnd  x 


Rev.  —  Mint-mark     annulet    enclosing    pellet;     usual 
legends  and  type. 


358  FREDK.   A.    WALTERS. 

Half -groat. 

Obv.— Annulet  enclosing  pellet.  ffDWTSRD  DGtl 
GRTt  RflX  7VR6L  ^  FR7Y  Peculiar  bust; 
no  emblems  or  marks ;  cusps  of  tressure 
above  crown,  and  on  breast  not  fleured. 

Eev  —  Mint-mark  rose.     POSVI  DQTfll  7VDIVTOR6C 

mavm— diviTTvs  LORDOR   Usual  type; 

pellets  united  as  trefoils.       [PL  XXI.  11.1 

F.  A.  W. 

Penny. 

Obv. — Mint-mark  annulet  enclosing  pellet.  6C  D  W7VR  D 
Dai  6R7Y  RffX  TTRGLa  Bust  correspond- 
ing with  larger  pieces. 

Eev.— dlVITfiS  LORDOR     Usual  cross  and  pellets. 

W.  T.  Ready. 

Half-penny. 

Obv. — Mint-mark  annulet  enclosing  pellet.  ffD W7VRD 
DI  6K7V  R6CX 

Eev.— dlVlTTYS  LORDOR     Pellets  united  as  trefoils. 

F.  A.  W. 


THE  CROSS  AND  FOUR  PELLETS  MINT-MARK. 

Angels. 

1.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark   cross    with    pellet    in   each   angle. 


Dffl  x  6R7T  x  RffX  x 

#  FRTYRtt  *  A  ^  Large  trefoil  at  end  of 
legend.  St.  Michael  and  the  dragon  as 
before  ;  no  cross  in  nimbus. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark   cross   with    pellet   in   each   angle. 

aRvaam  TVTT  STYLVTT  ROS  xpa' 

Type  as  usual.  [PI.  XXII.  3.] 

2.  Obv.—  All  as  No.  1. 

Eev.  —  Mint-mark  plain  cross  pierced  ;  legend  and  type 
as  before. 

Half-angel.     None  discovered  so  far. 


THE   COINAGE    OP   THE   EEIGN   OF   EDWARD   IV.      359 

Groats. 

1.  Obv. — Mint-mark   cross   with    pellet  in   each   angle. 

dDWftRD'  Ddl  *  GR7T  x  RdX  x  ARGL'  £ 
FRTYRd  *.  Large  trefoils  of  pellets  or  fleurs 
to  all  cusps  of  the  tressure ;  bust  varying 
from  the  last  type,  more  bushy  hair  and 
crown  larger  and  higher ;  the  X  in  ARGL 
has  now  for  the  first  time  a  V-shaped  bar. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  cross  with  pellet  in  each  angle; 
usual  legends  and  type.  The  A  in  TSS  has 
the  V-shaped  bar  for  the  first  time. 

[PI.  XXII.  4.] 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark   cross   with   pellet  in   each   angle ; 

portrait  and  legends  as  No.  1. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  plain  cross  pierced ;  legends  and  type 
as  usual. 

3.  Obv. — Mint-mark    cross   with    pellet  in  each    angle ; 

legend  and  type  as  No.  1,  with  barred  A  in 


Rev. — Mint-mark  cross  punched  over  annulet  (and 
pellet  ?)  usual  legends  and  type,  but  no  barred 
7T  in  TftS 


Half-groats.     None  have  been  so  far  discovered. 
Pennies  or  halfpennies  are  still  unknown. 


THE  CROSS  PIERCKD  MINT-MARK  (FIRST  VARIETY). 

Angel. 

Obv.— Mint-mark  cross  pierced.  dDWTYRD'  x  Ddl  x 
GR7T  x  EdX  x  TmGL  £  FRfiRd  x  Usual 
type. 

Rev.— Mint-mark  cross  pierced.  PffR  dRVdffm 
TV7V  S7YLV7Y  ROS  XPd  RdDffmPT  Usual 
reverse  type.  A.  H.  Baldwin. 


360  FREDK.    A.   WALTERS. 

Half-angel. 

Obv. — Cross  punched  over  annulet  (and  pellet?). 
ffDWTTRD  DffI  6RTC  RffX  7Yn6Lff  Usual 
type. 

Rev. — Cross  over  annulet  (and  pellet  ?).  £  0  £  CCRVX 
TCVff  ©  SPffS  xvnidfi*  Usual  reverse 
type.  British  Museum. 

Groats. 

1.  Obv. — Mint-mark  plain  cross   pierced.      GCDWTVRDx 

DffI  x  6R7T  x  RffX  x  AI76L'  xy  FRfina 
Bust  very  similar  to  the  last  issue ;  trefoil 
terminals  to  all  points  of  tressure. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  plain  cross  pierced ;  usual  legends 
and  type  ;  barred  X  in  TXS. 

[PL  XXII.  5.] 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  plain  cross  pierced ;  legend  as  No.  1. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  pierced  cross  with  pellet  in  first 
quarter  ;  usual  legends  as  last. 

Half -groats. 

1.  Obv. — Mint-mark    pierced    cross   over   annulet   (and 

pellet  ?).  ffD  W7VKD  D€CI  6E7T  K6CX  7VR6L 
^.  FKT^R  Bust  corresponding  with  groat ; 
all  cusps  of  tressure  fleured  with  trefoils  of 
pellets. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  pierced  cross  with  pellet  in  fourth 
quarter ;  usual  legend  and  type  ;  pellets  tre- 
foilwise.  [PI.  XXII.  7.] 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  cross  over  annulet  (and   pellet  ?) ; 

legend  as  No.  1. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  cross  over  annulet  (and  pellet  ?)  ; 
usual  legend  and  type  ;  pellets  trefoil  wise. 

Pennies. 

1.  Obv. — Mint-mark  cross  over  annulet  (and  pellet). 
EDWARD  Dffl  6R7T  EffX  TTOGLff  This 
obverse  is  from  the  same  die  as  the  penny 
previously  described  under  the  annulet  and 


THE    COINAGE   OF    THE    REIGN   OF    EDWARD   IV.      361 

pellet  issue  before  the  cross  had  been  punched 
over  the  original  mint-mark.  Guided  mainly 
by  this  penny,  I  have  ascribed  all  coins  from 
dies  showing  the  cross  punched  over  the 
annulet  to  having  been  struck  from  dies 
originally  belonging  to  the  annulet  and  pellet 
issue,  to  which  their  other  characteristics 
also  locate  them. 

No   mint-mark.      dlVITTTS   LORDOR     Usual 
design  ;  pellets  not  united.    [PI.  XXI.  12.] 


2.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  plain  cross  (pierced  ?). 

DSI    6Rfi   RdX   TmGL'     Large  bust  with 
bushy  hair. 

Rev.—  No  mint-mark.     CCIVITfiS   LORDOR     Pellets 
not  united.  F.  A.  W. 

Halfpenny. 

Obv.—  Mint-mark   cross    pierced.       aDWTTRD   Dffl 
GRfi  RSX 

Rev.—  aiVITTTS  LORDOR     Usual  type  ;  pellets  tre- 
foilwise.  F.  A.  W. 


THE  PIERCED  CROSS  AND  ONE  PELLET  ISSUE. 

Angels. 

1.  Obv.— Mint-mark  cross  pierced.      GCDWT^ED'x  DffI  * 

6R7Y   x  RaX  x  7VR6L  <>  FETTRtt       Usual 
obverse  type. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced  with  pellet  in  fourth 
quarter.  PffRdRVdam  £  TVA  £  SftLVTV  £ 
ROS  x  XPd  *  RSDamPT  Usual  reverse 
type. 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced  pellet  in  third  quarter ; 

legend  as  last,  but  reads  DI ;  usual  obverse 
type. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced,  with  pellet  in  third 
quarter  ;  legend  as  No.  1  ;  usual  reverse  type. 


362  FEEDK.   A.   WALTERS. 

Half-angel. 

Obv.  —  Mint-mark  cross  pierced,  with  pellet  in  third 
quarter.       ffDWTVED'  x  DI  x  QRK  x  KGCX  x 
Usual  obverse  type. 


Rev.  —  Mint-mark  cross  pierced,  with  pellet  in  fourth 
quarter.  x  0  x  CCRVX  x  7YV6C  ©  SPffS  x 
VRIOC7T  #  Usual  reverse  type;  rose  after 
7VT6C,  sun  after  VnidTt.  [PI.  XXII.  9.] 


Groats. 

1.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  cross  pierced,  with  pellet  in  fourth 

quarter.  GCDWTTRD'x  DI  x  GR7T  x  E6CX  x 
SR6L  £  FRTmCC  Large  bust,  with  full 
bushy  hair;  cusps  of  tressure,  except  those 
above  crown  and  on  breast,  fleured  with 
large  three-leaved  terminals. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  cross  pierced,  with  pellet  in  fourth 
quarter.      POSVI  x  D€CVm  x  TTDIVTORGC'x 

mecvm—  aiviTAS  Loncon   Usual  cross 

and  pellets.  [PI.  XXII.  11.] 

2.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  cross  pierced,  with  pellet  in  fourth 

quarter  ;  legends  and  type  as  No.  1. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  cross  pierced,  with  pellet  in  third 
quarter  ;  rose  after  DQTJR 

3.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  cross  pierced,  with  pellet  in  third 

quarter;  legend  and  type  as  No.  1. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  cross  pierced,  with  pellet  in  fourth 
quarter. 

4.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  as  last  ;  legend  and  type  as  before. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  as  last  ;  rose  after  D6CVJH,  sun  after 
TYDIVTORff 


5.  Obv. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced;  pellet  in  third  quarter. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced ;  pellet  infourth  quarter; 
sun  after 


THE   COINAGE    OP   THE   EEIGN   OF    EDWAKD   IV.      363 

Half-groat. 

Obv. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced,  with  pellet  in  third 
quarter.  SDWTYRD'x  DI  x  GKTV'x  EffX  x 
7\[RGL  £  FKTTx  Large  pellet  trefoils  as 
cusps  to  tressure ;  no  fleurs  on  breast  or 
above  crown. 

Rev. — Cross    punched    over    annulet    (and    pellet?). 

POSVI    Davm    TtDivTOKec    mavm— 

dlVITTVS  LORDOR     Pellets  trefoilwise. 
[PI.  XXII.  6.]     F.  A.  W. 

Pennies. 

1.  Obv. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced,  with  pellet  in  fourth 

quarter.  ffDWfiRD'  D6CI  6R7V'  R6CX  7VRGL 
Late  type  of  bust,  with  larger  face  and  less 
bushy  hair. 

Eev.— No  mint-mark.     dlVITTTS  LORDOR     Usual 
type.  F.  A.  W. 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced,  with  pellet  in  third 

quarter  ;  legend  as  No.  1. 

Rev.— Mint-mark  cross  pierced.    GCIVITTVS  LORDOR. 

[PI.  XXII.  12.] 

Halfpenny. 

Obv. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced,  with  pellet  in  third 
quarter.     ffDWTVED  Dffl  GRfi  EffX 

Rev.— CCIVITfiS  LORDOR     Pellets  trefoilwise. 

F.  A.  W. 


THE  PIERCED  CROSS  MINT-MARK  (SECOND  TYPE). 

Angel. 

Obv.  —  Mint-mark  cross  pierced.     6CDW7TED  x  DI  r 


6EA  r  EffX  A  7YR6L  A^  r  FKTmCC      Usual 
type. 

Eev.—  No  mint-mark.  PffR  x  dRVdffm  x  TVfi  x 
STCLV7T  x  ROS  x  XPd  KffDecmPT  Usual 
reverse  type.  British  Museum. 

On  account  of  the  reading  DI  this  is  placed  here,  but 


364  FEEDK.    A.    WALTERS. 

with  the  gold  there  is  not  the  same  difference  of  character 
as  with  the  silver  by  which  to  distinguish  the  second 
from  the  first  variety  of  this  mint-mark. 

Groats. 

1.  Obv. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced.     CtDWTtRD  DI  GKft 

K6CX  SR6L  S  FRT^nd  Large  bust  with 
bushy  hair  ;  large  three-leaved  fleurs  to  cusps 
of  tressure ;  none  on  bust. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced ;  usual  legends  and 
type  ;  rose  after  DQTfll 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced ;  legend  as  last,  and 

bust  of  similar  character  with  a  pellet  each 
side  in  the  field ;  cusps  above  crown  and  on 
breast  not  fleured. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced ;  usual  legends  ;  rose 
after  7YDIVTOR6C ;  small  extra  pellet  in 
second  and  fourth  quarters. 

3.  Obv. — Mint-mark  cross  pierced  of  rather  pattee  form, 

with  pellet  in  centre  of  sinking ;  legend  as 
No.  1. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  pierced  cross ;  usual  legends ;  rose 
after  7TDIVTOK6C ;  extra  pellet  in  second  and 
fourth  quarters.  H.  B.  Earle  Fox. 

4.  Obv. — Mint-mark  pierced  cross  pattee  with  pellet  in 

centre ;  legend  and  bust  as  No.  1  ;  no  fleurs 
above  crown  or  on  breast. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  pierced  cross  pattee  with  pellet  in 
centre ;  usual  legends  ;  rose  after  DffVSft  ; 
usual  type  ;  no  extra  pellet  in  quarters  of 
cross.  H.  B.  Earle  Fox. 


Half-groats  and  pennies  have  not  so  far  been  noted,  but  as 
the  half -penny  is  known,  they  may  probably 
be  looked  for. 


THE    COINAGE    OF   THE    REIGN   OF    EDWARD    IV.      365 

Half -penny. 

Obv.— Mint-mark  cross  pierced.    SDW7IED  D6CI  6E7V 
E&X     Pellet  each  side  of  bust. 

Rev.—  dlYlTTVS  LOODOn     Usual  type. 

[PI.  XXII.  8.]     F.  A.  W. 


THE  CINQUEFOIL  MINT-MARK. 
Angels. 

1.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark    heraldic    cinquefoil.     GCDWTYED'x 

DGCI  *  6E7T  x  E6CX  x  7YRGL'  x  S  FETmCC  x 
Usual  obverse  type. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark        heraldic        cinquefoil.         P€[R 

dEvaecm  x  TVTTX  STVLVTV  x  nos  x  XPCC  x 

EffDamPT     Usual  reverse  type. 

[PL  XXIII.  1.] 

2.  Obv.—  All  as  last. 


Bev.—  As  last,  but 

3.  Obv.  and  Bev.—  As  No.  1,  but 

4.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil  ;  legend  as  No.  1  ; 

saltire  stops. 


Rev.  —  Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil.     Pff 

TV7V   SfiLVTt   RS   RffDamPT     No   stops. 
Montagu  Collection,  No.  596. 

Half-angels. 

1.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil  over  cross  pierced. 

GCDWT^ED  x  DI  x  6E7V  x  E6CX  x  T^RGL' 
Usual  type. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil  over  cross  pierced. 

x  o  CCEVX  x  Trvec  @  spas  x  vnia7v  ©  x 

Rose  after  7VV6C  and  VRICCT^  ;  usual  reverse 
type.  F.  A.  W. 

2.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil  ;  legend  and  type 

as  No.  1. 

Rev.  —  Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil  ;  legend  and  type 
as  last  ;  rose  after  CCEVX  and  SPGCS 

Montagu  Collection,  No.  600. 


366  FKEDK.  A.   WALTERS. 

Groats. 

1.  Obv.—  Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil.     6CDW7TKD  DI 

6E7V  RaX  7TOGL   <>   FRTmd     Rose  after 
7VR6L  ;  rose  (or  curled  leaf)  on  breast. 

Bev. — Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil  ;  usual  legends  ; 
rose  after  DffVfll 

N.B. — On  the  groats  of  this  issue  the  "  roses  "  on  the 
breast  and  in  legends  appear  to  be  the  curled  leaf  and 
not  regular  roses  as  on  previous  issues. 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil ;  legend  as  No.  1, 

but    all   X's   with  V-shaped   bars ;    rose   or 
curled  leaf  on  breast. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil ;  usual  legends, 
with  all  A's  barred ;  rose  after  DGCVSR 

3.  Obv.  and  Bev. — All  as  last,  but  A's  barred  only  in 

SR6L  and  TAS  [PI.  XXIII.  2.] 

4.  Obv. — Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil,  with  pellet  to  1. ; 

all   cusps   of    tressure    fleured ;    "  rose "   on 
breast ;  late  type  of  bust  like  Richard  III. 

Bev. — Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil,  with  pellet  to  1. : 
usual  legend;  curled  leaf  after  POSVI  and 
TYDIVTOKa ;  small  extra  pellet  in  centre  of 
group  in  first  quarter. 

5.  Obv.  and  Bev. — As  No.  1,  but  no  roses  or  suns  in 

legends. 

Half -groats. 

1.  Obv. — Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil.  6CDW7TRD 
Dai  6R7T  RSX  TTOGL  <>  FE7V  Bust  with 
long  and  outstanding  hair. 

Bev. — Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil ;  usual  legends 
and  type.  F.  A.  W. 


THE    COINAGE    OF    THE    REIGN   OF    EDWARD   IV.      367 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil ;  legend  as  last, 
but  different  type  of  bust  with  fuller  face, 
short  neck,  and  smaller  hair ;  all  cusps  of 
tressure  fleured  except  that  on  breast. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil ;  legends  as  last ; 
pellets  trefoilwise.     [PI.  XXIII.  3.] 

British  Museum. 

Pennies. 

1.  Obv. — Mint-mark    heraldic    cinquefoil.       GCDWTCRD 

D€CI   6R7T   RffX   7VR6L'      Bust  with  long 
hair  and  large  crown. 

Rev.— dlVITfiS  LOnDOR     Usual  type. 

2.  Obv.  and  Rev. — All  as  last,  but  different  bust,  similar 

to  that  on  No.  2  half-groat. 

[PI.  XXIII.  4.]     British  Museum. 

Halfpennies. 

1.  Obv. — Mint-mark    heraldic    cinquefoil. 

Dffl  GRft  RSX     Usual  type. 

Rev.— aiYITTVS  LORDOR     Pellets  trefoilwise. 

2.  Same  as  last,  but  reads  DI 


THE  PROVINCIAL  ROYAL  MINTS. 
COINS  STRUCK  AT  BRISTOL  PROM  MAY,  1471,  TO  JULY,  1472. 

Angels. 

1 .  Obv. — Mint-mark  annulet,  with  small  trefoil  in  centre. 
6CDW7TRD  Dffl  GRTC  R6CX  7TO6L  <> 
FET^nOCY  Trefoil  in  centre  of  the  archangel's 
nimbus  and  at  each  side  of  the  cross  in  his 
hand. 

Rev.—  No  mint- mark.  P€CR  $  ttRVSeC'  A  TVTC 
S7VLV7T  r  nOS  r  XPd'v  KffDffTOR  r  Usual 
reverse  type,  with  6C  and  rose  at  sides  of  ship's 
mast ;  B  in  the  waves  beneath. 

Evans  Collection. 


368  FREDK.    A.   WALTERS. 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  annulet  ;  legend  as  last ;  no  stops, 
but  the  trefoils  after  FBTmCC  Trefoil  in 
archangel's  nimbus. 

Rev. — No  mint-mark ;  legend  as  last ;  two  trefoils 
after  P6CE  and  one  after  dBVSeC,  S7VLV7T, 
ROS,  and  XPCC.  [PL  XXIII.  5.] 

British  Museum,  from  the  Cuff  Collection. 

Groats. 

1.  Obv.— Mint-mark  rose.    GCDWTttU)'  DI  r  6E7T  E6CX  v 

7YR6L  A^*FE7Tna  Bust  of  the  restora- 
tion type ;  B  on  breast ;  no  emblems  in  the 
field ;  tressure  fleured  with  small  trefoils  ;  no 
fleurs  above  crown. 

Rev.— Mint-mark  rose.    POSVI  DGCVm  x  TVDIVTOEeC 

mecvm  -  XXVILLTV  x  BEISTOW  -   The  v 

in  Villa  has  been  a  W  of  which  the  first  part 
has  been  obliterated  by  punching  two  saltire 
stops  over  it.  [PI.  XXIII.  6,  7.] 

The  reverse  of  this  coin  is  from  the  same 
die  as  the  groat  of  Henry  VI  reading 
fySREICIVS  Both  coins  are  shown  on  the 
plate  for  comparison.  F.  A.  W. 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  rose ;    legend  and  other  details  as 

No.  1 ;  B  on  breast. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  annulet;  usual  outer  legend.  VILL7V 
BRISTOW  F.  A.  W. 


3.  Obv. — Mint-mark  sun ;  legend,  &c.,  as  No.  1 ;   B  on 
breast. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  annulet ;  usual  outer  legend.  VILL7V 
BRISTOW  F.  A.  W. 


4.  Obv. — Mint-mark  annulet ;  legend,  &c.,  as  No.  1 ; 
cusps  over  crown  fleured ;  B  on  breast ; 
trefoil  stops. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  annulet ;  usual  outer  legend ;  trefoil 
stop  after  DGCVm  -  VILL7T  r  BEISTOW 

[PI.  XXIII.  9.] 


THE   COINAGE   OF   THE   REIGN   OP   EDWARD  IV.      369 

5.  Obv. — Mint-mark  annulet,  all  as  last ;  trefoil  stop. 

Rev. — No  mint-mark ;  usual  outer  legend ;  no  stops. 
VILLft  BRISATOW         [PI.  XXIII.  8.] 


Half-groat. 

Obv.—  Mint-mark  rose.  ffDWTYRD  r  DI  GK7T  R6CX 
7TI76L  ^  FR7V  B  on  breast;  no  emblems 
in  field. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  short  cross  fitchee  pierced.    POSVI 

Decvm  TVDIVTORGC  mavsn  -  VILLTY 

BRISTOW     Pellets  trefoilwise. 

[PI.  XXIII.  10.]     British  Museum. 


COINS   STRUCK   AT   YORK   FROM    APRIL   TO    SEPTEMBER,    1471. 

Gold. 

No  angels  or  angelets  have  so  far  been  discovered, 
although  a  certain  amount  of  gold  was  coined 
at  the  York  Mint  during  this  period. 


Silver. 
Groats. 

1.  Obv.—  Mint-mark  lys.    ffDWTVRD  DI  GRTf  r 

7YI76L  A<^  FRTVnCC  GC  on  breast;  no  em- 
blems in  field.  Small  trefoil  fleurs  to  cusps 
of  tressure  ;  bust  of  the  period  of  the  restora- 
tion. 


Rev.—  Mint-mark  lys.  POSVI 

mecvm  aiviT^ 

[PI.  XXIV.  1.] 

N.B.—  Both  sides  have  the  B-like  R's  of 
this  period. 

2.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  lys  ;  legend,  &c.,  as  last,  but  saltire 
stops  after  all  words  but  DI  and  FRTTRCC  ; 
no  emblems  in  field. 

Reo.  —  All  as  last. 
NUM.  CHRON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES   IV.  2  C 


370  FREDK.    A.    WALTERS. 

Half-groat. 

Glv.—  Mint-mark  lys.  eCDWTTRD'  DI  x  6R7f  x  RffX 
7TR6L  <>  FR7TR  No  6C  on  breast  ;  all  cusps 
of  treasure  fleured  with  small  trefoils  except 
those  above  crown  ;  no  emblems  in  field. 


Eev.—  Mint-mark  lys.     POSVI 

metVm  -  dlVITTCS   eCBORTtai      Pellets 
separate.     [PI.  XXIV.  2.]  F.  A.  W. 

Pennies. 

1.  Obv.—  Mint-mark  lys.     EDWARD    DI   6Rfi   RGtX 

7VR6L     Bust  of  the  restoration  period  ;  no 
emblems  in  field. 

Eev.—  dIVITfiS  eCBORTVdl     Cross  with  quatrefoil 
in  centre,  and  usual  pellets  in  angles. 

H.  B.  Earle  Fox. 

2.  Obv.—  Mint-mark   annulet.      6CDW7VRD    DI    6R7V 

R6CX  7YR6      "  Restoration  "  type  of  bust  ; 
no  emblems  in  field. 

Eev.—  dlVITTTS  aBORftdl     Cross  with  quatrefoil 
in  centre  and  usual  pellets  not  found. 

[PI.  XXIV.  3.]     F.  A.  W. 

3.  Obv.—  Mint-mark  rose.     6CDWARD  DI  6R7V  R6CX 

7VR6L     Bust  of  late  character,  with  rose  on 
breast. 

Rev.  —  Cross  with  quatrefoil  in  centre  and  usual  pellets. 
CQVITTYS  aBORTtdl 

This  last  may  be  a  sede  vacanle   coin   of 
later  date. 

In  the  first  portion  of  this  reign  (Num.  Chron.,  Fourth 
Series,  Vol.  IX.  p.  175)  reasons  are  given  for  the  assump- 
tion that  the  quatrefoil  in  the  centre  of  the  cross,  although 
originally  a  mark  of  the  archiepiscopal  mint,  had  by  this 
time  become  so  identified  with  the  York  pennies  that  it 
was  used  on  these  coins  from  both  mints.  It  is  found 
on  pennies  of  Eichard  III  without  the  archiepiscopal 


THE    COINAGE    OF   THE   REIGN   OF   EDWAED   IV.      371 

emblems,  which  there  can  be  no  doubt  are  from  the 
Eoyal  Mint. 

THE   ECCLESIASTICAL  MINTS. 

YORK. 
Archbishop  Nevill,  1471  (all pennies). 

1.  Obv. — Mint-mark      short      cross      fitche"e       pierced. 

€CDW7TED  DI  GR7V  R6CX  7U16  "Restora- 
tion "  type  of  bust ;  6  to  the  1.  and  key  to 
the  r.  iu  the  field. 

Rev.— (IIVITfiS  GCBOETVar     Cross  with  quatrefoil  in 
centre  and  usual  pellets  in  angle. 

N.B. — Other  specimens  read  TTOSL  on  the  obverse. 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  rose,  reads  7TR6L' ;  "  restoration  " 

bust ;  6  and  key  in  field. 

Rev. — All  as  last. 

3.  Obv. — Mint-mark  lys ;  legend,  &c.,  as  No.  1. 
Rev. — As  No.  1. 

During  the  Sequestration  of  Archbishop  NeviH's  Temporalities. 

Obv. — Mint-mark  roae  ;  legend  as  before.    7VR6L — 6C 
to  the  1.,  and  curled  leaf  to  the  r.  in  field. 

Rev. — All  exactly  as  previous  pennies,  with  quatrefoil 
in  centre  of  cross. 

Sede  Vacante  Pennies  after  the  Death  of  Archbishop  Nevill. 

1 .  Obv. — Mint-mark    cross  ;    bust   of    later    character ; 

curled  leaf  to  the  1.  and  key  to  the  r.  in  field. 

Rev. — All  as  on  previous  pennies. 

2.  All  as  last,  but  mint-mark  rose. 

2c2 


372  FREDK.    A.   WALTERS. 


Archbishop  Laurence  Booth,  1476-1480. 

Obv. — Mint-mark  rose ;  legend  as  before ;  B  to  the  1. 
and  key  to  the  r.  of  bust. 

Rev. — All  as  previous  pennies. 


Archbishop  Thomas  of  Rotherham^  1480. 

1.  Obv.—  Mint-mark  curled  leaf.  6CDW7YED  DI  6E'A 
EffX  7CR6  T  to  the  1.  and  key  to  the  r.  of 
bust  in  field. 


ffBOKTVdl     Usual  type,  with  quatre- 
foil  in  centre  of  cross. 


2.  Obv.  —  Mint-mark  curled  leaf  ;  legend  ends  7VR6L     T 
and  key  in  field  ;  star  or  mullet  on  breast. 

Rev.  —  All  as  last. 


3.  Obv. — Mint-mark  and  legend,  &c.,  as  last,  but  star  or 
mullet  on  breast  and  to  r.  of  crown  in  field. 

Rev. — All  as  before. 


THE   CANTERBURY  MINT. 

Coins  with  the  "  Restoration  "  Type  of  Bust  and  other  details. 

Half  -groat. 

Obv.  —  Mint-mark  archiepiscopal  pall  and  cross  (the 
arms  of  the  See).  6CDW7VED  DI  6E7V  E6CX 
7YR6L  ^  FE7VR  Bust  characteristic  of  this 
period,  with  Bourchier  knot  on  breast  ;  no 
emblems  ;  in  field,  tressure  fleured  with  small 
pellet  trefoils,  none  above  crown. 


Rev.—  Mint-mark   pall   and   cross.      POSVI 

TVDiviOEff  mecvm  -  QIVITTTS  CITVRTOE 

Usual  cross  and  pellets  ;  stalk  from  inner 
beaded  circle  to  centre  of  group  in  first 
quarter.  F.  A.  W. 


THE    COINAGE    OF   THE   EEIGN   OF   EDWARD   IV.      373 


Coins  with  Bust  and  Characteristics  of  the  London  Coins,  with 
the  Pierced-Cross  and  Cross-and-Pellet  Mint-marks. 

Half-groatg. 

1.  Obv.— Mint-mark  pall.      ffDWTCED   DI   6E7T   EffX 

7YRSL  ^  FE7T  Bust  with  large  crown  and 
full  hair,  with  Bourchier  knot  beneath  ;  no 
emblems  in  field  ;  cusp  of  tressure  fleured, 
with  large  three-leaved  terminals,  none  over 
crown. 

Rev. — No  mint-mark  ;  usual  outer  legend.  CCIVIT7YS 
CCT^RTOE  Stalk  from  inner  circle  to  group 
of  pellets  in  second  quarter. 

[PI.  XXIV.  6.] 

2.  All  as  last,  but  on  rev.  stalk  in  first  group  of  pellets 

which  are  all  trefoilwise. 

Penny. 

Obv. — Mint-mark  pall.  Similar  bust  to  that  on 
half-groats,  with  Bourchier  knot  beneath. 
ffDWTVRD  DI  GETt  E6CX  7YR 

Rev.— dlVITTTS  dTYRTOE  Usual  cross  and  pellets 
(which  are  not  united),  with  stalk  to  group 
in  second  quarter. 

[PI.  XXIV.  7.]     F.  A.  W. 

Coins  corresponding  in  character  of  details  with  the  Half-groats 
and  Pennies  from  the  Tower  Mint,  while  the  Cross  Pierced 
and  Pellet,  and  the  Cinquefoil  Mint-marks  were  in  Use. 

Half -groats. 

1.  Obv.— Mint-mark  large  rose.     ffDWTTRD'x  DI  GETt  x 

RffX  x  7TRGL  x  ^  FE7V  Bust  characteristic 
of  the  period  ;  (I  on  breast ;  all  cusps  of  tres- 
sure fleured  with  small  trefoils. 

Rev.— Mint-mark  large  rose.  POSVI  D€CVSH  * 
7W)IVTOK«'X  SRffVm  Cross  and  pellets 
(trefoilwise),  but  no  stalk  in  any  quarter  ; 
ff  in  centre  of  the  cross.  [PI.  XXIV.  8.] 

2.  All  as  No.  1,  but  no  fleurs  to  cusps  of  tressure. 


374  FREDK.  A.    WALTERS. 

3.  Obv. — Mint-mark   large   rose;    legend  as  No.   1,  but 

FR7VR     Curled  leaf  on  breast ;  all  cusps  of 
treasure  fleured. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  large  rose ;  legends  as  No.  1 ;  nothing 
in  centre  of  cross ;  pellets  trefoilwise ;  no 
stalk. 

4.  Obv. — Mint-mark  curled  leaf;  legend  as  No.  1.     CC  on 

breast ;  cusps  above  crown  not  fleured. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  large  rose;  legends  as  No.  1 ;  nothing 
in  centre  of  cross  ;  pellets  trefoilwise. 

5.  Obv. — Mint-mark  large  rose  ;  legend  and  bust  as  No.  1 . 

CC  on  breast ;  no  fleurs  to  cusps  of  tressure. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  large  rose;  legends,  &c.,  as  No.  1. 
Curled  leaf  in  centre  of  cross  ;  pellets  trefoil- 
wise.  W.  M.  Maish. 

6.  Obv.  and  Rev. — Mint-mark  curled  leaf ;  OC  on  breast. 

Cusps  of  tressure  fleured  except  over  crown ; 
legends  as  No.  1. 

7.  Obv. — Mint-mark  cross  fitchee ;  same  bust  and  cha- 

racteristics as  previous  half-groats  ;  no  fleurs 
to  tressure  ;  no  letter  or  emblem  on  breast. 

Rev. — Mint-mark  heraldic  cinquefoil;  legends  as  No.  1; 
nothing  in  centre  of  cross  ;  pellets  trefoilwise. 

Pennies. 

1.  Obv. — Mint-mark  rose  (or  curled  leaf).     6CDW7TRD 

Dai  6E7T  ECCX  7VR6L  Bust  as  on  late 
London  pennies ;  no  emblems  in  field  or  knot 
under  bust. 

Rev.— ttlVITTCS  CCTmTOK     Usual  cross  and  pellets. 

British  Museum. 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  curled  leaf  (in  form  of  rose)  ;  legend 

as  last ;  late  bust  with  short  close  hair  ;  CC  on 
breast. 

Rev.— aiVITHS  CCTtnTOB     Usual  type.    F.  A.  W. 


THE   COINAGE    OF   THE   REIGN   OF    EDWARD   IV.      375 

Halfpenny. 

Obv.—  Mint-mark  rose  (or  curled  leaf).  6CDW7YED 
Dffl  6E7V  EffX  Usual  bust  of  the  period, 
with  CC  on  breast. 

Rev.— aiVITTVS  CmRTOE     Pellets  trefoilwise. 

F.  A.  W. 


THE  DURHAM  MINT. 

Between  April,  1471,  and  August,  1473. 
Penny. 

Obv.— Mint-mark  rose.  6CDW7YBD  DI  6E7V  E6CX 
TfRSL  Bust  of  the  restoration  period.  B  to 
the  1.  and  D  to  the  r.  in  the  field. 

Rev.— ttlVITTVS  *  DffEfiStt     B  in  centre  of  cross. 
These  coins  appear  to  be  from  London-made  dies. 


The  Coins  struck  by  Bishop  Booth  after  obtaining  his  Charter 
in  July,  1473. 

1.  Obv.— Mint-mark  rose.  GCDW^ED  D6CI  6E7T  EGCX 
7VR  £  Bust  with  high  crown  having  the 
centre  ornament  more  elaborate  than  the 
usual  fleur-de-lys.  B  to  the  1.  of  crown  and 
V  on  breast. 

Eev.— dlVlTTtS  DVROLmiGC  D  in  centre  of  the 
cross ;  small  extra  pellet  in  centre  of  the 
usual  group  in  each  quarter ;  V  in  top  corner 
of  second  quarter.  [PL  XXIV.  9.] 


2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  rose  ;  legend  and  other  details  all 

as  No.   1,  but  sal  tire  cross  at  each  side  of 
neck. 

Rev. — All  as  No.  1. 


376  FREDK.    A.  WALTERS. 

3.  Obv.— Mint-mark  rose.    GCDWTtRD  x  DI  x  GRTt  RffX 

TfRloL  Bust  of  same  character,  but  centre 
crown  ornament  a  fleur-de-lys ;  two  small 
crosses  above  crown ;  no  emblems  on  letters 
in  field  or  on  breast. 

Eev. — All  as  No.  1,  with  V  in  second  quarter. 

4.  Obv. — Mint-mark  rose  (?) ;    legend  and  other  details 

all  as  last,  but  cross  or  quatrefoil  on  king's 
breast. 

Eev. — All  as  before,  but  additional  pellet  only  in  fourth 
quarter. 

N.B. — All  the  above  four  coins  are  from  the  locally 
made  dies  of  William  Omoryche. 


Sede  Vacante  Pennies  struck  after  the  Translation  of  Bishop 
Booth  to  York  in  1476,  and  before  the  Temporalities  were 
restored  to  his  Successor,  Bishop  Dudley,  in  October,  1477. 

1.  Obv.— Mint-mark  curled  leaf.      ffDWTTEI)  DI  6R7V 

R6CX  7V06  Bust  similar  to  that  on  the  late 
London  pennies,  with  lys  at  each  side  in  the 
field. 

Eev.— dlVITfiS  DffRTWft     D  in  centre  of  cross. 

[PI.  XXIV.  10.]     F.  A.  W. 

2.  Obv. — Mint-mark  (?) ;  legend  as  last,  ending  7VR6L  ; 

bust  of  apparently  rather  earlier  character ; 
lys  on  each  side  in  field. 

Rev.— GQVITTfS  DffRTVm     No  D  in  centre  of  cross. 

F.  A.  W. 

N.B. — These  coins  are  from  London-made  dies. 


Pennies  of  Bishop  Dudley,  between  1477  and  1483. 

Obv.— Mint-mark  rose.  ffDWTSRD  DI  GRft  RGtX 
7VR6  Bust  of  the  king,  having  D  to  the  ]. 
and  V  to  the  r.  in  the  field. 


THE    COINAGE   OF   THE   KEIGN    OF    EDWARD   IV.      377 

Eev. — dlVITTTS  DffRTWn     D  in  centre  of  the  cross 
and  V  in  second  quarter. 

N  B. — These  coins  are  practically  always  badly  struck 
from  rudely  executed  dies,  presumably  of  William 
Omoryche. 

Half-penny. 

Obv.— Mint-mark  rose(?).     €CDW 

No  marks  visible  in  field  or  on  breast. 

Eev.— dlVITTVS  D6C  x  RTOtt     D  in  centre  of  cross. 
[PI.  XXIV.  11.]     British  Museum. 

FREDK.  A.  WALTERS. 


MISCELLANEA. 


THE  DADIA  HOARD  OP  COINS  OP  KNIDOS. 

SINCE  I  wrote  the  note  on  coins  of  Knidos  which  appeared 
in  the  Numismatic  Chronicle,  1911,  p.  197,  a  number  of  other 
specimens  from  the  same  hoard,  which  appears  to  have  been 
found  at  Dadia  in  the  Knidian  Chersonese,  have  come  into  my 
hands  ;  and  a  general  account  of  this  series  of  Knidian  coins, 
describing  examples  from  this  hoard  and  elsewhere,  has  been 
published  by  Dr.  Imhoof-Blumer  in  Num.  Zeitschr.,  xlv. 
(1912),  pp.  193ff.  As  the  hoard  has  now  been  dispersed  far 
and  wide,  there  seems  little  chance  that  any  summary  of  its 
contents  as  a  whole  can  ever  be  compiled;  but  it  may  be 
worth  while  to  place  on  record  such  facts  as  have  emerged 
from  my  examination. 

The  hoard  would  appear  to  have  consisted  mainly,  if  not 
entirely,  of  the  two  small  denominations  mentioned  in  my 
previous  note — hemidrachms  (or  possibly  diobols)  with  types 
obv.  head  of  Aphrodite  r.,  rev.  head  of  bull,  and  tetrobols 
with  types  obv.  bust  of  Artemis  r.,  rev.  tripod.  Other  coins, 
of  Knidos  and  elsewhere,  have  been  offered  for  sale  with  these, 
but  I  have  not  had  any  satisfactory  evidence  that  they  came 
from  the  same  hoard,  although  they  may  have  done  so.  The 
tetrobols  form  much  the  larger  proportion  of  the  coins  from 
the  hoard  which  I  have  seen,  and  are  on  the  average  in  fresher 
condition  than  the  hemidrachms ;  this  fact,  together  with 
considerations  of  style,  would  seem  to  suggest  that  the  series 
of  tetrobols  was  later  in  date  of  issue.  The  magistrates'  names 
on  the  two  series  are  distinct. 

In  the  hemidrachms  some  coins  have  on  the  reverse  a  bull's 
head  to  front  only,  but  usually  on  the  left  of  the  head  a 
portion  of  the  neck  is  shown.  These  variations  do  not  appear 
to  mark  any  distinction  of  issue  ;  but  the  coins  of  this  de- 
nomination may  be  divided  into  two  classes  on  other  grounds. 
The  first  class  is  formed  by  the  coins  of  the  magistrates 


MISCELLANEA.  379 

Epikrates  and  Epiphanes  ;  in  these  there  is  no  border  of  dots 
on  the  obverse,  and  on  the  reverse  the  magistrate's  name 
begins  on  the  right  of  the  bull's  head  and  curves  underneath 
it,  reading  inwards.  In  the  second  class  there  is  a  border 
of  dots  on  the  obverse,  and  on  the  reverse  the  name  begins 
on  the  left,  reading  outwards,  and  usually  curving  under  the 
head ;  this  class  includes  the  coins  of  Agesikles,  Antipatros, 
Mnasitheos,  and  Sostratos.  The  specimens  of  the  first  class 
are  the  more  worn,  and  presumably  earlier  in  date.  In  both 
classes  the  ethnic  on  the  reverse  is  above  the  bull's  head  ; 
there  is  a  third  class,  with  generally  similar  types,  but  on  the 
reverse  the  ethnic  to  the  left  of  the  head  and  the  magistrate's 
name  to  the  right,  no  examples  of  which  seem  to  have  occurred 
in  the  Dadia  hoard.  The  die-position  is  normally  f  *\  :  this 
position  is  so  regular  that  it  looks  as  if  it  were  due  to  design  ; 
the  only  coin  with  the  die-position  ff  which  1  have  noted  is 
one  of  Sostratos. 

The  following  summary  gives  the  respective  dies  used  in 
the  specimens  which  I  have  had  (omitting  those  magistrates 
of  whom  there  was  only  one  example),  and  the  weights  of 
those  coins  which  were  not  given  in  my  previous  note.  The 
dies  are  lettered  in  capitals  for  obverses,  in  small  letters  for 
reverses,  separately  for  each  magistrate ;  the  weights  are  in 
grammes. 

AGESIKLES. 

Dies.— Aa,  Ab,  Ac,  Ad,  Be,  Bf,  Bg,  Bh,  Ci,  Ci,  Dk,  Ek,  Fl,  Gm,  Hn, 

lo. 

Weights.— 1-32,  1-08,  1-30,  0-81  (worn),  1-15,  1-23,  1-20,  1-21,  1-01, 
1-17,  1-04,  1-16,  0-97  (worn),  0'90  (worn),  1-14. 

EPIKKATES. 

Weight.— 0'93  (worn). 

EPIPHANES. 

Dies. — Aa,  Aa,  Ab. 

Weights.— 0-99  (worn),  0-84  (worn),  1-32. 

MNASITHEOS. 

Dies. — Aa,  Ab,  Be. 
Weights.— 1-15,  1-18. 

The  tetrobols  can  be  more  satisfactorily  grouped  than  the 
hemidrachins,  partly  on  account  of  the  large  number  of 
examples  available  ;  the  die  connexions  give  some  clues  to 
the  chronological  order  of  the  issuing  magistrates,  and  con- 
siderations of  style  help  in  the  arrangement. 


380  MISCELLANEA. 

The  coins  of  Kallippos  are  far  superior  in  style  to  any 
others  in  this  series,  and  on  this  account  may  perhaps  be 
placed  earliest. 

Next  to  them  in  respect  of  style  comes  a  group  including 
the  issues  of  Agias,  Aristokleidas,  Epigenes,  Kleumbrotos, 
Kydosthenes,  and  Moirichos,  all  of  whose  obverse  dies  are 
so  similar  in  workmanship  as  to  suggest  that  they  are  from 
the  same  hand.  Four  of  these  magistrates  can  be  placed  in 
chronological  order.  Moirichos  and  Kleumbrotos  used  the 
same  obverse  die,  the  coins  of  Moirichos  being  apparently 
the  earlier  struck  ;  and  another  obverse  die  served  for  coins 
of  Kleumbrotos,  Aristokleidas,  and  Agias,  probably  in  this 
succession.  The  position  of  Epigenes  and  Kydosthenes  in  the 
group  is  uncertain. 

Theuteles  and  Hippokrates  form  the  next  group ;  they  had 
one  obverse  die  in  common,  the  coin  of  Theuteles  being  from 
a  fresher  state  of  the  die.  The  style  is  distinctly  poorer  than 
that  of  the  two  preceding  groups,  but  has  a  point  of  similarity 
with  them  in  the  fact  that  behind  the  shoulder  of  Artemis  on 
the  obverse  there  are  shown  a  bow  and  quiver ;  on  the  coins 
of  the  next  two  groups  only  a  quiver  is  visible. 

Aristiadas  and  Diokles  may  be  classed  together  by  the 
style  of  their  obverse  dies,  which  look  as  if  they  were  by  the 
same  artist ;  but  there  is  no  evidence  at  present  to  show  which 
was  the  earlier  of  the  two. 

The  last  group  comprises  the  coins  of  Epigonos,  Epion, 
Eutherses,  Telesippos,  and  Philokles,  whose  obverse  dies  are 
closely  similar  in  their  workmanship,  which  is  very  weak. 
Only  Philokles  and  Eutherses  can  be  connected  by  their  use 
of  the  same  dies,  but  their  connexion  is  very  clear ;-  Eutherses 
employed  not  only  an  obverse  die  from  which  coins  of  Philokles 
were  struck,  but  also  a  reverse  die  on  which  his  name  is  cut, 
retrograde,  over  that  of  Philokles. 

If  an  examination  could  be  made  of  all  the  coins  from  the 
hoard,  probably  further  die-connexions  could  be  established ; 
but,  as  they  have  been  scattered  to  various  parts  of  Europe, 
this  is  impracticable  at  present.  It  may  be  noted  that,  of 
the  magistrates  known  to  have  struck  tetrobols  of  this  type, 
Exakestes,  Euphron,  Karneiskos,  Kydokles,  and  Sosigenes 
were  not,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  represented  by  any  specimens 
in  the  hoard,  and  may  have  been  in  office  later  than  the  date 
of  its  burial. 

The  die-position  in  this  series  is  regularly  /|WJV. 

There  follows  a  summary  of  dies  and  weights  of  tetrobols 
on  the  same  lines  as  in  the  case  of  the  hemidrachms. 


MISCELLANEA.  381 

AGIAS. 

Dies. — Aa,  Bb.     [A  =  Aristokleidas  and  Kleumbrotos  B.] 
Weight.— 2-32. 

ABISTIADAS. 
Dies. — (Name  in  two  lines)  Aa,  Bb,  Be ;  (name  in  one  line)  Bd,  Be, 

Be,  Bf,  Bg. 
Weights.— 2-27,  1-19,  2-25,  2-46,  2-34,  1-89  (worn),  2-42. 

EPIGENES. 

Dies.— Aa,  Ab,  Ac,  Bd,  Bd,  Be,  Of,  Dg. 
Weights.— 2-17,  2-25,  2-39,  2-34,  2-15,  2-41,  2-46. 

EPIGONOS. 

Dies. — Aa,  Ab,  Ab. 
Weights.— 2-13,  2-31. 

EPION. 

Dies. — Aa,  Aa,  Aa,  Ab,  Ac,  Bd. 
Weights.— 2-40,  2-13,  2-22,  2'45,  2 -27. 

EUTHEESES. 

Weight.— 2-50. 

THEUTELES. 

Dies. — Aa,  Bb.     [A  =  Hippokrates  A.] 
HIPPOKRATES. 

Dies.— Aa,  Ab.     [A  =  Theuteles  A.] 

Weight.— 2-29. 

KLEUMBBOTOS. 

Dies. — Aa,  Bb,  Be.   [A  =  Moirichos ;  B  =  Agias  A  and  Aristokleidas.] 
Weight.— 2-51. 

KYDOSTHENES. 
Weight.— 2-47. 

MOIRICHOS. 
Weight.— 2-14. 

TELESIPPOS. 
Dies. — Aa,  Ab. 
Weight.— 2-44. 

PHILOKLES. 

Dies.— Aa,  Aa,  Ab,  Ac,  Ad,  Be,  Bf,  Bf.     [B  =  Eutberses.] 
Weights.— 2-20,  2-25,  2-32,  1-96,  2-24,  2-38,  2-11. 

J.  G.  MILNE. 


382  MISCELLANEA. 


CARSPHAIRN  FIND.     (Coixs  OF  EDWARD  I  AND  II.) 

A  LARGE  hoard  of  pennies  of  Edward  I  and  II  recently  dis- 
covered at  Carsphairn  in  Galloway  corresponds  so  closely 
with  the  Blackhills  hoard  (described  by  Dr.  G.  Macdonald  in 
Num.  Chron.,  1913,  pp.  57,  ff.)  that  a  detailed  description  of 
it  could  add  nothing  to  the  knowledge  acquired  from  the 
Blackhills  find.  It  contained  pennies  of  all  classes  from 
€D  R€X  to  Dr.  Macdonald's  Group  XXIX.,  and  in  this  latter 
group  there  were  sixteen  coins  of  Durham  with  the  mint-mark 
of  Bishop  Beaumont  (1317-1333).  The  date  of  the  deposit 
must  therefore  be  approximately  the  same  as  that  of  Black- 
hills,  circa  1320.  There  were  also  a  few  Scottish  (Alexander 
III  and  Robert  Bruce)  and  Irish  (Edward)  pennies,  and 
Continental  sterlings  of  Alost  (Robert  de  Bethune,  1305- 
1322),  Yvoy  (Gaucher  de  Chatillon,  1303-1329),  Serain 
(Valeran  II,  1316-1354),  Valenciennes  (Jean  II  d'Avesnes, 
1280-1304),  Aix-la-Chapelle  (Louis  de  Baviere,  1313-1347), 
Cambrai  (Guillaume  de  Hainault,  1292-1296);  all  these  are 
compatible  with  the  date  1320  for  the  deposit  of  the  hoard. 
There  were  also  four  sterlings  of  Toul  attributed  to  Thomas 
de  Bourlemont  (1330-1353)  and  three  Anglo-Gallic  sterlings 
attributed  to  Edward  III. 

Of  the  four  sterlings  of  Toul  three  were  of  the  type  of 
Chautard,  No.  196,  reading  QC(  MONSTE  NOSTRE  (bust 
facing  crowned)  and  TOLLO  QIVITSS  (three  pellets  in  each 
angle  of  cross),  the  fourth  being  No.  197,  LVNTOLLSNGIQN. 
In  his  account  (Num.  Chron.,  1905)  of  the  Lochmaben  hoard, 
a  hoard  of  smaller  number  but  covering  precisely  the  same 
ground  as  the  Blackhills  and  Carsphairn  hoards,  Dr.  Mac- 
donald, describing  a  similar  sterling  of  No.  196,  commented 
on  the  difficulty  in  the  generally  accepted  attribution  of  this 
sterling  to  Thomas  de  Bourlemont,  as  all  other  coins  of  the 
hoard  pointed  to  a  date  earlier  than  1330  for  its  deposit.  I 
find  that  in  the  Tutbury  hoard  (1831),  described  in  Archaeo- 
logia,  XXIV.),  there  was  a  sterling  of  No.  197,  and  this  hoard 
again  covers  precisely  the  same  period  ending  with  pennies 
of  Bishop  Beaumont  of  Durham  (Macdonald,  Group  XXIX.). 
I  think,  therefore,  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  attri- 
bution to  Thomas  de  Bourlemont,  which  Chautard  says  is 
open  to  question,  is  incorrect.  This  view  is  strengthened  by 
another  sterling  which  Dr.  Macdonald  tells  me  was  in  the 
hoard;  it  had  the  obverse  of  Chautard,  No.  190  (Ferri  IV, 
1312-1328),  and  reverse  of  Chautard,  No.  197  ;  hence  it  is 
most  probable  that  No.  197  and  the  kindred  No.  196  are 


NOTICES  OP  RECENT  PUBLICATIONS.       383 

both  of  the  period  of  Ferri  [V.  The  Anglo-Gallic  sterlings 
are  described  by  Mr.  Hewlett  in  Num.  Cliron.,  1906,  p.  307  ; 
they  are  similar  to  "  var.  a,"  but  omit  the  annulet  at  the  end 
of  the  reverse  legend.  Mr.  Hewlett  attributes  these  sterlings 
to  Edward  III  on  the  ground  of  style,  and  explains  that 
there  is  no  external  evidence  to  assist  in  the  arrangement 
of  the  coins  of  the  "Dux  Aquitanie  "  period  (before  1360). 
The  Carsphairn  find  seems  sufficient  evidence  for  removing 
these  sterlings  to  the  reign  of  Edward  II,  to  whom  Mr. 
Hewlett  was  not  able  to  assign  any  Anglo-Gallic  coins. 

This  hoard  is  described  by  Dr.  Macdonald  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland.  He  suggests 
as  a  possible  alternative  that  this  and  the  other  kindred 
finds  should,  perhaps,  be  placed  ten  or  fifteen  years  later 
than  he  previously  supposed. 

I  am  greatly  indebted  to  Dr.  Macdonald,  who  not  only 
enabled  me  to  see  these  coins  but  supplied  me  with  valuable 
information  about  the  find,  and  especially  about  some  coins 
which  I  was  not  able  to  see  as  they  were  already  in  the 
possession  of  the  Scottish  Society  of  Antiquaries. 

G.  C.  BROOKE. 


NOTICES   OF  RECENT   PUBLICATIONS. 


Catalogue  of  the  Coins  in  the  Panjab  Museum,  Lahore,  Vol.  I., 
Indo-Greek  Coins  (£1)  :  Vol.  II.,  Coins  of  the  Mughal 
Empire  (£2  10*.),  by  R.  B.  Whitehead,  I.C.S.,  M.R.A.S. ; 
published  for  the  Panjab  Government  by  the  Clarendon 
Press. 

IT  is  over  twenty  years  since  the  coins  in  the  Lahore  Museum 
were  catalogued  by  Mr.  Rodgers;  since  then  the  collection 
has  been  practically  doubled  by  acquisitions  from  treasure 
trove,  and  in  the  case  of  the  Indo-Greek  series  by  the  notable 
purchase  of  the  collection  formed  by  Mr.  G.  B.  Bleazby  during 
a  long  residence  in  the  Panjab.  The  niggardly  policy  of  the 
Government  of  Mr.  Rodgers'  day  in  archaeological  matters 
prevented  the  results  of  his  long  study  of  Indian  coins  being 
given  to  the  world  in  the  form  they  deserved,  so  that  his 
catalogue,  without  proper  introductions,  or  indices,  and  with- 
out a  single  illustration,  only  served  to  make  the  need  of  a 
satisfactory  catalogue  more  apparent.  A  more  enlightened 


384  NOTICES   OP   KECENT   PUBLICATIONS. 

policy — largely  due  to  Mr.  Whitehead's  efforts — now  prevails 
with  the  authorities,  and  students  of  Indian  history  and 
archaeology  are  deeply  indebted  to  them  for  the  handsome 
volumes  now  published. 

Mr.  Whitehead's  first  volume  is  the  most  important  con- 
tribution to  our  knowledge  of  the  foreign  coinages  of  Ancient 
India  that  has  been  made  since  the  publication  of  Professor 
Gardner's  jB.  M.  Catalogue  nearly  thirty  years  ago.  In  the 
interval  considerable  attention  has  been  devoted  to  these 
series,  which  form  our  main  source  for  the  history  of  the 
various  foreign  invaders  of  India.  Most  of  this  material  is 
contained  in  scattered  articles  in  the  various  Oriental  periodi- 
cals, and  Mr.  Whitehead's  volume  is  particularly  valuable  as 
summing  up  the  progress  that  has  been  made.  Nothing  of 
note  in  English  or  foreign  periodicals  seems  to  have  escaped 
him.  Into  the  numerous  controversies  that  have  raged  round 
this  period  Mr.  Whitehead  only  enters  from  the  numismatic 
side  ;  he  is  content  to  show  what  evidence  may  be  legiti- 
mately deduced  from  the  coins,  and  is  careful  not  to  exaggerate 
the  latter's  importance  to  suit  one  side  or  the  other.  His 
introductions  may  therefore  be  recommended  as  valuable 
guides  to  the  historian  unaccustomed  to  deal  with  numismatic 
evidence.  The  volume  is  divided  into  the  three  usual  sections, 
Bactrian  and  Indo-Greek,  Indo-Scythic  and  Indo-Parthian, 
and  Kushan,  each  with  historical  introductions.  The  first  of 
these,  although  weak  compared  with  the  British  Museum  in 
Bactrian  coins,  has  some  very  fine  coins  of  the  Greek  kings 
of  India,  notably  the  two  unique  coins  of  Polyxenes,  the 
coins  of  Theophilos  and  Telephos,  and  the  fine  series  of  coins 
of  Hippostratos.  We  are  glad  to  see  prominence  now  given 
to  such  corrections  as  Marquart's  kavisiye  nagaradevata  on 
certain  copper  coins  of  Eucratides,  and  Buhler's  ingenious — if 
still  doubtful — hitajasame  =  Agathocles  on  the  latter's  copper 
coins.  Mr.  Whitehead  rightly  follows  Professor  Gardner's 
view  that  the  object  on  the  shield  on  his  type  K  of  Menander 
ifi  a  Gorgon's  head,  and  not  as  suggested  in  /.  M.  Cat.,  i. 
p.  26,  an  ox's  head ;  his  correction  in  the  attribution  of 
B.  M.  Cat.,  PI.  viii.  4,  really  a  coin  of  Antimachus,  may 
certainly  be  accepted. 

Mr.  Whitehead,  in  our  opinion  rightly,  restores  the  title 
Indo-Scythic  in  the  second  section;  the  problem  of  dis- 
tinguishing the  Saka  from  the  Parthian  rulers  is  a  difficult 
one,  but  we  are  convinced  that  such  a  distinction  exists. 
The  features  of  this  section  are  the  fine  series  of  coins  of 
Azilises,  the  unique  gold  coin  of  Athama,  and  the  lead  coins 


NOTICES  OF  RECENT  PUBLICATIONS.       385 

of  Raj  uvula  hitherto  unpublished.  All  the  coins  bearing  the 
name  Azes  or  Aya  are  here  attributed  to  one  ruler  ;  it  seems 
probable  that  there  must  have  been  more  than  one  Azes,  but 
Mr.  Whitehead  is  right  in  holding  that  the  distribution  to 
two  on  grounds  of  style  alone  is  a  fallacious  one.  It  is  inte- 
resting to  note  that  the  view  held  by  Cunningham  that  Sasasa 
is  the  genitive  of  a  proper  name,  and  followed  by  Mr. 
Whitehead,  has  been  now  confirmed  by  Dr.  Marshall's  recent 
discoveries. 

In  the  Kushan  section  the  traditional  order  is  retained, 
and  the  Kadphises  group  placed  before  the  Kanishka  group. 
The  recent  discussion  on  the  date  of  Kanishka  in  the 
J,  B.  A.  S.  has  only  served  to  accentuate  the  divergence  of 
views  on  this  point.  The  question  is  a  difficult  one,  and  it 
has  not  been  sufficiently  emphasized  that  the  coins  of  Kad- 
phises I,  Kadaphes,  Kadphises  II,  and  the  Kanishka  group 
form  from  the  morphological  point  of  view  not  two  but  four 
distinct  groups.  The  Lahore  collection  is  a  good  one,  although 
not  so  fine  as  the  British  Museum  collection,  strengthened  as 
the  latter  is  by  the  Cunningham  collection.  Mr.  Whitehead 
has  carefully  examined  the  British  Museum,  Bodleian,  and 
Paris  collections,  and  has  incorporated  the  results  of  his 
labours  there  in  the  body  of  the  Catalogue,  so  that  it  practi- 
cally forms  a  corpus  for  the  period  ;  in  addition  the  rarest 
coins  not  in  the  Lahore  collection  are  illustrated  in  supple- 
mentary plates,  so  that  the  work  is  as  complete  as  the  student 
can  desire.  The  Catalogue  also  contains  much  information 
regarding  the  provenance  of  the  coinage  of  various  rulers 
derived  from  the  author's  own  experience  as  a  collector  in 
the  Panjab,  while  his  notes  on  the  forgery  of  Bactrian  and 
other  corns  should  do  something  to  dispel  the  tendency  to 
suspect  everything  new  or  rare  that  comes  from  the  Panjab 
dealers. 

In  his  second  volume  on  the  coins  of  the  Mughal  Emperors 
Mr.  Whitehead  has  a  subject  to  which  he  has  already  con- 
tributed a  great  deal  of  new  matter ;  his  numerous  papers 
in  the  Journal  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal  have  already 
established  his  reputation  as  one  of  the  leading  authorities 
on  this  series,  and  this  volume  is  characterized  by  the  same 
thoroughness  that  marks  his  Mints  of  the  Mughal  Emperors, 
an  Index  of  all  published  coins.  Since  the  publication  of 
Mr.  Nelson  Wright's  Indian  Museum  Catalogue,  which  itself 
marked  an  epoch  in  the  study  of  the  series,  numerous  new 
coins  have  been  brought  to  light  through  the  efforts  of 
Messrs,  Whitehead,  Nelson  Wright,  Burn,  Brown,  Dr. 

NUM.  CHRON.,  VOL.  XIV.,  SERIES   IV.  2  D 


386  NOTICES   OF   RECENT   PUBLICATIONS. 

Taylor,  and  other  contributors  to  the  J.  A.  S.  B.  The  Lahore 
collection,  containing  nearly  3300  coins,  is  one  of  the  finest 
in  existence  ;  except  for  a  number  of  gold  coins  it  is  quite  as 
good  as  the  British  Museum  collection  (which  we  may  note 
now  contains  nearly  4000  coins  in  place  of  1200  when  it  was 
catalogued  twenty  years  ago).  Mr.  Rodgers'  collection  which 
formed  the  nucleus  was  a  very  fine  one,  and  numerous  coins 
have  been  since  acquired  from  treasure  trove  and  miscella- 
neous purchases :  as  Mr.  Whitehead  does  not  mention  it 
himself,  we  may  point  out  that  a  number  of  the  rarest  coins 
in  this  catalogue  were  presented  by  him  to  the  Museum  from 
his  own  collection  in  order  that  the  Catalogue  might  be  as 
fine  as  possible.  A.S  in  the  previous  volume,  Mr.  Whitehead 
has  used  his  knowledge  of  the  British  Museum,  Paris,  and 
Bodleian  collections  to  incorporate  in  his  introduction  much 
of  the  unpublished  material  in  these  collections  in  addition 
to  that  already  available  from  other  sources.  The  plan  of 
the  volume  is  that  of  Mr.  Nelson  Wright's  third  volume  of 
the  I.M.  Catalogue.  The  Catalogue  itself  occupies  450  pages, 
and  is  a  model  of  careful  labour.  The  coins  of  each  ruler  are 
arranged  under  the  mints,  the  latter  being  in  the  order  of 
the  Persian  alphabet,  a  point  on  which  Mr.  Whitehead 
differs  from  Mr.  Nelson  Wright.  A  useful  innovation  is  the 
arrangement  of  the  distichs  in  metrical  form  beneath  the 
coins  on  which  they  occur.  We  are  sorry  the  author  has  not 
seen  fit  to  give  us  fresh  translations  instead  of  repeating  the 
doggerel  of  his  predecessors  ;  perhaps  some  day  a  numismatic 
Fitzgerald  will  arise,  who  will  give  us  something  better  than 
the  traditional  renderings  of  these  couplets,  although  it  must 
be  confessed  that  some  of  the  originals  hardly  deserve  more. 
Another  useful  addition  which  greatly  enhances  the  value  of 
the  work  is  the  list  of  mints  known  of  each  Emperor  in  each 
metal,  unrepresented  in  the  Museum,  added  at  the  end  of 
each  reign  with  details  of  the  earliest  and  latest  coins. 

The  general  introduction  contains  much  material  on 
denominations,  titles,  &c.,  which  has  never  before  been 
collected  in  so  convenient  a  form.  We  should  prefer  to 
translate  al-Siddik,  the  epithet  of  Abu  Bakr,  simply  as  "  the 
trustworthy,"  and'  the  translation  "  eminent  is  his  glory  "  for 
jalla  jaldla  loses  the  assonance  of  the  original.  The  main 
body  of  the  introduction  contains  a  series  of  histories  of  the 
various  Mughal  mints  and  summarizes  the  advance  made 
since  the  publication  of  Mr.  Nelson  Wright's  work,  which 
forms  the  basis  of  these  notes.  134  of  the  200  known  mints 
are  represented  in  the  Lahore  collection,  practically  the  same 


NOTICES  OF  RECENT  PUBLICATIONS.       387 

number  as  in  the  British  Museum  collection.  These  notes 
include  a  number  of  rectifications  to  Rodgers'  and  the  B.  M. 
Catalogues.  Mr.  Rodgers'  "unique"  coin  of  Bandar  Shahl 
now  proves  to  be  a  poor  specimen  of  a  not  unknown  coin  of 
Srinagar.  Mr.  Whitehead  for  the  first  time  calls  attention 
to  a  series  of  rupees  of  Akbar  of  Dar  al-Sultanat  Shahr-i 
Mu'azzam  Ahmadabad.  As  to  the  reading  of  the  "  Bairata  " 
silver  coins  of  Akbar,  we  have  no  doubt  that  Mr.  Nelson 
Wright  is  right  in  giving  the  real  reading  as  Berar.  Mr. 
Whitehead  makes  out  a  good  case  for  reading  the  date  on  the 
earliest  Ilahf  coins  of  Dehli  as  35  instead  of  30.  Mr.  Nelson 
Wright's  zodiacal  mohar  of  Urdu  is  not  unique,  as  there  is  a 
duplicate  in  Berlin.  The  zodiacal  rupee  and  mohar  of 
Fathpur,  formerly  in  the  Guthrie  collection,  are  dated  not 
1030  but  1028. 

We  cannot  here  detail  any  of  the  numerous  unique  coins 
now  published  in  this  volume,  or  the  many  new  facts  brought 
to  light  in  the  introduction.  As  befits  the  finest  collection 
yet  catalogued  the  volume  is  the  finest  and  most  complete 
yet  devoted  to  the  series,  and  is  likely  to  remain  the  standard 
handbook  for  many  years,  for  it  seems  hardly  possible  that 
new  material  will  continue  to  accumulate  as  rapidly  as  it  has 
done  in  the  last  decade. 

The  French  Academic  des  Inscriptions  et  Belles-Lettres 
has  awarded  the  Prix  Drouin  to  Mr.  Whitehead  for  these 
two  volumes  ;  it  is  particularly  fitting  that  this  prize  should 
go  to  the  author  of  works  on  two  of  the  series  in  which 
M.  Drouin  was  himself  particularly  interested.  The  honour 
is  all  the  more  merited  as  Mr.  Whitehead's  volumes  are  the 
products  of  the  scanty  leisure  of  a  busy  Indian  Civil  servant. 

___  J.  A. 

John  Robinson  :  Oriental  Numismatics.     Salem,  Massa- 
chusetts.    1913. 

THIS  beautifully  printed  volume  is  a  catalogue  of  the  collec- 
tion of  books  on  Oriental  Numismatics  presented  by  the 
author  to  the  Essex  Institute,  Salem,  along  with  a  fine  collec- 
tion of  Oriental  coins.  It  does  not  claim  to  be  a  bibliography 
of  Oriental  Numismatics,  but  so  complete  is  it  that  it  cannot 
fail  to  meet  the  want  of  one.  Over  five  hundred  works  are 
enumerated  under  various  geographical  headings,  the  library 
being  particularly  rich  in  items  relating  to  the  Far  East.  The 
only  remarkable  omissions  are  the  third  (Indian)  volume  of 
Teixeira  de  Aragao's  standard  work  on  Portuguese  coins  and 
Da  Cunha's  Contributions  to  the  same  subject.  On  No.  455  we 


388  NOTICES   OF   RECENT   PUBLICATIONS. 

may  note  that  a  second  part  was  published  in  the  following 
year.  No  181  is  a  reprint  from  the  Journal  Asiatique  and 
No.  231  from  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society. 

Students  of  Oriental  coins  owe  a  great  debt  to  Mr.  Robinson 
for  this  handsome  volume,  which  he  has  published  and  distri- 
buted at  his  own  expense,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  they  will 
show  their  gratitude  by  sending  their  future  publications  to 
the  Essex  Institute  in  order  that  this  fine  library  may  be 
kept  up  to  date. 

J.  A. 

Catalogue  of  the  Coins  in  the  Colombo  Museum.     Part  I. ;  by 
H.  W.  Codrington,  M.R.A.S.,  F.R.N.S.     Hertford,  1914. 

THIS  neat  little  volume  of  sixty  pages  and  four  plates  describes 
the  Muhammadan  and  European  coins  in  the  Colombo 
Museum.  The  collection  has  been  mainly  formed  from 
treasure  trove,  and  the  Muhammadan  collection  is  therefore 
representative  of  the  great  trading  currencies  of  the  twelfth 
to  the  fourteenth  century,  and  recalls  the  Broach  find.  It 
includes  some  rare  pieces  of  the  Atabegs  and  Ilkhans.  The 
collection  also  contains  a  number  of  coins  of  the  earlier  Shahs 
of  Persia,  one  of  them  countermarked  by  the  Dutch  East 
India  Company.  The  collection  of  coins  of  the  Maldives 
is  a  fine  and  representative  one.  The  European  coins  are 
naturally  Venetian,  Dutch,  and  Portuguese.  The  Portuguese 
include  a  very  rare  S.  Thome  and  a  number  of  scarce  early 
silver  coins,  one  countermarked  by  the  Dutch  East  India 
Company.  The  Dutch  series  is  a  very  fine  one,  and  includes 
such  rare  pieces  as  the  rupee  of  Colombo  of  1784,  formerly  in 
the  Grogan  collection,  and  the  rare  "  cinnamon  bush  "  duit  of 
1782.  Mr.  Codrington  points  out  that  the  word  on  the  rupee, 
previously  read  suku,  is  really  the  mint-name  Colombo.  The 
collection  of  British  coins  is  not  so  complete  as  one  would 
wish.  Perhaps  the  most  important  section  of  the  book  is  that 
on  larins,  in  which  Mr.  Codrington  has  for  the  first  time 
been  able  to  attribute  a  number  to  definite  rulers.  He  has 
been  able  to  recognize  in  their  fragmentary  legends  portions 
of  the  coin  legends  of  Persian  and  Ottoman  rulers ;  we  have 
therefore  now  larins  of  Tahmasp  I  of  Persia,  Ahmad  I,  and 
Ibrahim  of  Turkey  and  Farrukh  Shah  of  Hormuz,  all  struck 
in  the  lands  round  the  Persian  Gulf.  The  book  has  been 
most  accurately  printed,  and  the  plates  are  very  well  done ; 
it  will  form  a  very  useful  handbook  of  the  coinages  of  the 
European  colonies  in  the  East. 

J.  A. 


INDEX. 


A. 

Adana,   bronze    coin  of  Gordian 

III  of,  311 
Alexander  III  of  Scotland,  coins 

of,  found  at  Steppingley,  61,  74 ; 

at  Slype,  259 
ALLAN,  J. — 

Off a's  imitation  of  an  Arab  dinar, 
77-84 

Notice  of  Valentine's  Indian 
Coins,  270-271 

Notice  of  Whitehead's  Cata- 
logue of  Coins  in  the  Panjab 
Museum,  383-387 

Notice  of  Robinson's  Oriental 
Numismatics,  387 

Notice    of    Codrington's   Cata- 
logue of  Coins  in  the  Colombo 
M^lseum,  388 
Anaxenor,  a  magistrate  of  Smyrna, 

287 
Antioch    in    Pisidia,     coins     of, 

299-313 
Antiochus    IV,    tetradrachm    of, 

106 
Antoninus,  bronze    coin    of   Hy- 

paepa  of,  104 
Apamea,  coin   of,   from  Antiocb, 

310 
Apollas,  a  magistrate  of  Smyrna, 

287 
Apollodotos,     a      magistrate      of 

Smyrna,  278 
Apollophanes,     a    magistrate    of 

Smyrna,  278 

Apronius,  a  Roman  moneyer,  262 
Arab  coins  in  Europe,  77-78 
Arados,   coins    of,    from    Cilicia, 

19 
Aristion,  a  magistrate  of  Smyrna, 

274 


Artemon,  a  magistrate  of  Smyrna, 

284 
Aspendus,  coins  of,  from  Cilicia, 

9-10 
Attaleia,  coins  of,  from  Antioch, 

309 
Augustus,  quadrantes  of,  261-264 


B. 

Bernhard  of  Lippe,  coins  of,  found 

at  Steppingley,  61 
Bologna,    Arab    coins   found    at, 

84-85 

Booth,  Bishop,  of  Durham,  349 
Bourchier,  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, 348-349 
Bowes,  John,  and  Durham  House, 

141,  143,  146,  149 
Briot,    Nicholas,    and    the    Civil 

War,  169-235 
BBOOKE,  G.  C. : — 

A  Find  of  Long-cross  Coins  at 
Slype,  256-259 

The  Carsphairn  Find  (Edward 

pennies,  &c.),  382-383 
BROOKE,    G.    C.,    and     L.      A. 
LAWRENCE  : — 

A  Find  of  Coins  at  Steppingley, 

60-76 
Bristol  Mint  of  Edward  IV,  341- 

343 

British  Museum,  Greek  Coins  ac- 
quired by  the,  97-109 
Buckler,  W.  H.,  coins  presented 

to  the  British  Museum  by,  103- 

104 
Bury     St.    Edmunds.       See    St. 

Edmundsbury 
Byzantium,   coins    of,    found    in 

Cilicia,  7 

2D3 


390 


INDEX. 


C. 

Caduceus,   a  type   of  Antioch  in 

Pisidia,  301 
Calchedon,  coins  of,  from  Cilicia, 

7 
Canterbury  Mint  of  Edward  IV, 

347-349 
Caracalla,  bronze  coin   of  Sagal- 

assus,  309  ;  of  Tarsus,  311 
Carausius,     coins    of,    found    at 

Puncknoll,  95 
Carsphairn,  coins  of  the  Edwards 

found  at,  382-383 
Carthago  Nova,  didrachm  of,  109 
Caulonia,  stater  of,   acquired  by 

British  Museum,  98 
Celenderis,  coins  of,  from  Cilicia, 

11-12 
Charlemagne,  his  intercourse  with 

the  East,  82-84;     with    Offa, 

85-86 

Charles  I,  gold  coinage  of,  264-266 
Cilicia,  a  find  of  Greek  coins  from, 

1-33 
Cinquefoil  mint-mark  of  Edward 

IV,  239-240 

Citium,  coins  of,  from  Cilicia,  19 
Claudius   II,  coins   of,   found   at 

Puncknoll,  95 
Cock,  a  type  of  Antioch  in  Pisidia, 

302 

CODEINGTON,  H.  W.  : 

Coins  of  the  Kings  of  Hormuz, 

156-167 

Notice  of  his  Catalogue  of  Coins 
in  the  Colombo  Museum,  388 

Coining-press,  a  Spanish  Seven- 
teenth-century, 90-92 

Commodus,  coin  of,  of  Phila- 
delphia and  Smyrna,  105 ; 
earliest  coins  of,  134-135 ; 
coinage  of,  during  the  reign  of 
Marcus,  39-59 

Corinth,  new  coins  of,  102 

CRAS,  countermark,  306-307 

Cross  and  pellets  mint-mark  of 
Edward  IV,  336-337 

Croton,  half-stater  of,  99 

Cyprus,  find  of  small  coins  of. 
105-106 


D. 


Demetrios,       a 
Smyrna,  238 


magistrate      of 


Dionysios    (a),    a    magistrate    of 

Smyrna,  283 
Dionysios   (b),    a    magistrate     of 

Smyrna,  287 
Dioskurides,     a      magistrate      of 

Smyrna,  293 
DODD,  Rev.  C.  H.  :— 

Coinage   of   Commodus   during 

the  Reign  of  Marcus,  34-59 
Durham  House  mint  of  Edward 

VI,  138-155 
Durham  mint  of  Edward  IV,  349- 

352 


E. 

Eastbourne,  Arab  coin  found  at, 

81 
Edward  I  and  II,  coins  of,  found 

at  Carsphairn,  382-383 
Edward       IV,      post-restoration 

coinage  of,  330-337 ;  restoration 

of,  330-332  ;  seal  of,  334-335 
Edward  VI  and  Durham  House, 

138-155 

St.  Edward's  ring,  332-333 
Edward  royall  =  half-sovereign, 

147-149 
Epandros,  a  magistrate  of  Smyrna, 

293 
Ethnics,    index    of   Greek,    236- 

248 
Evagoras  I,  coin  of,  from  Cilicia, 

18 


F. 

FARQUHAR,  Miss  HELEN  : — 
Nicholas    Briot  <and   the  Civil 

War,  164-235 
Farrukh  Shah  of  Hormuz,  coin  of, 

167 
Finds  of  coins  : — 

Bologna  (Arab and  Byzantine), 

84-85 
Carsphairn     (Edward     I-II), 

382-383 

Cilicia  (Greek),  1-33 
Dadia  (Cnidus),  378-381 
Slype   (English    and    foreign 

sterlings),  256-259 
Steppingley  (long-cross),  60- 

76 

Fistelia,  coin  of,  acquired  by  the 
British  Museum,  97 


INDEX. 


391 


G. 

Galba,  classification   of  the  coin- 
age of,  120-131 
Gallienus,     coins    of,    found    at 

Puncknoll,  94 
Gaul,  coins  of,  during  68-69  A.D., 

116-117 
Gela,  tetradrachm  of,  acquired  by 

the  British  Museum,  100 
Gordian  III,  bronze  coin  of  Philo- 

melium  of,  310;  of  Iconium,  310 ; 

of  Adana,  311 
Greene,  E.,   chief  graver  at  the 

Mint,  186 


H. 

Harun     al-Rashid    and     Charle- 
magne, 82-83 
Haynes,  Professor,  a  Cilician  find 

belonging  to,  1-33 
Head,  Barclay  Vincent,  memoir  of, 

168,  249-255 

Helena,  portraiture  of,  314-329 
Henry  II  of  Germany,  Arab  coin 

imitated  by,  87 
Henry  III  of  England,  coins  of, 

found  at  Steppingley,  61-76 ;  at 

Slype,  256-259 
Herakleides,     a     magistrate      of 

Smyrna,  279,  284,  287 
Hermagoras,     a     magistrate     of 

Smyrna,  293 
Hermippos,      a     magistrate      of 

Smyrna,  288 
Herodotos,  a  magistrate  of  Smyrna. 

293 
HILL,  G.  F.  :— 

Greek   Coins    acquired    by  the 
British  Museum,  97-109 

Coins     of     Pisidian     Antioch, 
299 

A    Seventeenth-Century    Coin- 
ing-Press, 90-92 

Notice  of  Rogers'  Handy  Guide 
to  Jewish  Coins,  95,  96 

Notice  of    Weber's   Aspects  of 

Death,  269-270 

Hisham,  coin  of,  found  at  East- 
bourne, 81 
Hormuz,  coins  of  kings   of,  156- 

167 
Hypaepa,  bronze  coin  of  Antoninus 

of,  104 


latrodoros,      a      magistrate       of 

Smyrna,  294 
Iconium,  bronze  coin  of  Gordian 

III  of,  310 

Ionia,  early  electrum  coin  of,  103 
Issus,  coins   of,   from  a   Cilician 

find,  14-16 


K. 

Ktoupon,  a  Smyrna   magistrate, 
279 


Laffranchi,  his  attribution  of 
certain  quadrantes  criticized, 
261-264 

Lapethus,  coin  of  Praxippos  of, 
106 

Larins,  162-164 

LAWRENCE,  L.  A.  See  Brooke, 
G.  C. 

Leokrates,  a  magistrate  of  Smyrna, 
280 

Long-cross  coins  found  at  Step- 
pingley, 61-76 ;  at  Slype,  256- 
259 


M. 

Maire,  John,  assayer  at  Durham 

House,  143-144 
Mallus,  coins  of,  from  a  Cilician 

find, 13-14 
Mamaea,  coin  of  Philomelium  of, 

310 
Mancus,    a    money    of    account, 

87-89 
Mansel,  Colonel,  a  find  of  Roman 

coins  belonging  to,  92-95 
Mansur,    dinar   of,    imitated   by 

Offa,  77-89 
MATTINGLY,  H. : — 

The  Coinage  of  the  Civil  Wars 
of  68-69  A.D.,  110-137 

On  a  Series  of  Quadrantes,  261- 

264 
MAUKICE,  JULES  : — 

Portraits  d'Imperatrices  de 
1'Epoque  Constantinienne, 
214-329 


392 


INDEX. 


Megakles,  a  magistrate  of  Smyrna, 

293 
Melos,  staters  of,  from  a  recent 

find,  102-103 
Melekiathon  of  Citium,  coins  of, 

19 
Men,  bust  of,  on  coins  of  Antioch, 

302 
Menekrates,      a     magistrate      of 

Smyrna,  275 
Menodotos,      a      magistrate      of 

Smyrna,  287 

Mesembria,  bronze  coin  of,  101 
Messana,  silver  coin   of,  with  £, 

97 

Metapontum,  stater  of,  97 
Metrobios,      a      magistrate      of 

Smyrna,  284 
Metrodoros,     a      magistrate      of 

Smyrna,  275,  283 
Miletus,  coins  of,  from  a  Cilician 

find,  8-9 
MILNE,  J.  G. : — 

A  Find  of  Coins  of  Temnos,  260- 
261 

The  Silver  Coinage  of  Smyrna, 
273-294 

The   Dadia  Hoard  of   Coins  of 

Knidos,  378-381 
Modius   on   coins   of   Antioch   in 

Pisidia,  301 
Moschos,  a  magistrate  of  Smyrna, 

279 
Muhammad    Shah    of    Hormuz, 

coin  of,  156-168 
MVNVS    DIVINVM,   significance 

of  the  legend,  88 

N. 

Nero,   last  coinage    of,   111-113; 

countermarked  coins  of,  118 
Nevill,  Archbishop,  345-347 
NEWELL,  E.  T.  : — 

A  Cilician  Find,  1-33 
Nicholas,  N.,  and  Briot,  180-184 
Nikostratos,     a     magistrate      of 

Smyrna,  280 
Notices  of  Books  :— 

Allan,  J.,   Catalogue  of  Gupta 

Coins,  266-269 

Codrington,  H.  W.,  Catalogue  of 
Coins  in  the  Colombo  Museum, 
388 

Robinson,  J.,  Oriental  Numis- 
matics, 384 


Notices  of  Books — continued. 
Rogers,  Rev.  E.,  A  Handy  Guide 

to  Jeivish  Coins,  95-96 
Valentine,  W.  H.,  Copper  Coins 

of  India,  270-271 
Weber,   F.   Parkes,   Aspects   of 

Death,  269-270 
Whitehead,  R.  B.,  Catalogue  of 

Coins  in  the  Panjab  Museum, 

383-387 

Nysa,   coin   of   Valerian   of,   104, 
105 


0. 

Offa's  imitation  of  a  dinar,  77-89 
Omoryche,  W.,  engraver  of  Dur- 
ham, 350-351 
Orrhescii,  coin  of  the,  101 
Otacilia,  bronze  coin  of  Seleucia 

ad  Calycadnum  of,  311 
Otho,   classification   of    coins   of, 
128-130 


P. 

Parlais,  coin  of  Commodus  of,  311 
Phanes,   magistrate    of    Smyrna, 

280 
Phanokrates,        magistrate        of 

Smyrna,  289 
Philadelphia  and  Smyrna,  coin  of 

Commodus  of,  105 
Philomelium,  coin  of  Mamaea  of, 

310 ;  of  Gordian  III,  310 
Polynikos,      a      magistrate      of 

Smyrna,  283 
Poseidonios,     a     magistrate     of 

Smyrna,  274 
Puncknoll,    Roman  coins    found 

at,  92-95 


Q. 

Quadrantes,    the    attribution    of 
certain,  261-264 


R. 

Ramage,  engraver  at  the   Mint, 

186-188 
Rawlins,  worked  at  Oxford,  197- 

199 


INDEX. 


393 


Recorde,    Robert,    controller    at 

Durham  House,  143 
Rhegium,  hemiobol  of,  99 
ROBINSON,  E.  S.  G. : — 

Index    of    Ethnics    on    Greek 

Coins,  236-248 
Robinson,  J.,  Notice  of  his  Oriental 

Numismatics,  387 
Rogers,   Rev.   E.,   Notice    of    his 

Jeioish  Coins,  95-96 
Rotherham,  Archbishop  of  York, 

346-347 
Royall  =  half-sovereign  of  Edward 

VI,  144,  149 
C.    Rubellius    Blandus,    Roman 

moneyer,  262 


S. 


Sagalassus,  coin  of  Caracalla  of, 

309 
St.  Edmundsbury,  importance  of 

mint  of,  61,  67-68 
Salamis,  coins  of,  from  Cilicia,  18 
Salghar  Shah  of  Hormuz,  coin  of, 

156,  165 
Salonina,     coins     of,     found     at 

Puncknoll,  94 

Samos,  coins  of,  from  Cilicia,  93 
Sarapion,  a  magistrate  of  Smyrna, 

189 

Scarborough,  Briot  at,  189 
Seleucia  ad  Calycadnum,  coin   of 

Otacilia  of,  311 

Seleucus  I,  tetradrachm  of,  106 
Seleucus  III,  tetradrachm  of,  106 
Sharington's  coinage,  139-140 
Short-cross  pennies  from  Stepping- 

ley,  61,  69 
Shrewsbury    coins    by    Ramage, 

187 
Side,  coins  of ,  f rom  a  Cilician  find, 

10 
Sigloi,  from  a  Cilician  find,  22- 

28 
Sinope,  coins  of,  from  a  Cilician 

find,  8 
Slype,   English   coins    found   at, 

76-79 
SMITH,  V.  A. : — 

Notice  of   Catalogue  of  Gupta 

Coins,  266-269 

Smyrna,  silver  coinage  of,  273-294 
Soli,  coins  of,  from  Cilicia,  12-13 
Steppingley  find,  60-76 
Sterlings,  foreign,  find  of,  67,  73 


SYMONDS,  HENRY  : — 
A    Find    of   Roman    Coins   at 

Puncknoll,  91-95 
Edward      VI      and      Durham 

House,  138-155 
The  Gold  Coinage  of  Charles  I, 

264-266 

Syracuse,  coins  of,  from  a  Cilician 
find,  3 


T. 

Tarsus,    coins    of    Caracalla    of, 

311 
Temnos,  a  find  of  coins  of,  260- 

261 
Tetricus     I,  coins   of,  found    at 

Puncknoll,  94 
Tetricus    II,  coins  of,   found  at 

Puncknoll,  95 
Theodotos,      a      magistrate     of 

Smyrna,  287 
Theodolphus  on    Arab    coins    in 

Prance,  83-87 
Thurium,  coins  of  reduced  standard 

of,  98 

Timarchus,  tetradachm  of,  108 
Tlos,  coin  of,  from  Cilicia,  10 
Toul,  sterlings  of,  found  at  Cars- 

phairn,  382 
Trefoil  mint-mark  of  Edward  VI, 

334-335 
Turan  Shah  of  Hormuz,  coins  of, 

156,  161-166 
Tyre,  coins  of,  from  Cilicia,  20 ; 

acquired   by  British   Museum, 

108,  109 


V. 

Valentine,  W.  H.,  notice  of  his 
Copper  Coins  of  India,  270-271 

Valerian,  coin  of  Nysa  of,  105 

Vespasian,  classification  of  coin- 
age of,  135-137 

Victorinus,  coins  of,  found  at 
Puncknoll,  94 

Vitellius,  classification  of  coins 
of,  131-135 


W. 

WALTEBS,  FBEDK.  A. : — 
The    Coinage  of     Edward    IV 


394 


INDEX. 


continued :  The  Post-Restora- 
tion Period,  330-377 
Weber,  F.  Parkes,  notice  of  his 

Aspects  of  Death,  269-270 
Whitehead,  B.  B.,  Catalogue    of 
Coins  in   the  Panjab  Museiim, 
notice  of,  383-387 
Wode,  John,  Keeper  of  the  Mint, 
341 


Y. 

York  mint  of  Edward  IV,  343- 
345;  of  Charles  I,  176-178, 
194-195 

Z. 

Zopyros,  a  magistrate  of  Smyrna, 
271 


LONDON  :   PBINTKB  BT   WILLIAM  CLOWKS  AND  SONS,    LIMITED, 
BUKK   STREET,   STAMFORD  STREET,    8.E.,    AND   GREAT   WINDMILL   STREET, 


NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.  VOL.  XIV.       PL.  XVI. 


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NUM.  CHRON.  SER.  IV.  VOL.  XIV.       PL.  XXII. 


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COINS    OF    EDWARD    IV. 
YORK    1471-CANTERBURY    AND    DURHAM    1471    AND    AFTER. 


ROYAL 

NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY 

1914 


PATRON 

HIS  MAJESTY  THE  KING 
LIST   OF   FELLOWS 

OF   THE 

EOYAL 

NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY 

1914 


The  sign  *  indicates  that  the  Fellow  has  compounded  for  his  annual 
contribution  :  f  that  the  Fellow  has  died  during  the  year. 


1909  ADMIRAL  H.S.H.  PRINCE  Louis  OF  BATTENBERG,  P.O.,  G.C.B., 

G.C.V.O.,    K.C.M.G.,    A.D.C.,    F.R.G.S.,   Kent    House, 

East  Cowes,  Isle  of  Wight. 
1873  f*ALEXEiEFF,  M.  GEORGES  D',  Maitre   de  la  Cour  de  S.M. 

1'Empereur  de  Russie,  40,  Sergnewskaje,  St.  Petersburg. 
1907  ALLAN,  JOHN,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  M.R.A.S.,  British  Museum,  W.C., 

Hon.  Secretary. 

1907  ALLATINI,  ROBERT,  ESQ.,  18,  Holland  Park,  W. 
1892  AMEDROZ,   HENRY   F.,   ESQ.,   M.R.A.S.,   48,   York  Terrace, 

Regent's  Park,  N.W. 

1884  ANDREWS,  R.  THORNTON,  ESQ.,  25,  Castle  Street,  Hertford. 
1909  ARNOLD,  EDWIN  L.,  ESQ.,  c/o  "  The  Daily  Telegraph,"  Fleet 

Street,  E.G. 


1882  BACKHOUSE,  SIR  JONATHAN  E.,  BART.,  The  Rookery,  Middleton 

Tyas,  R.S.O.,  Yorks. 
1907  BAIRD,  REV.  ANDREW  B.,  D.D.,  247,  Colony  Street,  Winnipeg, 

Canada. 

1909  BALDWIN,  Miss  A.,  404,  West  116th  Street,  New  York,  U.S.A. 
1902  BALDWIN,  A.  H.,  ESQ.,  4A,  Duncannon  Street,  Charing  Cross, 

W.C. 
1905  BALDWIN,  PERCY  J.  D.,  ESQ.,  4A,  Duncannon  Street,  Charing: 

Cross,  W.C. 
1898  BANES,  ARTHUR  ALEXANDER,  ESQ.,  The  Red  House,  Upton,. 

Essex. 

1907  BARRON,  T.  W.,  ESQ.,  Yew  Tree  Hall,  Forest  Row,  Sussex. 
1887  BASCOM,  G.  J.,  ESQ.,  The   Charles  Building,  331,  Madisom 

Avenue,  New  York,  U.S.A. 
1896  BEARMAN,   THOS.,  ESQ.,  Melbourne  House,  8,  Tudor  Road, 

Hackney. 


4  LIST   OF   FELLOWS. 

ELECTED 

1906  BEATTY,  W.  GEDNEY,  ESQ.,  55,  Broadway,  New  York,  U.S.A. 
1910  BENNET-POE,  J.  T.,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  29,  Ashley  Place,  S.W. 

1909  BIDDULPH,  COLONEL  J.,  Grey  Court,  Ham,  Surrey. 

1880  *BIEBER,  G.  W.  EGMONT,  ESQ.,  4,  Fenchurch  Avenue,  E.G. 

1885  BLACKETT,  JOHN  STEPHENS,  ESQ.,  C.E.,  Inverard,  Aberfoyle, 
N.B. 

1904  BLACKWOOD,  CAPT.  A.  PRICE,  52,  Queen's  Gate  Terrace,  S.W. 

1882  f*BLiss,    THOMAS,    ESQ.,   Coningsburgh,    Montpelier    Eoad, 

Ealing,  W. 
1879  *BLUNDELL,  J.  H.,  ESQ.,  157,  Cheapside,  E.G. 

1907  BOSANQUET,    PROF.    E.    C.,     M.A.,     F.S.A.,    Institute     of 

Archaeology,  40,  Bedford  Street  N.,  Liverpool. 

1896  BOCLTON,  SIR  SAMUEL  BAGSTER,  BART.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  F.R.G.S., 

Copped  Hall,  Totteridge,  Herts. 

1903  BOUSFIELD,  STANLEY,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  M.B.  (Camb.),  M.E.C.S., 
35,  Prince's  Square,  W. 

1897  BOWCHER,  FRANK,  ESQ.,  35,  Fairfax  Eoad,  Bedford  Park,  W. 
1906  BOYD,  ALFRED  C.,  ESQ.,  7,  Friday  Street,  E.C. 

1899  BOYLE,  COLONEL  GERALD,  48,  Queen's  Gate  Terrace,  S.W. 

1895  BRIGHTON  PUBLIC  LIBRARY,  The  Curator,  Brighton. 

1910  BRITTAN,  FREDERICK  J.,  ESQ.,  28,  Gowan  Avenue,  S.W. 

1908  BROOKE,  GEORGE  CYRIL,  ESQ.,  B.A.,  British  Museum,  W.C. 

1905  BROOKE,  JOSHUA  WATTS,  ESQ.,  Eosslyn,  Marlborough,  Wilts. 

1911  BROWNE,  EEV.    PROF.  H.,  M.A.,  35,   Lower-  Leeson  Street, 

Dublin. 

1896  BRUUN,  HERR  L.  E.,  101,  Gothersgade,  Copenhagen. 
1878  BUCHAN,  J.  S.,  ESQ.,  17,  Barrack  Street,  Dundee. 

1881  BULL,   EEV.   HERBERT  A.,  M.A.,   J.P.,   Wellington   House, 

Westgate-on-Sea. 

1910  BURKITT,  MILES  CRAWFURD,  ESQ.,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

1897  BURN,  THE  HON'BLE   MR.  EICHARD,   I.C.S.,  M.E.A.S.,  c/o 

Messrs.  Grindlay  &  Co.,  Bombay. 

1881  BURSTAL,  EDWARD  K.,  ESQ.,  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  St.    Stephen's 
Club,  S.W. 

1911  BURTON,  FRANK  E.,  ESQ.,  J.P.,  Euddington  House,  Eudding- 

ton,  Notts. 
1878  *BUTTERY,  W.,  ESQ.  (address  not  known). 

1904  CAHN,     DR.     JULIUS,     Niedenau,     55,     Frankfurt-ani-Main, 

Germany. 
1886  CALDECOTT,  J.  B.,  ESQ.,  The  Stock  Exchange,  E.C. 


LIST   OF    FELLOWS.  O 

ELECTED 

1908  CALLEJA  SCHEMBEI,  EEV.  CANON  H.,  D.D.,  50,  Strada  Saluto, 
Valletta,  Malta. 

1914  CAMERON,  CAPTAIN  J.  S.,  Low  Wood,  Bethersden,   Ashford, 
Kent. 

1904  CAMPBELL,W.  E.  M.,  ESQ.,  I.C.S.,  Mirzapur,  United  Provinces, 

India. 

1894  CAELYON-BRITTON,  P.   W.   P.,   ESQ.,   D.L.,  J.P.,  F.S.A.,  43, 

Bedford  Square,  W.C. 

1905  CARTHEW,     COLONEL     E.     J.,     J.P.,    Woodbridge     Abbey, 

Suflfolk. 

1912  CAVE,  CHARLES  J.  P.,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,   pitcham  Park, 

Petersfield. 

1914  Ciccio,  GIUSEPPE  DE,  131,  Via  Stabile,  Palermo,  Sicily. 

1891  *CLAUSON,  ALBERT  CHARLES,  ESQ.,  Hawkshead  House,  Hat- 
field,  Herts. 

1911  CLEMENTS,  LUTHER,  ESQ.,  Charlton  House,  Peckham  Eye, 

S.E. 
1911  COATES,  E.  ASSHETON,  ESQ.,  15,  Onslow  Crescent,  S.W. 

1913  *CODRINGTON,  HUMPHREY  W.,  ESQ.,  B.A.,  M.B.A.S.,  Kegalla, 

Ceylon. 

1886  CODRINGTON,    OLIVER,    ESQ.,    M.D.,   F.S.A.,   M.E.A.S.,   12, 
Victoria  Eoad,  Clapham  Common,  Librarian, 

1895  COOPER,  JOHN,  ESQ.,  Beckfoot,  Longsight,  Manchester. 

1906  COSSINS,  JETHRO  A.,  ESQ.,  Kingsdon,  Forest  Eoad,  Moseley, 

Birmingham. 

1902  COVERNTON,   J.   G.,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  C.I.E.,  Director  of  Public 
Instruction,  Eangoon,  Burma. 

1910  CREE,  JAMES  EDWARD,  ESQ.,  Tusculum,  North  Berwick. 
1886  *CROMPTON-EOBERTS,  CHAS.  M.,  ESQ.,  52,  Mount  Street,  W. 

1914  CROWTHER-BEYNON,  V.  B.,  ESQ.,  Westfield,  Beckenham,  Kent. 


1914  DALTON,  EICHARD,  ESQ.,  Park  House,  Cotham  Park,  Bristol. 

1884  DAMES,    M.    LONGWORTH,    ESQ.,    I.C.S.    (retd.),     M.E.A.S., 
Crichmere,  Edgeborough  Eoad,  Guildford. 

1900  DATTARI,  SIGNOR  GIAXNIXO,  Cairo,  Egypt. 

1902  DAVEY,  EDWARD  CHARLES,  ESQ.  (address  not  known). 

1888  tDAWsoN,  G.  J.  CROSBIE,  ESQ.,  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  P.G.S.,  F.S.S., 
May  Place,  Newcastle,  Staffordshire. 

1886  *DEWICK,  EEV.  E.  S.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  26,  Oxford  Square,  Hyde 

Park,  W. 
1911  DRUCE,  HUBERT  A.,  ESQ.,  65.  Cadogan  Square,  S.W. 


6  LIST   OF   FELLOWS. 

ELECTED 

1905  EGGER,  HERE  ARMIN,  7,  Opernring,  Vienna, 

1907  ELDER,  THOMAS  L.,  ESQ.,  32,  East  Twenty-third  Street,  New 

York,  U.S.A. 

1893  ELLIOTT,  E.  A.,  ESQ.,  16,  Belsize  Grove,  Hampstead,  N.W. 
1914  ELLIOT,   SIR  THOMAS  TL,  K.C.B.,    Deputy   Master,    Eoyal 

Mint,  E.G. 
1904  ELLISON -MACARTNEY,     ET.     HON.     WILLIAM     GREY,     P.O., 

Government  House,  Tasmania. 
1895  ELY,  TALFOURD,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  D.Litt.,  F.S.A.,  92,  Fitzjohn's 

Avenue,  N.W, 
1888  ENGEL,  M.  ARTHUR,  23,  Rue  Erlanger,  Auteuil,  Paris. 

1872  *EVANS,  SIR  ARTHUR  J.,  P.S.A.,  M.A.,  D.Litt.,  LL.D., 
Ph.D.,  F.B.S.,  F.B.A.,  Corr.  de  1'Inst.,  Youlbury,  near 
Oxford,  President. 

1892  *EVANS,  LADY,  M.A.,  c/o  Union  of  London  and  Smiths  Bank, 
Berkhamsted,  Herts. 

1904  *FARQUHAR,  Miss  HELEN,  11,  Belgrave  Square,  S.W. 

1886  FAY,  DUDLEY  B.,  ESQ.,  287,  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass., 
U.S.A. 

1902  FENTIMAN,  HARRY,  ESQ.,  Murray  House,  Murray  Eoad,  Baling 
Park,  W. 

1914  FIALA,  K.  u.  K.  Eegierungsrat  Eduard,  Palais  Cumberland, 
Vienna. 

1910  FISHER- LIBRARY,  THE,  University,  Sydney,  N.S.W. 

1908  FITZ WILLIAM  MUSEUM,  The  Curator,  Cambridge. 

1901  FLETCHER,  LIONEL  LAWFORD,  ESQ.,  Norwood  Lodge,  Tup- 
wood,  Caterham. 

1898  FORRER,  L.,  ESQ.,  11,  Hammelton  Eoad,  Bromley,  Kent. 

1912  FORSTER,  E.  H.,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  LL.B.,F.S.A.,  2,  Enmore  Eoad, 
Putney,  S.W. 

1894  *FOSTER,  JOHN  ARMSTRONG,   ESQ.,  F.Z.S.,  Chestwood,  near 

Barnstaple. 

1891  *Fox,  H.  B.  EARLE,  ESQ.,  37,  Markham  Square,  S.W.,  Vice- 
President. 

1868  FRENTZEL,  EUDOLPH,  ESQ.,  46,  Northfield   Eoad,   Stamford 

Hill,  N. 
1882  *FRESHFIELD,    EDWIN,    ESQ.,    LL.D.,    F.S.A.,    New    Bank 

Buildings,  31,  Old  Jewry,  E.C. 

1905  FREY,  ALBERT  E.,  ESQ.,  New  York  Numismatic  Club,  P.O. 

Box  1875,  New  York  City. 

1896  *FRY,  CLAUDE  BASIL,  ESQ.,  Stoke  Lodge,  Stoke  Bishop, 
Bristol. 


LIST   OF   FELLOWS.        •  7 

ELECTED 

1897  *GANS,  LEOPOLD,  ESQ.,  207,  Madison  Street,  Chicago,  U.S.A. 

1912  GANTZ,  REV.  W.  L.,  Norton  Eectory,  Market  Drayton. 

1871  GARDNER,  PROF.  PERCY,  Litt.D.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  F.B.A.,  105, 

Banbury  Road,  Oxford. 

1907  GARDNER,  WILLOUGHBY,  ESQ.,  Deganwy,  North  Wales. 
1889  GARSIDE,  HENRY,  ESQ.,  46,  Queen's  Road,  Teddington. 

1913  GILBERT,  WILLIAM,  ESQ.,  35,  Broad  Street  Avenue,  E.G. 

1904  GOLDNEY,   FRANCIS  BENNETT,    ESQ.,    F.S.A.,    M.P.,   Abbots 
Barton,  Canterbury. 

1894  GOODACRE,   HUGH,   ESQ.,   Ullesthorpe    Court,   Lutterworth, 
Leicestershire. 

1910  GOODALL,  ALEX.,  ESQ.,  5,  Maria  Street,  Kirkcaldy,  N.B. 

1907  GOUDY,  HENRY,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  Regius  Professor 
of  Civil  Law,  All  Souls  College,  Oxford. 

1899  GOWLAND,  PROF.  WILLIAM,  F.R.S.,  F.I.C.,  M.C.S.,  F.S.A.,  13, 
Russell  Road,  Kensington,  W. 

1904  GRAHAM,  T.  HENRY  BOILEAU,  ESQ.,  Edmund  Castle,  Carlisle. 

1905  GRANT  DUFF,  EVELYN,  ESQ.,  C.M.G.,  British  Legation,  Berne. 
1891  *GRANTLEY,  LORD,  F.S.A.,  Red  Rice,  Andover,  Hants. 

1865  GREENWELL,  REV.  CANON  W.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  Durham. 

1914  GROWSE,  S.  W.,  ESQ.,  Fitzwilliam  Museum,  Cambridge. 
1871  GRUEBER,  HERBERT  A.,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  British  Museum. 
1910  GUNN,  WILLIAM,  ESQ.,  19,  Swan  Road,  Harrogate. 


1899  HALL,  HENRY  PLATT,  ESQ.,  Toravon,  Werneth,  Oldham. 

1898  HANDS,  REV.  ALFRED  W.,  The  Rectory,  Nevendon,  Wickford, 

Essex. 
1912  HARDING,  NEWTON  H.,  110,  Pine  Avenue,  Chicago,  U.S.A. 

1904  HARRIS,  EDWARD  BOSWORTH,  ESQ.,  5,  Sussex  Place,  Regent's 

Park,  N.W. 
1904  HARRISON,  FREDERICK  A.,  ESQ.,  10-12,  Featherstone  Street, 

E.G. 
1903  HASLUCK,  F.  W.,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  The  Wilderness,  Southgate,  N. 

1902  HAVERFIELD,    PROF.    FRANCIS     J.,    M.A.,    LL.D.,    D.Litt., 
V.P.S.A.,  F.B.A.,  Headington  Hill,  Oxford. 

1914  HAYES,  HERBERT  E.  E.,   ESQ.,   Hythe   Road,   Greenhithe, 

Kent. 
1864  fHEAD,  BARCLAY  VINCENT,  ESQ.,  D.Litt.,  D.C.L.,  Ph.D.,  Corr. 

de  1'Inst.,  26,  Leinster  Square,  Bayswater,  W. 

1906  HEADLAM,  REV.  ARTHUR  CAYLEY,  M.A.,D.D.,  Whorlton  Hall, 
Barnard  Castle,  Durham. 


8  LIST   OF  FELLOWS. 

KLKCTED 

1886  *HENDERSON,  JAMES    STEWART,    ESQ.,  F.R.G.S.,  M.R.S.L., 

M.C.P.,  1,  Pond  Street,  Hampstead,  N.W. 
1901  *HENDERSON,  REV.  COOPER  K.,  M.A.,  Flat  4,  32,  Emperor's 

Gate,  S.W. 
1900  HEWLETT,  LIONEL  M.,  ESQ.,  Greenbank,  Harrow-on-the-Hill, 

Middlesex. 
1903  HIGGINS,  FRANK  C.,  ESQ.,  5,  West  108th  Street,  New  York, 

U.S.A. 
1893  HILBERS,  THE  VEN.  G.  C.,  M.A.,  V.D.,  St.  Thomas's  Rectory, 

Haverfordwest. 

1898  HILL,  CHARLES  WILSON,  ESQ.  (address  not  known). 

1893  HILL,  GEORGE  FRANCIS,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  Keeper  of  Coins,  British 
Museum,  Foreign  Secretary. 

1883  HOBART,  R.  H.  SMITH,  619,  Third  Street,  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  U.S.A. 

1898  HOCKING,  WILLIAM  JOHN,  ESQ.,  Royal  Mint,  E. 

1895  HODGE,  THOMAS,  ESQ.,  13,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 

1875  HOUTUM  -  SCHINDLER,   GENERAL   SlR   ALBERT,   K.C.I.E., 

M.R.A.S.,  Petersfield,  Fenstanton,  Hunts. 

1910  HOWORTH,   DANIEL   F.,   ESQ.,   24,   Villiers    Street,  Ashton- 

under-Lyne. 

1878  HOWORTH,     SIR     HENRY    H.,     K.C.I.E.,     D.C.L.,    F.R.S., 

F.S.A.,  45,  Lexham  Gardens,  S.W.,  Vice-President. 

1883  HUBBARD,  WALTER  R.,  ESQ.,  6,  Broomhill  Avenue,  Partick, 
N.B. 

1885  HUGEL,  BARON  F.  VON,  13,  Vicarage  Gate,  Kensington,  W. 

1908  *HUNTINGTON,  ARCHER  M.,  ESQ.,  Secretary  to  the  American 
Numismatic  Society,  Audubon  Park,  156th  Street,  West 
of  Broadway,  New  York,  U.S.A. 

1911  HYMAN,     COLEMAN     P.,     ESQ.,     Royal    Colonial    Institute, 

Northumberland  Avenue,  W.C. 

1879  *JEX-BLAKE,    THE    VERY    REV.   T.   W.,   D.D.,   F.S.A.,    13, 

Ennismore  Gardens,  S.W. 

1911  JOHNSTON,  LEONARD  P.,  ESQ.,  The  Cottage,  Warningcamp, 
Arundel,  Sussex. 

1911  JONES,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM,  ESQ.,  22,  Ramshill  Road, 
Scarborough. 

1874  *KENYON,  R.  LLOYD,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  Pradoe,  West 
Felton,  Salop. 

1914  KERB,  ROBERT,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  Royal  Scottish  Museum, 
Edinburgh. 


LIST    OF    FELLOWS.  9 

ELECTED 

1876  KITCHENER,  FIELD-MARSHAL  EARL,  OF  KHARTOUM,  K.P., 
G.C.B.,  O.M.,  G.C.S.L,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.I.E.,  c/o  Messrs. 
Cox  &  Co.,  Charing  Cross,  S.W. 

1901  KOZMINSKY,  DR.  ISIDORE,  20,  Queen  Street,  Kew,  near 
Melbourne,  Victoria. 


1883  *LAGERBERG,  M.  ADAM  MAGNUS  EMANUEL,  Chamberlain 
of  H.M.  the  King  of  Sweden,  Director  of  the  Numis- 
matic Department,  Museum,  Gottenburg,  and  Eada, 
Sweden. 

1910  LAUGHLIN,    DR.    W.    A.,    M.A.,    Box    456,   Virginia    City, 

Nevada,  U.S.A. 

1898  LAYER,  PHILIP  G.,  ESQ.,  M.E.C.S.,  3,  Church  Street,  Col- 
chester. 

1877  LAWRENCE,  F.  G.,  ESQ.,  Birchfield,  Mulgrave  Eoad,  Sutton, 
Surrey. 

1885  *LAWRENCE,  L.  A.,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  44,  Belsize  Square,  N.W. 

1883  *LAWRENCE,  RICHARD  HOE,  ESQ.,  15,  Wall  Street,  New  York. 

1871  *LAWSON,  ALFRED  J.,  ESQ.,  Smyrna. 

1893  LESLIE-ELLIS,  LIEUT.-COL.  HENRY,  D.L.,  J.P.,  F.S.A., 
F.E.G.S.,  Magherymore,  Wicklow. 

1900  LINCOLN,  FREDERICK  W.,  ESQ.,  69,  New  Oxford  Street,  W.C. 

1907  LOCKETT,  EICHARD  CYRIL,  ESQ.,  Clounterbrook,  St.  Anne's 
Eoad,  Aigburth,  Liverpool. 

1911  LONGMAN,  W.,  ESQ.,  27,  Norfolk  Square,  W. 

1893  LUND,  H.  M.,  ESQ.,  Waitara,  Taranaki,  New  Zealand. 

1903  LYDDON,   FREDERICK   STICKLAND,   ESQ.,   5,   Beaufort    Eoad, 

Clifton,  Bristol. 
1885  *LYELL,  ARTHUR  HENRY,  EsQ.,F.S.A.,  9,CranleyGardens,S.W. 


1895  MACDONALD,  GEORGE,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  F.B.A.,  17,  Lear- 
month  Gardens,  Edinburgh. 

1901  MACFADYEN,  FRANK  E.,  ESQ.,  11,  Sanderson  Eoad,  Jesmond, 
Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

1895  MARSH,  WM.   E.,  ESQ.,    Eosendale,   35,   Holligravel  Eoad, 
Bromley,  Kent. 

1897  MASSY,  COL.  W.  J.,  30,  Brandenburgh  Eoad,  Chiswick,  W. 
1912  MATTINGLY,  HAROLD,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  British  Museum,  W.C. 
1905  MAVROGORDATO,  J.,  ESQ.,  6,  Palmeira  Court,  Hove. 
1901  McDowALL,  EEV.  STEWART  A.,  5,  Belvoir  Terrace,  Cambridge. 
1905  McEwEN,   HUGH   DRUMMOND,   ESQ.,   F.S.A.(Scot.),   Custom 
House,  Leith,  N.B. 


10  LIST    OF    FELLOWS. 

ELW.TED 

1868  McLACHLAN,  R.  W.,  ESQ.,  310,  Lansdowne  Avenue,  West- 
mount,  Montreal,  Canada. 

1905  MESSENGER,   LEOPOLD   G.   P.,  ESQ.,   151,   Brecknock   Eoad, 
Tufnell  Park,  N. 

1905  MILLER,  HENRY  CLAY,  ESQ.,   35,  Broad   Street,  New  York, 
U.S.A. 

1897  MILNE,  J.  GRAFTON,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  Bankside,  Goldhill,  Farn- 

harn,  Surrey. 

1910  MITCHELL   LIBRARY,    THE,    Glasgow,  F.   T.   Barrett,   Esq., 
Librarian. 

1898  *MONCKTON,  HORACE  W.,  ESQ.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  3,  Harcourt 

Buildings,   Temple,   E.G.,   and  Whitecairn,    Wellington 
College  Station,  Berks. 

1888  MONTAGUE,  L.  A.  D.,  ESQ.,  Penton,  near  Crediton,  Devon. 
1905  MOORE,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  ESQ.  (address  not  known). 

1879  MORRIESON,  LIEUT. -CoL.  H.  WALTERS,  E.A.,  F.S.A.,  42,  Beau- 
fort Gardens,  S.W. 

1904  MOULD,    RICHARD    W.,    ESQ.,    Newington    Public    Library, 

Walworth  Eoad,  S.E. 

1900  *MYLNE,  REV.  EGBERT   SCOTT,  M.A.,  B.C.L.,  F.S.A.,  Great 
Amwell,  Herts. 

1909  NAGG,  STEPHEN  K.,  ESQ.,  1621,  Master  Street,  Philadelphia, 

U.S.A. 

1893  NAPIER,  PROF.  A.  S.,  M.A.,  D.Litt.,  Ph.D.,  F.B.A.,  Headington 
Hill,  Oxford. 

1905  NATHAN,  SIDNEY,  ESQ.,  M.D.,  11,  Bolton  Gardens,  S.W. 

1910  NESMITH,  THOMAS,  ESQ.,  c/o  J.  Munro  &  Co.,  7,  Rue  Scribe, 

Paris. 

1905  NEWALL,  HDGH  FRANK,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  Madingley  Eise,  Cam- 

bridge. 

1906  NEWBERRY  LIBRARY,  Chicago,  U.S.  America. 

1905  *NEWELL,  E.  T.,  ESQ.,  Box  321,  Madison  Square,  New  York, 
U.S.A. 

1909  NIKLEWICZ,  H.,  ESQ.,  28,  Park  Place,  Brooklyn,  New  York, 
U.S.A. 

1904  NORFOLK,    DUKE    OF,   E.M.,    E.G.,    P.C.,   Arundel    Castle, 
Arundel. 

1904  NORTHUMBERLAND,   DUKE    OF,   E.G.,   P.O.,   LL.D.,   D.C.L., 
F.R.S.,  2,  Grosvenor  Place,  S.W. 

1898  OGDEN,  W.  SHARP,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  Naseby,  East  End  Road, 
Finchley,  N. 


LIST    OF    FELLOWS.  11 

ELECTED 

1897  "O'HAGAN,     HENRY     OSBOENE,     ESQ.,     Al4,     The    Albany, 

Piccadilly,  W. 
1882  OMAN,   PROF.  C.   W.   CM  M.A.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  F.B.A.,  All 

Souls  College,  Oxford. 
1911  OPPENHEIMER,  HENRY,  ESQ.,  9,  Kensington  Palace  Gardens,  W. 


1903  PARSONS,  H.  ALEXANDER,   ESQ.,  "  Shaftesbury,"  Devonshire 

Eoad,  Honor  Oak  Park,  S.E. 
1882  *PECKOVER     OF    WISBECH,   LORD,    LL.D.,    F.S.A.,   F.L.S., 

F.B.G.S.,  J.P.,  Bank  House,  Wisbech. 
1896  PEERS,   C.    E.,  ESQ.,    M.A.,   F.S.A.,   14,   Lansdowne   Eoad, 

Wimbledon. 
1894  PERRY,   HENRY,  ESQ.,  Middleton,   Plaistow   Lane,  Bromley, 

Kent. 
1862  *PERRY,  MARTEN,  ESQ.,  M.D.,  Spalding,  Lincolnshire. 

1909  PETERSON,  F.  W.  VOYSEY,  ESQ.,  B.C.S.  (retd.),  38,  Bassett 

Eoad,  W. 

1888  PINCHES,  JOHN  HARVEY,  ESQ.,  21,  Albert  Embankment,  S.E. 

1910  PORTER,    PROFESSOR    HARVEY,   Protestant    College,    Beirut, 

Syria. 

1889  POWELL-COTTON,    PERCY     H.    GORDON,     ESQ.,    Quex     Park, 

Birchington,  Thanet. 
1903  PRICE,  HARRY,  ESQ.,  Arun  Bank,  Pulborough,  Sussex. 

1911  PRICHARD,     A.     H.     COOPER-,     British     School,     Palazzo 

Odeschalchi,  Eome. 

1878  *PRIDEAUX,   COL.  W.    F.,    C.S.I.,   F.E.G.S.,   Hopeville,  St. 
Peter's-in-Thanet,  Kent. 

1906  EADFORD,  A.  J.  VOOGHT,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  Vacye,  College  Eoad, 
Malvern. 

1902  BAMSDEN,  HENRY  A.,  ESQ.,  Charge  d' Affaires  of  Cuba,  P.O. 

Box  214,  Yokohama,  Japan. 
1887  EANSOM,  W.,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  F.L.S.,  Fairfield,  Hitchin,  Herts. 

1913  EAO,  K.  ANANTASAMI,  Curator  of  the  Government  Museum, 

Bangalore,  India. 
1893  EAPHAEL,  OSCAR  C.,  ESQ.,  New  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Club, 

68,  Pall  Mall,  W. 

1890  EAPSON,   PROF.   E.   J.,  M.A.,  M.E.A.S.,  8,  Mortimer  Eoad, 

Cambridge. 

1905  EASHLEIGH,  EVELYN  W.,  ESQ.,  Stoketon,  Saltash,  Cornwall. 
1909  EAYMOND,  WAYTE,  ESQ.,  South  Norwalk,  Connecticut,  U.S.A. 
1887  fEEADY,  W.  TALBOT,  ESQ.,  66,  Great  Eussell  Street,  W.C. 

1903  BEGAN,  W.  H.,  ESQ.,  124,  Queen's  Eoad,  Bayswater,  W. 


12  LIST    OF   FELLOWS. 

ELECTED 

1876  *ROBERTSON,   J.   DRUMMOND,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  17,   St.   George's 
Court,  Gloucester  Eoad,  8.W. 

1911  EOBINSON,  E.  S.  G.,  ESQ.,  B.A.,  British  Museum,  W.C. 

1910  EOGERS,  BEV.  EDGAR,  M.A.,  18,  Colville  Square,  W. 

1911  EOSENHEIM,  MAURICE,  ESQ.,  18,  Belsize  Park  Gardens,  N.W. 
1896  *BOTH,  BERNARD,  ESQ.,  J.P.,  F.S.A.,  King's  Wood,  Enfield. 

1903  EUBEN,  PAUL,  ESQ.,  Ph.D.,  Alte  Eabenstrasse,  8,  Hamburg, 

Germany. 

1904  EUSTAFFJAELL,  EGBERT  DE,  ESQ.,  Luxor,  Egypt. 


1872  *SALAS,   MIGUEL    T.,    ESQ.,    247,    Florida    Street,    Buenos 

Ayres. 

1877  *SANDEMAN,  LIEUT.-COL.  JOHN  GLAS,  M.V.O.,  F.S.A.,  Whin- 
Hurst,  Hayling  Island,  Havant,  Hants. 

1906  SAWYER,   CHARLES,   ESQ.,    9,   Alfred    Place    West,   Thurloe 

Square,  S.W. 

1907  *SELTMAN,  CHARLES  T.,  ESQ.,  Kinghoe,  Berkhamsted,  Herts. 
1890  SELTMAN,  E.  J.,  ESQ.,  Kinghoe,  Berkhamsted,  Herts. 

1900  SHACKLES,  GEORGE  L.,  ESQ.,  Wickersley,  Brough,  B.S.O.,  E. 
Yorks. 

1908  SHEPHERD,  EDWARD,  ESQ.,  2,  Cornwall   Eoad,  Westbourne 

Park,  W. 

1913  SHIRLEY-FOX,  J.  S.,  ESQ.,  E.B.A.,  5,  Eossetti  Studios,  Flood 
Street,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

1896  SIMPSON,  C.  E.,  ESQ.,  Beech  Grove,  West  Parade  Eow,  Scar- 
borough. 

1893  *SIMS,  E.  F.  MANLEY-,  ESQ.  (address  not  known). 

1896  SINHA,  KUMVAR  KUSHAL  PAL,  EAIS  OF  KOTLA,  Kotla,  Agra, 
India. 

1912  SMITH,    G.    HAMILTON,     ESQ.,     Killoran,     Seymour    Eoad, 
Finchley,  N. 

1892  SMITH,  VINCENT  A.,   ESQ.,  M.A.,   M.E.A.S.,  I.C.S.    (retd.), 
116,  Banbury  Eoad,  Oxford. 

1890  SMITH,  W.  BERESFORD,  ESQ.,  Kenmore,  Vanbrugh  Park  Eoad 
West,  Blackheath. 

1905  SNELLING,  EDWARD,  ESQ.,  26,  Silver  Street,  E.G. 
1909  SOUTZO,  M.  MICHEL,  8,  Strada  Bornana,  Bucharest. 

1894  SPINK,  SAMUEL  M.,  ESQ.,  17,  Piccadilly,  W. 

1902  STAINER,  CHARLES  LEWIS,  ESQ.,  10,  South  Parks  Eoad,  Oxford. 

1878  STRACHAN-DAVIDSON,   J.   L.,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  Master  of 
Balliol  College,  Oxford. 


LIST   OF   FELLOWS.  13 

ELECTED 

1869  *STREATFEILD,  REV.  GEORGE  SIDNEY,   Goddington   Eectory, 
Bicester,  Oxfordshire. 

1914  *STREATFEILD,  MRS.  SIDNEY,  27,  Park  Street,  Mayfair,  W. 
1910  SUTCLIFFE,  ROBERT,  ESQ.,  21,  Market  Street,  Burnley,  Lanes. 
1914  SYDENHAM,  REV.  EDWARD  H.,  The  Vicarage,  Wolvercote,  Oxon. 

1885  SYMONDS,  H.,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  Union  Club,  Trafalgar  Square, 
S.W. 

1896  *TAFFS,  H.  W.,  ESQ.,  35,  Greenholm  Road,  Eltham,  S.E. 

1879  TALBOT,    LiEUT.-CoL.   THE    HON.   MILO   GEORGE,  Hartham, 
Corsham,  Wilts. 

1888  TATTON,  THOS.  E.,ESQ.,  Wythenshawe,  Northenden,  Cheshire. 

1892  TAYLOR,  R.   WRIGHT,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  LL.B.,  F.S.A.,  8,  Stone 
Buildings,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

1887  fTAYLOR,    W.   H.,    ESQ.,    The    Croft,    Wheelwright    Road, 
Erdington,  near  Birmingham. 

1887  THAIRLWALL,  F.  J.,  ESQ.,  12,  Upper  Park  Road,  Haverstock 
Hill,  N.W. 

1890  THOMAS-STANFORD,    CHARLES,     ESQ.,     J.P.,     M.A.,    F.S.A., 
Preston  Manor,  Brighton. 

1896  THOMPSON,    SIR    HERBERT,     BART.,     9,     Kensington     Park 

Gardens,  W. 

1896  THORBURN,  HENRY  W.,  EsQ.,Cradock  Villa,  Bishop  Auckland. 
1903  THORPE,  GODFREY  F.,  ESQ.,  270,  Balham  High  Road,  S.W. 

1913  THORPE,  W.  BERTRAM,  ESQ.,  Cleveland  House,  270,  Balham 
High  Road,  S.W. 

1894  TRIGGS,  A.  B.,  ESQ.,  Bank  of  New  South  Wales,  Yass,  New 
South  Wales. 

1887  TROTTER,    LIEUT.-COL.    SIR    HENRY,    K.C.M.G.,    C.B.,    18, 
Eaton  Place,  W. 

1912  VAN  BUREN,  A.  W.,  ESQ.,  American  School,  5,  Via  Vicenza, 

Rome. 
1874  fVizE,  GEORGE  HENRY,  ESQ.,  15,  Spencer  Road,  Putney,  S.W. 

1899  VLASTO,  MICHEL  P.,  ESQ.,  12,  Allee  des  Capucines,  Marseilles, 

France. 
1892  VOST,  LIEUT.-COL.  W.,  I.M.S.,  Muttra,  United    Provinces, 

India. 

1905  WAGE,  A.  J.  B.,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  Leslie  Lodge,  Hall  Place,  St. 

Albans. 
1883  WALKER,  R.  K.,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  Watergate,  Meath  Road,  Bray, 

Ireland. 


14  LIST   OF   FELLOWS. 

ELECTED 

1897  WALTERS,  FRED.   A.,   ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  37,   Old   Queen   Street, 
Westminster,  S.W.,  Hon.  Secretary. 

1911  WARRE,  FELIX  W.,  ESQ.,  231A,  St.  James's  Court,  Buckingham 
Gate,  S.W. 

1901  *WATTERS,  CHARLES  A.,  ESQ.,  152,  Princes  Eoad,  Liverpool. 

1901  WEBB,  PERCY  H.,  ESQ.,  4  &  5,  West  Smithfield,  E.G.,  Hon. 
Treasurer. 

1885  *WEBER,  F.  PARKES,  ESQ.,  MJX,  F.S.A.,  13,  Harley  Street, 
W. 

1883  *  WEBER,  SIR  HERMANN,  M.D.,  10,  Grosvenor  Street,  Gros- 

venor  Square,  W. 

1884  WEBSTER,    W.    J.,     ESQ.,     76,     Melford    Eoad,    Thornton 

Heath. 

1904  WEIGHT,  WILLIAM  CHARLES,   ESQ.,  Erica,   The  Broadway, 

Letch  worth. 

1905  WEIGHTMAN,  FLEET-SURGEON  A.  E.,  F.S.A.,  Junior  United 

Service  Club,  Charles  Street,  St.  James's,  S.W. 

1899  WELCH,  FRANCIS  BERTRAM,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  Wadham  House, 
Arthog  Road,  Hale,  Cheshire. 

1869  *WiGRAM,  MRS.  LEWIS,  The  Eookery,  Frensham,  Surrey. 

1914  WILLIAMS,  E.  JAMES,  ESQ.,  Ascalon,  37,  Hill  Avenue, 
Worcester. 

1908  WILLIAMS,  T.  HENRY,  ESQ.,  85,  Clarendon  Eoad,  Putney, 
S.W. 

1910  WILLIAMS,  W.  I.,  ESQ.,  Brook  Villa,  Nelson,  Cardiff. 

1881  WILLIAMSON,  GEO.  C.,  ESQ.,  F.E.S.L.,  Burgh  House,  Well 
Walk,  Hampstead,  N.W. 

1906  WILLIAMSON,  CAPT.  W.  H.  (address  not  known). 

1869  fWiNSER,  THOMAS  B.,  ESQ.,  F.E.G.S.,  F.I.A.,  81,  Shooter's 
Hill  Eoad,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

1904  WINTER,  CHARLES,  ESQ.,  Oldfield,  Thetford  Eoad,  New 
Maiden,  Surrey. 

1906  WOOD,  HOWLAND,  ESQ.,  Curator  of  the  American  Numismatic 
Society,  156th  Street,  W.  of  Broadway,  New  York, 
U.S.A. 

1S03  WRIGHT,  THE  HON'BLE  MR.  H.  NELSON,  I.C.S.,  M.E.A.S., 
Bareilly,  United  Provinces,  India. 


1889  YEATES,    F.    WILLSON,    ESQ.,    7,   Leinster    Gardens,   Hyde 
Park,  W. 


LIST   OF   FELLOWS.  15 

ELECTED 

1880  YOUNG,  ARTHUR  W.,  ESQ.,  12,  Hyde  Park  Terrace,  W. 
1898  YOUNG,  JAMES  SHELTON,  ESQ.,  19,  Addison  Gardens,  W. 

1900  ZIMMERMANN,  REV.  JEREMIAH,  M.A.,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  107,  South 
Avenue,  Syracuse,  New  York,  U.S.A. 


HONORARY   FELLOWS 

ELF.CTKD 

1898  His    MAJESTY    VICTOR    EMMANUEL    III,    KING    OF    ITALY, 
Palazzo  Quirinale,  Rome. 

1891  BABELON,  M.  ERNEST,  Mem.  de  l'Inst.,Bibliotbeque  Nationale, 
Paris. 

1903  BAHRFELDT,  GENERAL-MAJOR  M.  VON,  9,  Humboldstr.,  Hilde- 

sheim,  Germany. 

1898  BLANCHET,  M.  J.  A.,  10,  Bd.  Emile  Augier,  Paris. 

1898  DRESSEL,  DR.  H.,  Munz-Kabinet,  Kaiser  Friedrich  Museum, 

Berlin. 

1899  GABRICI,  PROF.  DR.  ETTORE,  S.  Giuseppe  dei  Nudi,  75,  Naples. 
1893  GNECCHI,  COMM.  FRANCESCO,  Via  Filodrammatici  10,  Milan. 
1873  IMHOOF-BLUMER,  DR.  F.,  Winterthur,  Switzerland. 

1893  JONGHE,  M.  LE  VICOMTE  B.  DE,  Rue  du  Trone,  60,  Brussels. 
1878  KENNER,  DR.  F.  von,  K.  u.  K.  Museen,' Vienna. 

1904  KUBITSCHEK,  PROF.  J.  W.,  Picblergasse,  1,  Vienna. 
1893  LOEBBECKE,  HERR  A.,  Cellerstrasse,  1,  Brunswick. 
1904  MAURICE,  M.  JULES,  10,  Rue  Crevaux,  Paris. 

1898  MILANI,  PROF.  LUIGI  ADRIANO,  Florence. 

1899  PICK,  DR.  BEHRENDT,  Mlinzkabinet,  Gotha. 

1895  REINACH,  M.  THEODORE,  9,  Rue  Hammelin,  Paris. 

1891  SVORONOS,  M.  J.  N.,  Conservateur  du  Cabinet  des  Medailles, 

Athens. 
1886  WEIL,  DR.  RUDOLF,  Schoneberger  Ufer,  38,  in.,  Berlin,  W. 


16  LIST    OF   FELLOWS. 

MEDALLISTS 

OF    THE    KOYAL   NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY 

ELECTED 

1833  CHARLES  ROACH  SMITH,  ESQ.,  F..  .A. 

1884  AQUILLA  SMITH,  ESQ.,  M.D.,  M.R.I. A. 

1885  EDWARD  THOMAS,  ESQ.,  F.R.S. 

1886  MAJOR-GKNERAL  ALEXANDER  CUNNINGHAM,  C.S.I.,  C.I.E. 

1887  JOHN  EVANS,  ESQ.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  P.S.A. 

1888  DR.  F.  IMHOOF-BLUMER,  Winterthur. 

1889  PROFESSOR  PERCY  GARDNER,  Litt.D.,  F.S.A. 

1890  MONSIEUR  J.  P.  Six,  Amsterdam. 

1891  DR.  C.  Luowia  MULLER,  Copenhagen. 

1892  PROFESSOR  R.  STUART  POOLE,  LL.D. 

1893  MONSIEUR  W.  H.  WADDINGTON,  Senateur,  Membre  de  1'Institut, 

Paris. 

1894  CHARLES  FRANCIS  KEARY,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

1895  PROFESSOR  DR.  THEODOR  MOMMSEN,  Berlin. 

1896  FREDERIC  W.  MADDEN,  ESQ.,  M.R.A.S. 

1897  DR.  ALFRED  VON  SALLET,  Berlin. 

1898  THE  REV.  CANON  W.  GREENWELL,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

1899  MONSIEUR   ERNEST  BABELON,   Membre    de    1'Institut,   Con- 

servateur  des  Medailles,  Paris. 

1900  PROFESSOR  STANLEY  LANE-POOLE,  M.A.,  Litt.D. 

1901  S.  E.  BARON  WLADIMIR  VON  TIESENHAUSEN,  St.  Petersburg. 

1902  ARTHUR  J.  EVANS,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  Keeper  of  the 

Ashmolean  Museum,  Oxford. 

1903  MONSIEUR  GUSTAVE  SCHLUMBERGER,   Membre   de  1'Institut, 

Paris. 

1904  His  MAJESTY  VICTOR  EMMANUEL  III,  KING  OF  ITALY. 

1905  SIR  HERMANN  WEBER,  M.D. 

1906  COMM.  FRANCESCO  GNECCHI,  Milan. 

19U7  BARCLAY  VINCENT  HEAD,  ESQ.,  D.  Litt.,  D.C.L.,  Ph.D.,  Corr. 
de  1'Inst. 

1908  PROFESSOR  DR.  HEINRICH  DRESSEL,  Berlin. 

1909  H.  A.  GRUBBER,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 

1910  DR.  FRIEDRICH  EDLER  VON  KENNER,  Vienna. 

1911  OLIVER  CODRINGTON,  ESQ.,  M.D.,  M.R.A.S.,  F.S.A. 

1912  GENERAL-LEUTNANT  MAX  BAHRFELDT,  Dr.Phil.,  Hildesheim. 

1913  GEORGE  MACDONALD,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

1914  JI:AN  N.  SVORONOS,  Athens. 


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